营养膳食食谱的计算机设计

于我国建议的营养素供给量标准，以成年男性脑力劳动作业人员为对象，对每日的营养膳食食谱进行了优化设计。结果进满意的。本文的可扩展于不同人群每周膳食食谱的设计，谱可用于各类营养保健食品的最优设计。     

寄宿制中学生营养食谱设计

作者调查了解了两所寄宿制中学学生的膳食情况,发现学校食堂缺乏营养食谱,膳食结构不尽合理,为此设计了经济实用、可操作性强的寄宿学生学校营养食谱,并对营养食谱进行了分析讨论。     

Excel在营养食谱设计中的应用

介绍了利用Excel进行营养食谱设计的优越性和方便性,综述了进行食谱设计时数据的输入及调整食谱的方法。体现了Excel电子表格数据处理软件中公式与函数的强大计算功能,并在实际的工作和家庭食谱设计中起到了一定的推广和借鉴作用,具有广泛的实际应用价值。     

家庭食谱

我们常听人抱怨说家里的饭菜如何单调，吃起来没有口味，如何解决这个看起来不大却事关家人身体健康的问题呢?不妨自己动手为家人设计一个简便易行的食谱。设计起来会很难吗?只要掌握一定的技巧，食谱设计一点都不难。设计食谱的总的原则是根据营养的需求和食物品种作出合理地安排，应在每天的膳食中包括以下五大类食物：     

糖尿病人群食谱设计及营养分析

以糖尿病患者营养膳食指南为理论依据,在控制能量、增加复合碳水化合物、增加蛋白质摄入、限制脂肪摄入及补充矿物质和维生素供给的基础上,针对糖尿病患者进行营养套餐设计,并对设计出的食谱进行深入系统的营养分析,为改善糖尿病人群的营养状况,促进糖尿病人群生活质量和健康水平的提高提供依据。     

长垣县小太阳幼儿园膳食调查结果及分析

随机抽取长垣小太阳幼儿园2016年每个季度其中1周的食谱进行膳食营养分析,了解幼儿的膳食营养摄入情况,为幼儿园合理编制营养科学食谱提供依据,并针对膳食存在的问题,提出改善建议。     

浅谈中医饮食营养学

浅谈中医饮食营养学张超“营养”是指生物体摄取食物，进行消化、吸收、利用的过程，以达到健康的目的，在我国古代称作为“荣养”。中医营养与西医营养对食物的利用有所不同，西医营养是讲究食物所提供热能的计算，并根据人体代谢的需要，来设计每人每天的食谱；而中医营...     

老人膳食贵在变字

科学认识问题是正确解决问题的首要条件。合理恰当地安排好老年人的膳食,首先要对其营养摄入的特点有个宏观把握;这样在制定食谱时,就可以做到目标明确、重点突出。 老年人衰老过程的特殊性,决定了其摄入的营养应侧重以下几方面: 蛋白质 衰老过程中,蛋白质以分解为主,合成逐渐减慢。老年人     

大学生简易营养食谱的设计及营养分析

我国在校大学生平均年龄在20岁,这个年龄阶段处于青春期向成熟期转变的阶段,能量和各种营养素需要量大,食堂集体就餐是在校大学生主要的伙食保障形式。通过对大学生的营养现状进行分析,设计简易营养食谱,从而保证大学生的营养健康。     

如何设计家庭膳食营养食谱

本刊与中央电视台“卫生与健康”节目联合举办的“家庭平衡膳食一周食谱设计”有奖赛,在营养界、饮食界、家庭烹调能手以及参赛者的积极支持和帮助下,优胜者名单已圆满评出.从本期起在营养卫生栏请评委李时明副主任医师综合评述这次有奖赛的概况;请一等奖获得者冯蔼兰同志谈“如何设计家庭膳食营养食谱”、“谷类食品的营养特点”.还将陆续刊登这次获奖者设计的一周食谱,并请专家进行评点,供读者参考.     

