低钠高钾饮食干预对高血压患者NO、ET-1水平及动脉僵硬度的影响

目的探究低钠高钾饮食干预对高血压患者一氧化氮(nitric oxide, NO)、内皮素-1(endothelin-1, ET-1)水平及动脉僵硬度的影响。方法选取2016年10月～2017年10月我院收治的高血压患者98例,随机将研究对象分为对照组与研究组, 2组患者均进行常规降压治疗,其中对照组患者42例给予普通饮食,而研究组患者56例则给予低钠高钾饮食干预。在饮食干预一年后,观察比较2组患者在干预前后的血清NO、ET-1水平、血压情况以及动脉僵硬度。结果干预前, 2组患者的SBP、DBP、血清NO、ET-1水平、以及CAVI水平经比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);干预后,研究组患者的SBP与DBP水平均较对照组更低(P0.05),研究组患者的血清NO水平高于对照组, ET-1水平低于对照组(P0.05),且研究组患者的CAVI水平也低于对照组(P0.05),差异存在统计学意义。结论低钠高钾饮食干预可一定程度的改善高血压患者的血清NO、ET-1水平,降低血压,缓解动脉僵硬度,保护患者的血管内皮功能。     

基于综合性Meta分析的乳三肽VPP和IPP在随机安慰剂对照实验中的抗高血压效能

为评估口服乳三肽VPP（Val-Pro-Pro）和IPP（Ile-Pro-Pro）对血压的影响,基于综合性Meta分析选择了包含在21 个研究中的27 项临床实验、2 142 个高血压前期或高血压患者。由于存在异质性,采用随机影响模式进行分析。结果表明：Meta分析中未发现发表偏倚,收缩压（systolic blood pressure,SBP）降低了1.78 mmHg（95%可信区间为－2.47～－1.08,P＜0.001）,舒张压（diastolic blood pressure,DBP）降低了0.67 mmHg（95%可信区间为－1.11～－0.23,P＜0.001）。亚组分析结果表明：亚洲人群SBP为－6.56 mmHg、DBP为－3.01 mmHg,2008年前的研究对象SBP为－6.57 mmHg、DBP为－3.08 mmHg,口服乳三肽剂量＜5 mg/d的患者SBP为－5.20 mmHg、DBP为－2.05 mmHg,以及诊所偶测SBP（－2.74 mmHg）与DBP（－1.18 mmHg）和家庭自测SBP（－7.61 mmHg）与DBP（－4.83 mmHg）都显著下降,而相应的比较对象则没有。因此,包含乳三肽VPP和IPP的功能性食品对高血压前期或轻度高血压患者是有效的,特别是在低剂量食用时对亚洲人群的诊所偶测血压和家庭自测血压有明显效果。     

Whey beverages decrease blood pressure in prehypertensive and hypertensive young men and women

Whey protein beverages reduced blood pressure in young men and women in a six week controlled intervention. There were no differences in systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), or mean arterial pressure (MAP) observed between groups consuming 28 g per day of either hydrolyzed or non-hydrolyzed whey protein in a beverage. However, in young adults with elevated DBP and SBP, whey beverage consumption significantly decreased SBP, DBP, and MAP by 8.0, 8.6, and 6.4 mm Hg, respectively (P ≤ 0.001 for all comparisons). In subjects with elevated SBP only, SBP significantly decreased by 3.8 mm Hg (P ≤ 0.04) after the whey beverage intervention. Subjects with normal blood pressure had no change in SBP, DBP, and MAP. Whey beverages also significantly decreased total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations (P ≤ 0.001 and 0.05, respectively). Whey protein beverages may be useful for the dietary treatment of prehypertension and/or stage 1 hypertension.     

低碳水化合物饮食对2型糖尿病患者的影响研究进展

低碳水化合物饮食是目前较为关注的控制糖尿病的饮食方式,包含低碳水化合物高脂肪饮食和低碳水化合物高蛋白质饮食。低碳水化合物饮食通过糖异生和酮生成作用降低葡萄糖的可用性来控制体重和血糖。但这种饮食方式对人体有很多负面影响。本文综述了低碳水化合物饮食对2型糖尿病患者的血管、心肌、肾脏的影响,以及此饮食方式的饮食依从性的研究进展,为低碳水化合物饮食对2型糖尿病患者的影响提供参考。     

Feeding trial of instant food containing lyophilised yam powder in hypertensive subjects

