荞麦及荞麦食品研究进展

介绍了荞麦蛋白、荞麦淀粉及荞麦食品的研究现状。荞麦的营养价值和药用价值都很高,荞麦蛋白中80％清蛋白和球蛋白,并有较高的持水性、乳化性、起泡性和咀嚼性。荞麦食品的开发包括面条、面包、饼干等。     

荞麦蛋白结构、生理活性及其应用的研究进展

荞麦是一种无麸质谷物,其蛋白质含量较高,氨基酸配比合理,是一种优质蛋白质来源。荞麦蛋白营养价值高,具有降胆固醇、降血压、降血糖等多种保健功效,在功能食品等领域具有开发价值,应用前景广阔。本文分析了荞麦蛋白的提取方法及其各自的优缺点,综述了近年来国内外对荞麦蛋白结构特性、食品功能特性、生理活性及其应用等方面的研究现状,并对荞麦蛋白的研究进行了展望,以期为荞麦蛋白的开发利用及相关产品的深加工提供参考。     

小宗粮食加工(五)--荞麦加工

４荞麦产品、食品和药用成分４１加工产品荞麦经过清理、脱壳、碾磨后得到如下产品。（１）荞麦米,荞麦果实脱去皮壳得到种子,再碾去其种皮后得到荞麦米。（２）荞麦糁,用荞麦种子制粉时得到的粗粒。（３）荞麦粉,这是荞麦加工的主要产品,用于制作众多的食品。（４...     

苦荞的营养及食品开发

荞麦作为一种杂粮作物,种植分布很广,适应性很强,而且荞麦的营养保健功能已得到广大消费者的认可,有关荞麦制品的市场容量也呈逐年上升态势,为了让广大消费者更清楚地认识荞麦作物,更多地了解荞麦制品的生理功能,以便更全面开发利用荞麦食品资源,本文将荞麦作物的相关知识作一概述。     

中国荞麦的生产与贸易、营养与食品

小文阐述了中国荞麦的生产情况及在世界的地位；国际市场的贸易；营养价值和健身功能，以及荞麦的传统食品、风味食品及制成品。     

杂粮谷物的酸碱性分析比较

以小米、黑米、玉米、荞麦、高粱为研究对象,将谷物粒及粉浸泡,以pH计测定谷物的表观酸碱性;谷物灰化模拟体内消化,测定谷物的生理酸碱性;依据《食物营养成分表》进行营养成分分析,与试验测定的谷物生理酸碱性进行对应分析比较。结果表明:小米、黑米、玉米、荞麦、高粱的表观酸碱性均为酸性;小米、荞麦的生理酸碱性为碱性,黑米、玉米、高粱的生理酸碱性为酸性;即小米、荞麦为碱性食品,黑米、玉米、高粱为酸性食品。     

荞麦蛋白提取物的生理功能与应用

1 荞麦蛋白提取物(BWPE)制法及特性荞麦种子经粉碎、碱抽提,分离淀粉残渣、浓缩中和、杀菌、喷雾干燥,制成荞麦蛋白提取物BWPE.     

荞麦低敏食品的研究与展望

荞麦食品日益受到人们的关注,关于荞麦低敏食品的开发在国内外的研究报道却很少。通过荞麦过敏的发病率,过敏蛋白的致敏类型,检测方法,过敏原结合表位研究现状,低敏食品开发借鉴方法等方面进行总结描述,希望对荞麦低敏食品开发提供一定参考。     

荞麦营养功能特性及相关食品开发研究进展

国内外对荞麦的研究主要集中在营养成分和活性成分的分析和提取,特别是黄酮类和多酚的提取和理化性质研究。不少国内学者研究了荞麦食品的加工开发,涉及馒头、面条、面包等主食类产品,饮料、啤酒、荞麦茶等饮品,还有一些功能性产品的研究。综述了荞麦营养和生物活性成分、荞麦食品和功能性产品的研究现状以及发展。     