Conditioning specific positive states to unfamiliar flavours influences flavour liking

Food products can have significant influence on consumers’ affective states. Flavours can be used to evoke affective states, and affective information has been shown to influence how much of a beverage is consumed. In this study we investigated whether novel flavours could be conditioned to two different specific positive states (“feeling active” and “feeling relaxed”). We associated flavours with these states by using different types of positive film clips and tested how this influenced liking and different behavioural attributes using implicit measures, in particular self-focus and activity. Participants consumed one of two unfamiliar flavoured drinks (one liked and one neutral) for five consecutive days while watching film clips evoking active, relaxed, or neutral states. We examined the levels of activity and self-focus evoked by the conditioned drinks using implicit measures. Activity was higher in the active film clip condition than in the neutral control condition. For the liked flavour, positive conditioning reduced initial liking, compared to the control condition. The pattern was different for the neutral flavour. Results show that it is possible to condition flavours to induce specific positive states and that this process affects product liking.     

Symposium review: Scientific assessment of affective states in dairy cattle

Affective states, which refer to feelings or emotions, are a key component of animal welfare, but these are also difficult to assess. Drawing upon a body of theoretical and applied work, we critically review the scientific literature on the assessment of affective states in animals, drawing examples where possible from research on dairy cattle, and highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of scientific methods used to assess affective states in animals. We adopt the “valence/arousal” framework, describing affect as a 2-dimensional space (with valence referring to whether an experience is positive or negative, and arousal referring to the intensity of the experience). We conclude that spontaneous physiological and behavioral responses typically reflect arousal, whereas learned responses can be valuable when investigating valence. We also conclude that the assessment of affective states can be furthered using mood assessments and that the use of drug treatments with known emotional effects in humans can be helpful in the assessment of specific affective states in animals.     

非线性系统的来源及奇异性分析

就变比、饱和、振荡、多值响应、循环、失灵、折叠几种典型情形介绍了非线性系统的来源,并分析了非线性系统不同于线性系统的特征：系统稳定性与初值有关且可能存在多个平衡状态;系统可能产生自激振荡;系统平衡态失稳后可进入混沌态,对非线性系统的研究有助于揭示事物发生与发展的因果关系,非周期定态行为的确定为系统科学的发展作出了重大贡献。     

关于纠缠目击的一点注记

给出了一个量子态是纠缠态的充要条件．在有限维空间上,从特殊的量子态出发,构造出了几类特殊量子态对应的纠缠目击．最后,从算子谱定理入手,构造出了量子态的纠缠目击．     

Fermentative capacity after cold storage of baker's yeast is dependent on the initial physiological state but not correlated to the levels of glycolytic enzymes.

Growth and starvation of baker's yeast was monitored by on-line microcalorimetry and cells originating from four different physiological states were stored at low temperature (4 degrees C) for up to 26 days. The different physiological states were designated F (respiro-Fermentative phase of growth), R (initial Respiratory phase of growth), -N (non-growing state because of Nitrogen depletion), and -NC (non-growing state because of both Nitrogen and Carbon depletion). The cells were tested before and after cold storage for their fermentative capacity, and characterised by 2D gel analysis (and subsequent quantitative silver staining and image analysis with software PDQUEST) for their levels of six enzymes of the glycolytic pathway (hexokinase 2 (Hxk2p), fructose bisphosphate aldolase (Fba1p), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Tdh3p), enolase A (Enolp), enolase B (Eno2p), and triose phosphate isomerase (Tpi1p)) and two enzymes of the fermentative branch (pyruvate decarboxylase (Pdc1p) and alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh1p)). The enzymes Hxk2p, Tdh3p, Eno2p, Pdc1p and Adh1p were down-regulated by 25-80% during the transition between the F and R states. During the transition to non-growing states (-N and -NC states), the levels of Hxk2p, Tdh3p and Eno2p were further reduced. However, after cold storage, the glycolytic and fermentative enzymes of the different physiological states were expressed to the same extent. In contrast, the fermentative capacity differed between the states; the R-state cells were superior compared to cells from the other states tested and preserved more than 50% of their initial fermentative capacity (6 mmol ethanol per gram dry weight and hour). Our data therefore clearly demonstrate that persistence of fermentative capacity during total starvation at low temperature after as long as 1 month is strongly dependent on the physiological state from which the cells originate. However, the level of expression of the glycolytic enzymes could not explain the difference in fermentative capacity of the different physiological states after cold storage.     