BACKGROUND: It was reported in a previous paper that the yam tuber storage protein dioscorin exhibited antihypertensive effects on spontaneously hypertensive rats. The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the effects of packets of instant food (30 g) with (treated meal) and without (placebo) lyophilised yam powder on hypertensive subjects. RESULTS: A placebo‐controlled feeding trial was conducted daily for 5 weeks (stage 1), followed by a 1 week washout and then a 5 week crossover (stage 2). Twenty‐one subjects finished the trial. One packet of treated meal contained 140 ± 2.54 mg of dioscorin according to enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The blood pressure results of the treated meal and placebo groups at stage 1 end versus originals, but not at stage 2 end versus stage 2 beginning, were significantly different by the paired t test. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure readings after treated meal intervention, but not after placebo intervention, differed significantly from the original values based on one‐way analysis of variance followed by the post hoc Tukey test; the reductions in SBP and DBP were 6.52 and 4.76 mmHg respectively. The feeding trial did not appear to affect serum lipid profiles or other biochemical measurements of cardiovascular risk. CONCLUSION: Intake of an instant food containing 140 mg of dioscorin over 5 weeks had a regulating effect on human blood pressure. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Changes in arterial blood pressure after single oral administration of milk‐casein‐derived peptides in spontaneously hypertensive rats

In this study we evaluated the short‐term oral antihypertensive effect of several peptide sequences isolated from casein fractions, previously characterized as in vitro angiotensin‐converting enzyme‐inhibitors, in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of the rats were measured by the tail cuff method before administration and also 2, 4, 6, 8 and 24 h post‐administration. The sequences LVYPFTGPIPN, HLPLP, IAK, YAKPVA and WQVLPNAVPAK showed a clear decrease in SBP and DBP in SHR. HPHPHLSF caused a significant decrease of the DBP in the SHR, but this sequence did not modify the SBP of these animals in a significant manner. KKYNVPQL did not modify SBP in the SHR, and caused a slight, but significant and maintained, decrease in DBP in these animals. SBP and DBP returned to baseline values 24 h post‐administration of all peptides. In conclusion, these peptides are bioactive ingredients with potential benefit in the prevention and treatment of hypertension or other associated disorders.     

Effect of a cocoa polyphenol extract in spontaneously hypertensive rats

In this study, we evaluated the short-term effect of a cocoa polyphenol extract (CPE), in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Male 17-22-week-old SHR were administered by intragastric gavage water, 50 mg kg(-1) Captopril or CPE at different doses (13, 26, 80 and 160 mg kg(-1)). The systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were recorded by the tail cuff method before the administration and also 2, 4, 6, 8, 24, 48 and 72 h post-administration. Highly significant decreases in the SBP and in the DBP were observed when captopril or CPE was administered to SHR. The cocoa extract produced a dose dependent effect in the SBP of the SHR up to the dose of 80 mg kg(-1). Nevertheless this dose of CPE did not decrease the arterial blood pressure in the normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats. The decrease in the SBP caused by 80 mg kg(-1) of CPE in the SHR (-39.1 ± 3.7 mm Hg) was maximum 6 h post-administration, and the initial values of SBP were recovered 72 h post-administration of this extract. Paradoxically, 160 mg kg(-1) of the cocoa extract caused a decreased antihypertensive effect than lower doses of CPE. In addition, the decrease in DBP was always more accentuated when the dose of CPE administered was lower. Our results suggest that CPE may be used as a functional food ingredient with beneficial effects for controlling arterial blood pressure.     

Effects of EPA and DHA on blood pressure and inflammatory factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Abstract

The present study aimed to clarify whether eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have differential effects on blood pressure and inflammatory mediators. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed and Scopus updated to Apr. 2018. The mean changes in risk factors of chronic diseases were calculated as weighted mean difference (WMD) by using a random-effects model. Twenty randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included. The summary estimate showed that EPA intervention significantly reduced systolic blood pressure (SBP) (-2.6?mmHg; 95%confident interval (CI): -4.6, -0.5?mmHg), especially in subjects with dyslipidemia (-3.8?mmHg; 95%CI: -6.7, -0.8?mmHg). The pooled effect indicated that supplemental DHA exerted a significant reduction in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in subjects with dyslipidemia (-3.1?mmHg; 95%CI: -5.9, -0.2?mmHg). Both EPA (-0.56?mg/L; 95%CI: -1.13, 0.00) and DHA (-0.5?mg/L; 95%CI: -1.0, -0.03) significantly reduced the concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), respectively, especially in subjects with dyslipidemia and higher baseline CRP concentrations. Given that limited trials have focused on EPA or DHA intervention on concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, further RCTs should be explored on these inflammatory factors. The present meta-analysis provides substantial evidence that EPA and DHA have independent (blood pressure) and shared (CRP concentration) effects on risk factors of chronic diseases, and high-quality RCTs with multi-center and large simple-size should be performed to confirm the present findings.     

