微生物源类胡萝卜素研究进展

类胡萝卜素对人类身体健康的重要性日益受到人们关注,越来越多的类胡萝卜素功能食品走进市场。为满足人们对类胡萝卜素日益增长的需要,成本低、纯度高、更加安全的微生物源类胡萝卜素产品有逐渐替代化学合成和植物提取产品的趋势。本文对类胡萝卜素在微生物中的分布、资源、生产技术和市场潜力进行综述,为更有效地利用微生物中的类胡萝卜素资源,研发相应的生产技术,向市场提供更安全、质量更好的类胡萝卜素产品提供参考。     

酵母生产类胡萝卜素的研究进展

类胡萝卜素是医药、化学、食品和饲料产业中具有重要价值的产品,具有着色、抗氧化和防癌等功能.动物不能合成类胡萝卜素,因此必须从食物中进行摄取.作为潜在色素物质的来源,红酵母和法夫酵母是微生物法生产类胡萝卜素的重要菌种.阐述了红酵母和法夫酵母生物合成类胡萝卜素的途径、影响发酵产量的因素及廉价培养基的应用,进一步介绍了诱变育种方法及代谢工程技术在产类胡萝卜素酵母菌株改良上的应用.     

微生物生产天然虾青素的合成途径及其研究进展

虾青素是一种天然存在的类胡萝卜素，具有重要的生物活性，如着色功能、高抗氧化性、抗癌、抗炎等。动物机体对反式虾青素吸收利用率、着色能力和抗氧化活性更高。微生物生产天然虾青素成为研究热点，一是利用藻类生产，二是利用酵母发酵生产。文章着重阐述了微生物生产天然虾青素的合成途径、红酵母产虾青素的研究进展及其功效与应用，为红酵母发酵生产虾青素提供一定的理论基础和参考。     

三孢布拉霉中类胡萝卜素增产方法的研究进展

三孢布拉霉（Blakeslea trispora）是目前工业化生产类胡萝卜素的主要微生物,其发酵产生的β-胡萝卜素、番茄红素具有抗氧化、免疫调节、延缓衰老等功效。然而目前三孢布拉霉产类胡萝卜产量低是制约发酵法生产的主要因素。因此,如何有效的提高发酵的产量是现阶段研究中亟待解决的问题。该文结合国内外的研究成果,从菌种选育、工艺优化等方面来综述近年来国内外针对三孢布拉霉中类胡萝卜素产量提升的研究现状,期望能为现有的三孢布拉霉工业化生产类胡萝卜素模式提供借鉴。     

红酵母生产类胡萝卜素5L流加发酵的动力学研究

在前期三角瓶发酵培养的基础上,研究了利用红酵母生产类胡萝卜素在5L发酵罐中的培养.比较了不同的补糖方式、不同pH及不同溶氧条件下红酵母生物量、类胡萝卜素含量和类胡萝卜素产量,结果表明,对于三种条件过高或过低的值都不利于类胡萝卜素产量的提高.最终得出最佳条件应为:总糖浓度80g/L,并且糖的补给方式应为流加,发酵过程中糖浓度应保持在1020g/L之间,酵母粉20g/L,pH为6.0,DO值维持在15%25%之间.为了更好的掌握微生物生长和类胡萝卜素产生的动态过程,利用MATLAB软件对发酵过程进行研究,实验数据采用三次实验结果的平均值,建立了红酵母生长动力学模型和类胡萝卜素形成的动力学模型.比较拟合值和实验值表明拟和模型能较好反映类胡萝卜素分批发酵过程.     