State variation in retail promotions and advertising for Marlboro cigarettes

BACKGROUND: There is some evidence that tobacco companies marketing efforts undermine the effects of comprehensive tobacco control programmes. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether point-of-purchase advertising and promotions are more pervasive in states where comprehensive tobacco control programmes are underway. DESIGN: Cross sectional survey using 1996 data, with merged records of the existence of local tobacco advertising restrictions. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: 581 tobacco retail stores located in close proximity to high schools in mainland USA. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Existence of gift-with-purchase, number of interior advertisements, and exterior store advertisements for Marlboro cigarettes. RESULTS: After controlling for store type and existence of advertising restrictions, offer of a gift-with-purchase for Marlboro cigarettes was significantly more likely in states with comprehensive tobacco control programmes than those without programmes (odds ratio 2.59, 95% confidence interval 1.57 to 4.26). Although not significant, results show an increase in the number of interior and exterior store advertisements for stores located in states with a comprehensive tobacco control programme than those in other states. CONCLUSION: Results suggest some point-of-purchase tobacco promotions and advertising are more pervasive in states with comprehensive tobacco control programmes. These efforts are likely to act against the objectives of programmes and need to be accounted for in programme evaluations.     

State laws on youth access to tobacco in the United States: measuring their extensiveness with a new rating system

OBJECTIVE: To develop and implement a rating system evaluating the extensiveness of state laws restricting youth access to tobacco. DESIGN: State laws on youth access to tobacco were analysed and assigned ratings on nine items. Six items addressed specific tobacco-control provisions, and three related to enforcement provisions. For each item, a target was specified reflecting public health objectives. Achieving the target resulted in a rating of +4 points; for three items, a rating of +5 was possible if the target was exceeded. Criteria for lower ratings were established for situations when the target was not met. SETTING: United States. RESULTS: State scores (sum of the ratings across all nine items) ranged from 0-18 in 1993, 2-21 in 1994, and 1-21 in 1995 and 1996, out of a possible total of 39. The average score across states was 7.2 in 1993, 7.9 in 1994, 8.2 in 1995, and 9.0 in 1996. The overall mean rating (per item) was 0.80 in 1993, 0.88 in 1994, 0.91 in 1995, and 1.00 in 1996, on a scale where 4.0 indicates that the target goals (per item) were met. From 1993 to 1996, scores increased for 20 states, decreased for one state, and remained unchanged for the others. The number of states for which state preemption of local tobacco regulation was a factor doubled from 10 states in 1993 to 20 states in 1996. CONCLUSIONS: Although all states have laws addressing youth access to tobacco, this analysis reveals that, as of the end of 1996, the progress towards meeting health policy targets is slow, and state legislation that preempts local tobacco regulation is becoming more common.     

Purchasing health insurance coverage for smoking cessation treatment: employers describe the most influential information in this decision.