荞麦芽营养及生产研究进展

荞麦是我国主要杂粮作物之一,其食药两用功能已被消费者所接受,荞麦芽作为一种新型食品,具有口感好,营养丰富,无过敏性反应等优点。该文详细介绍荞麦芽中各类营养物质在生长过程中变化情况,荞麦芽生产技术,及目前生产过程中存在问题。     

荞麦的功效因子与保健功能的研究进展

通过对荞麦的功效因子、营养特性及其降血脂,降血糖、降尿糖等生理功能的分析,表明荞麦是一种具有食疗保健功能的食品资源,开发前景广阔。     

Studies on distribution of protein and allergen in graded flours prepared from whole buckwheat grains

Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) is one of the traditional crops and has become a renewed target of interest or a popular crop as a healthy foodstuff, because it is a good source of cereal protein which is rich with essential amino acids. However, what is critical to our health is that buckwheat contains proteins which cause a hypersensitive reaction (allergy). In this study, to decrease the allergenic activity of buckwheat products, some graded flours were prepared from various portions of buckwheat grain, and its protein distribution and characteristics of each graded flour fractions were determined. The protein and ash contents of all buckwheat fractions increased in the order from the inner fraction to the outer fraction. From SDS–PAGE patterns, the concentrations of 15, 22, 35, 39 and 50 kDa proteins of the inner fractions were lower, and there were clear differences in the protein compositions between the inner and outer buckwheat flour fractions. Detection of allergenic proteins by IgE-immunoblotting showed that sera pooled from 9 patients reacted with proteins of 15 and 22 kDa bands, named Fag e 2 and Fag e 1, respectively. IgE binding activities of proteins, Fag e 1 or Fag e 2 of the inner fractions were weaker than those of the outer fractions. Therefore, the inner fractions without major allergic proteins could be separated from whole buckwheat grains, and also expected to be applied to manufacturing processed foods with low allergen. Furthermore, the graded-milling procedure could be used to provide less-allergenic buckwheat flours.     

荞麦的加工利用

介绍了养麦的营养价值及药用价值，并对其制成品的加工工艺进行了简要介绍。     

荞麦食品的加工利用

介绍了荞麦的营养价值及药用价值，并对其制成品的加工工艺进行了简要介绍。     

甜荞麦16 kDa过敏原基因的克隆及其原核表达载体的构建

目的 对甜荞麦(common buckwheat)过敏原的分子生物学开展研究。方法 通过RT-PCR克隆甜荞麦16 kDa过敏原蛋白的全长基因, 并根据序列设计带有酶切位点的特异性引物, 扩增甜荞麦16 kDa过敏原基因的完整开放阅读框, 与pET-28a载体连接, 构建原核表达载体。 结果 本研究成功克隆了甜荞麦16 kDa过敏原蛋白的基因, 且构建了其原核表达载体。该基因含有长度为450 bp的开放阅读框, 编码149个氨基酸, 在GenBank数据库中的登录号为EU883600, 同源性分析发现其与数据库中已知的荞麦过敏原基因有高度的同源性。结论 本研究为甜荞麦16 kDa过敏原蛋白的重组表达和临床过敏性疾病的诊断奠定了基础。     

Effect of Proteolysis with Alkaline Protease Following High Hydrostatic Pressure Treatment on IgE Binding of Buckwheat Protein

Buckwheat is a popular food material in many Asian countries and it contains major allergenic proteins. This study was performed to analyze the effects of hydrolysis with alkaline protease following high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment on the IgE binding of buckwheat protein. Extracted buckwheat protein was treated with HHP at 600 MPa for 30 min and hydrolyzed with alkaline protease for 240 min. IgE binding was examined using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with serum samples from 14 patients who were allergic to buckwheat. Depending on the serum samples, HHP treatment of buckwheat protein without enzymatic hydrolysis decreased the IgE binding by 8.9% to 73.2% or increased by 31% to 78%. The IgE binding of buckwheat protein hydrolyzed with alkaline protease decreased by 73.8% to 100%. The IgE binding of buckwheat protein hydrolyzed with alkaline protease following HHP treatment decreased by 83.8% to 100%. This suggested that hydrolysis with alkaline protease following HHP treatment could be applied to reduce the IgE binding of buckwheat protein.     