发酵工业中噬菌体的电子显微镜观察

一、噬菌体对发酵工业的危害性: 在工业,利用微生物生产各种化工产品、医药原料、抗菌素、酶制剂、微生物农药及细菌肥料和各种食品等,有着设备简便,原料来源丰富,价格便宜等优点。 但是,在发酵工业中,特别是细菌和放线菌的发酵生产中,常常发生这样的事情,即在短短几小时内,数吨发酵液中的菌体全部被破坏,而不能再继续积累产品,几经研     

功能性微生物在发酵肉制品中的应用研究进展

发酵肉是一种传统肉制品,具有特殊的风味,营养丰富,保质期长,提高了肉类的经济价值,促进了肉制品行业的发展,但发酵肉制品也存在安全隐患,如硝胺、生物胺、有害微生物残留超标等问题。将微生物应用到发酵肉制品生产过程中可以减少有害物质的产生和积累,并且能和有害微生物产生竞争;许多微生物可以产生促进蛋白质和脂肪分解的酶类,为产品风味的产生做出贡献。另外,微生物可以赋予产品功能特性,提高其营养价值。本文主要介绍国内外发酵肉制品的种类、用于生产发酵肉制品的功能性微生物种类及其功能特性、微生物的抑菌作用机理、降解生物胺作用机理及促进风味形成机理。     

发酵香肠的工艺优化及微生物的预测预报

用SAS软件中的响应曲面试验设计,研究了盐浓度、水分活度、发酵温度、发酵时间和糖浓度等环境因子对发酵香肠发酵过程中的细菌总数、乳酸细菌和球菌的影响,建立了科学的数学模型。优化了发酵香肠的生产条件,得到最佳参数是:NaCl:5%;Aw:0.95;发酵成熟温度t:14℃;发酵时间d:20d;Sugar:2%。将最佳工艺条件生产的发酵香肠产品与传统工艺生产的香肠产品进行了感官鉴评,结果显示新工艺发酵20d的产品与传统工艺发酵30d的产品之间,感官鉴评没有显著性差异,新工艺可行。用建立的数学模型对发酵过程中的微生物进行了预测,结果可靠。此模型有利于发酵香肠发酵过程的控制,提高其安全性,缩短生产周期,同时也是微生物预报的重要基础。     

藻类益生菌发酵研究进展

藻类是可以进行光合作用的自养型生物,富含蛋白质、维生素、多糖、类胡萝卜素等营养活性成分,极具应用开发潜力.我国是藻类生产大国,但当前对藻类资源的开发利用不足,导致其产品类型相对单一、产值相对较低.益生菌是一类对生物机体有益的活性微生物,通过益生菌发酵能够促进藻类营养活性成分的释放、改善其感官风味、提高其生物活性,进而提...     

直接饲喂微生物和发酵制品生产菌株鉴定概述

我国生物发酵类饲料添加剂主要涉及两类，即直接饲喂微生物和发酵制品(如酶制剂、氨基酸等)。对微生物进行科学准确的鉴定是开展生物发酵类饲料添加剂安全性评价的基础，也是此类产品研发和产业化发展的必要前提。文章介绍了欧盟和我国直接饲喂微生物和发酵制品生产菌株鉴定要求，分析了形态学、生理生化和分子生物学鉴定技术，并系统阐述了微生物鉴定技术的应用，为开展直接饲喂微生物和发酵制品生产菌株鉴定提供参考。     

Effect of Non-Ionic Surfactants and Beta-Ionone on the Morphology of Blakeslea trispora and Carotenoids Production from Cheese Whey in Submerged Aerobic Growth: A Statistical Approach