Employer provision of insurance coverage for smoking cessation treatment (SCT) remains spotty despite a body of treatment efficacy and cost-effectiveness evidence available to inform and support this health care purchasing decision. This qualitative study examined the information on which this coverage decision is made. In this study, state employers describe the content and sources of the most influential information in their decision to provide insurance coverage for SCT as well as a second health benefit for comparative purposes. We provide insight into the extent to which SCT evidence informs the SCT coverage decision and suggest topics and targets for research dissemination. We interviewed 55 employee benefit staff in 35 states. Responses were compared from states with and without SCT coverage to explore the types of information that may be more effective at promoting coverage. The content and sources of the information employers judged most useful varied notably between states with and without SCT coverage. Compelling evidence of the efficacy of SCT and its cost-effectiveness did not appear to play an influential role in the SCT decision among states without SCT coverage relative to states with SCT coverage. States with SCT coverage relied significantly on benefit consultants and actuaries for the information they described as most influential; in comparison, noncovered states reported service providers, staff, and the Internet as major information sources. To foster employers' provision of SCT coverage, research dissemination efforts should emphasize SCT efficacy and cost-effectiveness information and tailor communication to benefit consultants and actuaries in addition to employers themselves.     

Medicaid reimbursement for prenatal smoking intervention influences quitting and cessation

Background

40% of births in the USA are covered by Medicaid and smoking is prevalent among recipients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between levels of Medicaid coverage for prenatal smoking cessation interventions on quitting during pregnancy and maintaining cessation after delivery.

Methods

Population based survey study of 7513 post‐partum women from 15 states who: participated in Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) during 1998–2000; smoked at the beginning of their pregnancy; and had Medicaid coverage. Participating states were categorised into three levels of Medicaid coverage for smoking cessation interventions during prenatal care: extensive (pharmacotherapies and counselling); some (pharmacotherapies or counselling); or none. Quit rates among women who smoked before pregnancy and rates of maintaining cessation were examined.

Results

Higher levels of coverage during prenatal care for smoking cessation interventions were associated with higher quit rates; 51%, 43%, and 39% of women quit in states with extensive, some, and no coverage, respectively. Compared to women in states with no coverage, women in states with extensive coverage had 1.6 times the odds of quitting smoking (odds ratio (OR) 1.58, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.00 to 2.49). Maintenance of cessation after delivery was associated with extensive levels of Medicaid coverage; 48% of women maintained cessation in states with extensive coverage compared to 37% of women in states with no coverage. Compared to women in states with no coverage, women with extensive coverage had 1.6 times the odds of maintaining cessation (OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.04 to 2.56).

Conclusions

Prenatal Medicaid coverage for both pharmacotherapies and counselling is associated with higher rates of quitting and continued cessation. This suggests policymakers can promote cessation by broadening smoking cessation services in Medicaid prenatal coverage.     

A time series analysis of milk productivity in US dairy states

As US dairy cow production evolves, it is important to characterize trends and seasonal patterns to project amounts and fluctuations in milk and milk components by states or regions. Hence, this study aimed to (1) quantify historical trends and seasonal patterns of milk and milk components production associated with calving date by parities and states; (2) classify parities and states with similar trends and seasonal patterns into clusters; and (3) summarize the general pattern for each cluster for further application in simulation models. Our data set contained 9.18 million lactation records from 5.61 million Holstein cows distributed in 17 states during the period January 2006 to December 2016. Each record included a cow's total milk, fat, and protein yield during a lactation. We used time series decomposition to obtain each state's annual trend and seasonal pattern in milk productivity for each parity. Then, we classified states and parities with agglomerative hierarchical clustering into groups according to 2 methods: (1) dynamic time warping on the original time series and (2) Euclidean distance on extracted features of trend and seasonality from the decomposition. Results showed distinguishable trends and seasonality for all states and lactation numbers for all response variables. The clusters and cluster centroid pattern showed a general upward trend for all yields [energy-corrected milk (ECM), milk, fat, and protein] and a steady trend for fat and protein percent for all states except Texas. We also found a larger seasonality amplitude for all yields (ECM, milk, fat, and protein) from higher lactation numbers and a similar amplitude for fat and protein percent across lactation numbers. The results could be used for advising management decisions according to farm productivity goals. Furthermore, the trend and seasonality patterns could be used to adjust the production level in a specific state, year, and season for farm simulations to accurately project milk and milk components production.