高蛋白低脂肪饮食护理干预对脑梗死患者生活质量的影响

目的探究高蛋白低脂肪饮食护理干预对脑梗死患者生活质量的影响。方法收集2015年6月至2017年8月我院收治的脑梗死患者89例,根据所采取的护理方案不同,分为研究组与对照组,其中对照组患者(n=41)例采取常规护理,研究组患者(n=48)则在对照组的基础上进行高蛋白低脂肪饮食护理干预。比较2组患者护理干预6个月后的生活质量、干预前后的日常生活活动能力(activities of daily living, ADL)评分和护理满意度。结果护理干预后,与对照组患者相比,研究组患者的各项生活质量评分更高(P0.05),研究组患者的ADL评分也明显更高(P0.05);与对照组患者相比,研究组患者的护理满意度明显更高(P0.05)。结论高蛋白低脂肪饮食护理干预可明显提高脑梗死患者的日常生活活动能力,改善患者的生活质量,具有较高的护理满意度。     

Effects of tuber storage protein of yam (Dioscorea alata cv. Tainong No. 1) and its peptic hydrolyzates on spontaneously hypertensive rats

Yam storage protein (YSP) was purified from tubers of Dioscorea alata L. Tainong No. 1 (TN1) to homogeneity by DE‐52 ion‐exchange chromatography. The short‐term (24 h) and long‐term (25 days) antihypertensive effects of YSP‐TN1 and its peptic hydrolyzates (PH‐TN1) were measured in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). For 24‐h antihypertensive measurements, SHRs (age 10 weeks, body weight from 240 to 250 g) were administered orally once (YSP‐TN1 and PH‐TN1, 40 mg kg^?1 SHR) to measure the mean blood pressure (MBP), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). For a long‐term antihypertensive measurement, SHRs (age 12 weeks, body weight from 250 to 270 g) were administered orally once a day for 25 days (YSP‐TN1, 40 mg kg^?1 SHR) to measure SBP, DBP and MBP. Captopril (10 or 15 mg kg^?1 SHR) was used as a positive control. It was found that short‐term administration of 40 mg kg^?1 SHR of YSP‐TN1 and PH‐TN1 effectively lowered SHRs' MBP, SBP and DBP (For YSP‐TN1, the lowest blood pressure was reached in the fourth hour and for PH‐TN1 in the eighth hour). The lasting effects of PH‐TN1 on reduced SHRs' BP were better than those of YSP‐TN1 for one oral administration. For oral administration of 40 mg YSP‐TN1 kg^?1 SHR, the reduced MBP was 21.5 mmHg, which was comparable to 25.2 mmHg (the fourth hour) of 10 mg captopril kg^?1 SHR oral administration. For oral administration of 40 mg PH‐TN1 kg^?1 SHR, the reduced MBP was 33.7 mmHg, comparable to 38.4 mmHg (the fourth hour) of 15 mg captopril kg^?1 SHR. For long‐term 25‐day oral administration of 40 mg YSP‐TN1 kg^?1 SHR once a day, it was found that a feeding trial of YSP‐TN1 effectively lowered SHRs' SBP, DBP and MBP. The greatest reduction in SHRs' blood pressure was reached on the ninth day, for the reduced SBP, 27.7 mmHg; for the reduced DBP, 28.3 mmHg; and for the reduced MBP, 27.5 mmHg. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

低钠盐食品的标准及营养评价技术研究进展

食盐是人们生活中不可或缺的调味料,过多地食用食盐会引起高血压、心血管等疾病。本文介绍了低钠盐食品的相关标准,概述了各国食盐的摄入量情况,介绍了市场上现有的低钠盐产品的现状,并综述了国内外的一些降血压实验的研究,以期为研究低钠盐食品(包括低钠盐肉制品)提供参考。     