The effect of non-ionic surfactants and β-ionone on morphology of Blakeslea trispora and carotenoids production from deproteinized hydrolyzed whey in submerged aerobic growth was investigated. Also, a central composite design was employed to determine the maximum carotenoids concentration at optimum values for the process variables (Tween 80, Span 80, β-ionone). The fit of the model was found to be good. Tween 80 and Span 80 had a strong linear effect on carotenoids production. The concentration of carotenoids was significantly affected by Tween 80 – Span 80 and Span 80 – β-ionone interactions as well as by the negative quadratic effect of β-ionone. The optimum medium composition for the maximum carotenoids production (100.0 ± 5.0 mg/g biomass dry weight) was found in deproteinized hydrolyzed whey supplemented with Tween 80 (33.6 g/L), Span 80 (68.7 g/L), and β-ionone (2.6 g/L). This result indicated that the optimization strategy led to an increase in carotenoids production by 33-fold. The carotenoids content in B. trispora were β-carotene, γ-carotene, and lycopene. The composition of carotenoids depends of the amount of nonionic surfactants and β-ionone added to the cheese whey. The medium composition influenced the morphogenesis of B. trispora and product formation. The addition of surfactants into the medium changed the morphology of the microorganism from solid aggregates to loose aggregates and resulted in a substantial increase in pigment production. B. trispora growing in submerged aerobic growth is able to develop complex morphologies which have been classified into three major groups: freely dispersed hyphae, clumps, and pellets. These parameters are responsible for the production of carotenoids.     

类胡萝卜素的氧化降解及其对面粉品质的影响

类胡萝卜素是一类具有众多特殊功能的物质,面粉及其原料中含有丰富的类胡萝卜素。但类胡萝卜素在面粉的贮藏和加工过程中,会因各种途径而氧化降解生成无色的紫罗兰酮、假紫罗兰酮、二氢弥猴桃内酯和氧化异佛尔酮等具有特征香气的产物,促使面粉及其制品的色泽改善和香气特征的形成,并对提高其品质等产生有益的影响,对开发营养丰富、香气宜人、滋味佳的新型主食类食品有重要启迪。本文就此进行综述,并对类胡萝卜素的氧化降解途径、降解机理和主要降解物香气特征及其对面粉与面粉制品品质的影响等进行重点讨论,还对面粉中类胡萝卜素深度利用及氧化降解研究存在的问题等作出展望。     

+UVA treatment increases the degree of unsaturation in microalgal fatty acids and total carotenoid content in Nitzschia closterium (Bacillariophyceae) and Isochrysis zhangjiangensis (Chrysophyceae)

The production of metabolites by microalgae is affected by environmental conditions in which they are living. The metabolic responses of two marine microalgae, Nitzschia closterium and Isochrysis zhangjiangensis, to a 3-day UVA-stress and 3-day UVA-recovery treatment were compared, based on their growth, fatty acid profiles and content of total carotenoids. When cultured under photosynthetically active radiation, coupled with UVA treatment, both microalgae underwent a significant increase in their growth during the UVA-recovery period compared to the control. The proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids, including linoleic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, as well as total carotenoids, were significantly increased in both microalgae, mainly in the UVA-stress period, but not the UVA-recovery period. The metabolic responses of the two microalgae to UVA treatment were species-dependent and could be utilised to produce microalgal biomass rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and carotenoids for use as functional food ingredients.     

外界因子调控类胡萝卜素生物合成研究进展

由于类胡萝卜素良好的生物活性和生理功能,近年来被广泛应用在食品、医药、营养保健等行业,为满足人类对类胡萝卜素的需求,有关类胡萝卜素合成调控的研究也越来越多。文章综述了光照、温度和诱导子等外界因子对类胡萝卜素生物合成的影响,期望在生产过程中通过外界调控来提高类胡萝卜素的产量。     

Activation of torularhodin production by Rhodotorula glutinis using weak white light irradiation