Inter-laboratory evaluation studies for establishment of notified ELISA methods for allergic substances (buckwheat)

Inter-laboratory evaluation studies were conducted for the ELISA methods for allergic substances (buckwheat). Extracts of snack, bun and udon spiked with buckwheat standard protein at a level of 5-20 ng/mL as sample solutions were analyzed in replicate at 10 laboratories. Coefficients of variation (CVs) of the ELISA methods using a Buckwheat Protein ELISA Kit (Buckwheat kit) and a FASTKIT Buckwheat ELISA kit (Buckwheat ELISA kit) were mostly below 10%. Mean recoveries of the buckwheat standard protein from the food extracts were over 40% in the two ELISA methods. Repeatability relative standard deviations of buckwheat standard protein in three food extracts were in the ranges of 6.8-78.5% and 5.0-33.9% for the Buckwheat kit and the Buckwheat ELISA kit, respectively. Reproducibility relative standard deviations of buckwheat standard protein in three food extracts were 11.9-69.5% and 16.5-34.1% for the Buckwheat kit and the Buckwheat ELISA kit, respectively. The detection limits of both ELISA methods were 1 ng/mL in sample solutions. These results suggest that the notified ELISA methods are reliable and reproducible for the inspection of buckwheat protein levels in extracts of snack, bun and udon.     

Comparison of phenolic compositions between common and tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum) sprouts

The phenolic compositions of non-germinated/germinated seeds and seed sprouts (at 6–10 day-old) of common (Fagopyrum esculentum Möench) and tartary (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.) buckwheats were investigated. Phenolic compounds, including chlorogenic acid, four C-glycosylflavones (orientin, isoorientin vitexin, isovitexin), rutin and quercetin, were determined in the seed sprouts by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In the edible parts of common buckwheat sprouts, individual phenolics significantly increased during sprout growth from 6 to 10 days after sowing (DAS), whereas in tartary buckwheat sprouts they did not. While the sum contents of phenolic compounds in the edible part (mean 24.4 mg/g DW at 6–10 DAS) of tartary buckwheat sprouts were similar to those of common buckwheat sprouts, rutin contents in the non-germinated/germinated seeds (mean 14.7 mg/g DW) and edible parts (mean 21.8 mg/g DW) of tartary buckwheat were 49- and 5-fold, respectively, higher than those of common buckwheat. Extracts of the edible parts of both species showed very similar free radical-scavenging activities (mean 1.7 μmol trolox eq/g DW), suggesting that the overall antioxidative activity might be affected by the combination of identified phenolics and unidentified (minor) components. Therefore, buckwheat seed sprouts are recommended for their high antioxidative activity, as well as being an excellent dietary source of phenolic compounds, particularly tartary buckwheat sprouts, being rich in rutin.     

Distribution of a novel angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory substance (2″-hydroxynicotianamine) in the flour,plant parts,and processed products of buckwheat

2″-Hydroxynicotianamine (HNA) is a recently discovered angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory compound present in buckwheat which displays hypotensive activity. Here, HNA levels in buckwheat flour, plants, and products were quantified to examine the potential functionality of this food. The HNA content of buckwheat flour ranged from 16–28 mg per 100 g dry weight. When the content was evaluated by the milling stage, common buckwheat contained 24.3, 24.1, and 34.1 mg in the inner, middle, and outer layers, respectively, whereas tartary buckwheat contained 16.8, 30.5, and 51.8 mg of HNA, respectively. Comparison of the distribution of HNA within buckwheat plants revealed that HNA was predominantly localised in seeds (buckwheat flour). The residual HNA levels after cooking ranged from 21% to 41% in dried buckwheat noodles. This study clarified that buckwheat flour contains high levels of HNA and is a readily available source of HNA if incorporated into one’s diet, which may help reduce hypertension.