L-茶氨酸对高蛋白饮食诱导大鼠行为变化的干预作用

高蛋白饮食可导致焦虑或抑郁自主行为,自主行为是判断是否具有焦虑或抑郁病症的重要方法。本研究通过对SPF级6 周龄SD雄性大鼠进行40 d灌胃实验,采用旷场与明暗箱实验观察以及测定生理生化指标的方法,探究不同剂量L-茶氨酸（100、200、400 mg/（kg mb·d））对不同蛋白水平饮食（蛋白质供能比分别为20%、30%、40%、50%）SD大鼠行为变化的干预作用,以期为高蛋白饮食的多元化营养干预及L-茶氨酸深层次利用提供科学依据。结果表明：与蛋白质供能比为20%的普通维持饲料组相比,蛋白质供能比为50%的高水平高蛋白饲料组的采食量、体质量显著减少（P＜0.05）,大鼠在明箱中的停留时间显著缩短（P＜0.05）,进入明箱的次数显著减少（P＜0.05）,多巴胺、5-羟色胺、去甲肾上腺素质量浓度减少,但无显著差异,说明高水平高蛋白饮食可诱导大鼠抑郁行为。与高水平高蛋白饲料组相比,低剂量L-茶氨酸干预的高水平高蛋白饲料组大鼠体质量显著升高（P＜0.05）,且在明箱的停留时间显著延长（P＜0.05）;低、中剂量L-茶氨酸干预的高水平高蛋白饲料组大鼠在旷场箱的水平移动格数、后肢站立次数显著增加（P＜0.05）;各剂量L-茶氨酸干预的高水平高蛋白饲料组大鼠进入明箱的次数显著增加（P＜0.05）,且血清中多巴胺、去甲肾上腺素质量浓度显著升高（P＜0.05）;同时低剂量L-茶氨酸干预的高水平高蛋白饲料组大鼠血清中5-羟色胺质量浓度显著升高（P＜0.05）。综上,L-茶氨酸具有改善高蛋白饮食所致焦虑或抑郁SD大鼠自主行为的作用,其机制可能与单胺类递质的代谢相关。     

呼伦贝尔城镇居民吸烟、饮酒与血压水平的关系

目的：探讨呼伦贝尔城镇居民吸烟、饮酒与血压水平的关系。方法：采用整群抽样的方法抽取呼伦贝尔18岁及以上城镇居民1053人,问卷调查其基本信息和吸烟、饮酒状况,测量血压,对吸烟、饮酒与血压水平的关系进行统计学分析。结果：吸烟者收缩压（SBP）和舒张压（DBP）均高于不吸烟者,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,随着吸烟指数的增长,吸烟者SBP呈上升趋势。饮酒者SBP和DBP均高于不饮酒者,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,酒精摄入量在0-60g／d范围内,男性饮酒者SBP随酒精摄入量的增加而升高。结论：吸烟、饮酒是血压水平升高的影响因素。     

热量限制的低碳水化合物饮食和膳食纤维对非酒精性脂肪肝影响的研究进展

近年来热量限制的低碳水化合物饮食和膳食纤维干预对肝脏功能的影响被广泛关注,研究发现热量限制的低碳水化合物饮食和高膳食纤维干预在预防和治疗非酒精性脂肪肝方面表现出积极的作用。热量限制的低碳水化合物饮食可以有效降低非酒精性脂肪肝患者体重、BMI和肝脏脂肪病变程度,有效降低AST水平,但是对ALT和脂质代谢相关指标TC、TG、HDL和LDL的影响存在争议。高膳食纤维干预可有效降低AST和ALT水平,改善肝脏功能。热量限制的低碳水化合物饮食改善肝脏功能的机制是减少能量的摄入,降低胰岛素拮抗,防止脂肪的堆积。膳食纤维改善肝脏功能的机制是除降低胰岛素拮抗之外,还可延缓胃排空的时间,改变肠道的渗透性和增加增强肝脏对胰岛素敏感性的短链脂肪酸,从而调节脂质代谢,改善肝脏功能。本文主要综述了热量限制的低碳水化合物饮食、膳食纤维干预对非酒精性脂肪肝患者体重、BMI、肝脏功能的影响,以及改善肝脏功能的机制。     

Central obesity and the Mediterranean diet: A systematic review of intervention trials

ABSTRACT

Central obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation, and is a risk factor for cardiometabolic syndrome. The Mediterranean diet pattern has a convincing evidence-base for improving cardiometabolic health. This review investigated the impact of Mediterranean diet interventions on central obesity, specifically. A systematic literature search was conducted in the MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE and Cochrane library databases. Search terms included: ‘Mediterranean Diet’, ‘Mediterranean dietary pattern’, ‘central obesity’ and ‘visceral fat’. The search was limited to English language and humans ≥18 years. Eighteen articles met the eligibility criteria and reported at least one outcome measure of central obesity with Mediterranean diet intervention. Central obesity measures included waist circumference (16 studies), waist-hip ratio (5 studies) and visceral fat (2 studies). Thirteen (72%) of the studies, totaling 7186 subjects (5168 subjects assigned to a Mediterranean Diet), reported a significant reduction in central obesity with a Mediterranean-type diet. However, seven out of these 13 interventions employed energy restriction, and only three showed a statistically significant favorable effect of the Mediterranean diet relative to a control group. This systematic review highlights the potential for a Mediterranean diet intervention to reduce central obesity and in turn reduce obesity-related chronic disease risk and associated public health burden.     