The effects of the irradiation of weak white light on the growth of the red yeast Rhodotorula glutinis and its production of carotenoids were investigated. The ability of beta-carotene and torularhodin, which are final products of carotenoid biosynthesis in R. glutinis, to quench singlet oxygen has also been investigated. Weak white light irradiation that has no effect on the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae inhibited the growth of R. glutinis. Simultaneously, the production of torularhodin by R. glutinis markedly increased. In a mutant of R. glutinis, which exhibited increased production of torularhodin, an increase in torularhodin production was shown as a result of light irradiation during the logarithmic growth phase. An experiment using 3-(1,4-epidioxyl-4-methyl-1,4-dehydro-1-naphtyl) propionic acid clarified that torularhodin inhibited 2,5-diphenyl-3,4-benzofran decomposition by singlet oxygen quenching more strongly than did beta-carotene. This result is consistent with the report that carotenoids having a longer polyene chain may exhibit a more potent ability to quench singlet oxygen. These results suggest that the biosynthesis of carotenoids in R. glutinis may play an important role in protecting against oxidative damage caused by light irradiation, and in particular, torularhodin which has a potent singlet oxygen quenching ability may be important. We suggest that acquisition of the ability to produce torularhodin may be an important property for this yeast to promote its wider distribution in the natural world.     

无机盐和碳氮源对噬夏孢欧文氏菌积累类胡萝卜素的影响

供试的8种无机盐中,MgSO4的单因子效应最好,可促进噬夏孢欧文氏菌（Erwinia uredovora）的生长和类胡萝卜素合成。在供试的4种碳源中,葡萄糖是最适碳源。噬夏孢欧文氏菌不能利用无机氮源,在供试的有机氮源中以酵母膏最有利于类胡萝卜素合成。培养基中的含碳量保持在2．45～4．90g/L,含氮量保持在1．60～2．40g/L时,对噬夏孢欧文氏菌生长和类胡萝卜素合成均为有利,培养基的最适C:N为2．5:1。类胡萝卜素稳定性的初步实验证明,所得到的类胡萝卜素丙酮溶液在常温下稳定性较差,容易分解。高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定结果表明,从噬夏孢欧文氏菌细胞得到的天然色素成分比较复杂,在菌体中共检测到11种色素成分。     

Industrial potential of carotenoid pigments from microalgae: Current trends and future prospects

Microalgae are rich source of various bioactive molecules such as carotenoids, lipids, fatty acids, hydrocarbons, proteins, carbohydrates, amino acids, etc. and in recent Years carotenoids from algae gained commercial recognition in the global market for food and cosmeceutical applications. However, the production of carotenoids from algae is not yet fully cost effective to compete with synthetic ones. In this context the present review examines the technologies/methods in relation to mass production of algae, cell harvesting for extraction of carotenoids, optimizing extraction methods etc. Research studies from different microalgal species such as Spirulina platensis, Haematococcus pluvialis, Dunaliella salina, Chlorella sps., Nannochloropsis sps., Scenedesmus sps., Chlorococcum sps., Botryococcus braunii and Diatoms in relation to carotenoid content, chemical structure, extraction and processing of carotenoids are discussed. Further these carotenoid pigments, are useful in various health applications and their use in food, feed, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industries was briefly touched upon. The commercial value of algal carotenoids has also been discussed in this review. Possible recommendations for future research studies are proposed.     

Application of a complete factorial design for the production of zeaxanthin by Flavobacterium sp

Utilizing a four-liter fermentor and applying a complete factorial design 2(3), the combined effects of agitation speed, aeration rate, and corn steep liquor concentration on zeaxanthin production by Flavobacterium sp. were studied. Maximum growth and production of total carotenoids and zeaxanthin were obtained at 600 rpm, 2 vvm and 4.6% corn steep liquor. Under these conditions, zeaxanthin represented 86% of the total carotenoids produced. Lower values of the variables studied resulted in lower growth, volumetric production of zeaxanthin and total carotenoids, and favored the formation of other carotenoids such as beta-carotene and canthaxanthin. The positive effects on growth and total carotenoids and zeaxanthin formation were in a large extent due to the interaction of agitation/corn steep liquor. However, aeration also had a positive effect on growth.     

叶黄素的微藻生物法生产技术

叶黄素是类胡萝卜素的一种,可作为食品抗氧化剂和着色剂,在食品工业、饲料工业和医药中具有广泛的应用前景。综述天然叶黄素的微藻法生产技术研究进展,为我国叶黄素的开发研究提供参考。