Antihypertensive activity of milk fermented by Enterococcus faecalis strains isolated from raw milk

A total of 231 microorganisms were isolated from raw cow milk samples and the angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitory (ACEI) activity of the resultant fermented milk produced with the isolated microorganisms was assayed. Forty-six of these microorganisms were selected on the basis of high ACEI activity. Four Enterococcus faecalis strains stood out as producers of fermented milk with potent ACEI activity (IC₅₀ (the protein concentration that inhibits 50% of ACE activity): 34–59 μg mL⁻¹). Single doses (5 mL kg⁻¹) of the whey fraction obtained from these fermented milk samples were administered to spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and to normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats in order to investigate their possible antihypertensive activity. Highly significant decreases in the systolic blood pressure (SBP) and in the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were observed when the fermented milk was administered to SHR. Nevertheless, the fermented milk did not modify the SBP and the DBP of the WKY rats. Raw cow milk is an excellent source of wild lactic acid bacteria able to produce fermented milk with antihypertensive activity and antihypertensive activity of milk fermented by Enterococcus faecalis strains was associated with peptides different from Ile-Pro-Pro and Val-Pro-Pro.     

Dietary influences on nonexercise physical activity and energy expenditure in C57BL/6J mice

It is well established that the lack of physical activity can lead to weight gain or obesity. However, there is limited information on influences of diet components on physical activity. Thus the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of major dietary components on energy expenditure by affecting nonexercise physical activity in C57BL/6J mice. All mice were assigned to 1 of the following 4 dietary groups based on their body weight and baseline physical activity; low fat/normal protein, high fat/normal protein, low fat/low protein, or low fat/high protein. After 3 mo, the highest weight gain was observed in animals fed with high-fat/normal-protein diet, and the caloric intake was significantly lower in low-fat/high-protein diet-fed mice compared to other groups. However, there were no significant changes in nonexercise physical activity during experimental periods in all groups. The respiratory quotient and energy expenditure were not significantly different among the dietary groups. These findings suggest that diet-induced obesity is not explainable by levels of physical activity and energy expenditure. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The understanding the link between diet and nonexercise physical activity would provide important knowledge that will potentially assist appropriate food choices to control obesity and its related health problems.     

膳食中营养成分与高血压关系的研究进展

本文综述了近年来膳食中蛋白质、脂类、维生素、矿物质、膳食纤维等营养成分与高血压关系的研究进展,并就DASH膳食降低高血压的研究进行了综述。     

口服牛磺酸对人群异常血压的影响

主要探讨牛磺酸对人群异常血压(包括高血压和低血压)是否具有双向调节的作用。从对在校大学生血压筛查的基础上,选出了40名血压异常的志愿者(高/低血压患者各20名)采用随机双盲对照的方法,分别服用牛磺酸(每日4g)及安慰剂胶囊,服用4周后进行相关复查。无论是在高血压人群还是在低血压人群,牛磺酸都呈现出向下调节血压的趋势,其中,干预组的SBP和对照组相比差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论认为口服牛磺酸对异常血压可能都具有向下调节的作用,其现象和机理值得进一步探究。     

Red mold dioscorea decreases blood pressure when administered alone or with amlodipine and is a potentially safe functional food in SHR and WKY rats

Hypertension is a risk factor for metabolic syndromes and cardiovascular diseases. Statins are antihypertensive, but can cause rhabdomyolysis as a side effect, which involves the breakdown of muscle fibres and release of myoglobin into the bloodstream. In this study, we used hypertensive rats to investigate whether the interaction between Monascus-fermented products (red mold dioscorea; RMD) and amlodipine increases the risk of rhabdomyolysis and toxicity. A single oral dose of RMD (176 mg/kg) significantly decreased systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Moreover, administration of RMD, alone or in combination with amlodipine, did not cause significant rhabdomyolysis and did not impair the metabolic or physiological functions of the liver or kidney. RMD treatment had hypocholesterolemic and hypotriacylglycerolemic effects, indicating that RMD may prevent the incidence of atherosclerosis. The findings of this study lend support to the potential use of RMD as a novel therapeutic and antihypertensive functional food.