冷却猪肉中腐败微生物鉴定及其消长规律的研究

目的对冷却猪肉中腐败微生物进行鉴定,研究其在0～4℃条件下贮藏时的消长规律。方法采用选择性培养基对冷却猪肉中的腐败微生物进行分离培养,利用Biolog微生物自动鉴定系统对菌株进行鉴定。结果共鉴定出11株具有代表性的细菌:肠杆菌4株,假单胞菌1株,热杀索丝菌1株,不动杆菌1株,乳酸菌2株,葡萄球菌2株。冷却猪肉中腐败微生物初始菌相结构为:热杀索丝菌54.9%,肠杆菌科8.7%,假单胞菌属3.6%,乳酸菌属29.5%,葡萄球菌/微球菌0.6%,霉菌/酵母菌2.7%。在0～4℃条件下贮藏时,热杀索丝菌、肠杆菌科和假单胞菌属是冷却猪肉中的优势腐败菌,假单胞菌属和肠杆菌科在菌相结构中的比例增长最高,特别是假单胞菌属的数量增长最快。结论鉴定出了冷却猪肉中的主要腐败微生物,确定了其初始菌相和优势腐败菌。     

低硝灌肠制品腐败菌的分离与初步鉴定

对引起低硝灌肠制品腐败的腐败菌进行了分离和鉴定,研究表明,从低硝灌肠制品中分离和鉴定出假单胞菌属3株、葡萄球菌属2株、微球菌属2株、肠杆菌科1株、热死环菌属1株、乳酸菌属1株及酵母菌1株,其中假单胞菌属为优势菌。     

真空包装酱牛肉中腐败细菌的分离、初步鉴定与菌相变化分析

将真空包装后的酱牛肉在低温和常温条件下贮藏,对其中的腐败细菌进行分离和初步鉴定,并对主要腐败细菌菌相的变化规律进行分析。结果表明：从细菌总数平板上挑取的28 个特殊菌落中,包括不动杆菌属7 株,葡萄球菌属6 株,肠杆菌科5 株,热死环丝菌和微球菌属各3 株,乳酸菌2 株,假单胞菌属和芽孢杆菌属各1 株。贮藏温度对真空包装酱牛肉主要腐败菌相构成变化的影响不大,乳酸菌和假单胞菌属为主要腐败菌。     

传统生理生化鉴定技术结合PCR法分析复合保鲜剂对冷藏带鱼贮藏期间菌相变化的影响

将微生物传统生理生化鉴定技术与PCR法相结合,研究了复合保鲜剂对冷藏带鱼贮藏期间菌相变化的影响。通过对冷藏对照组与保鲜剂处理组样品贮藏期间的主要微生物进行分离纯化、16SrDNA序列分析与生理生化鉴定,并作系统发育树分析,最终鉴定出13株具有典型特征的纯菌株。对照组样品在货架期终点时,其主要微生物的种类与所占比例依次为:腐败希瓦氏菌(34.7%)、荧光假单胞菌(14.5%)、松鼠葡萄球菌(10.2%)、嗜水气单胞菌(8.2%)、弧菌(6.1%)、恶臭假单胞菌(6.1%)、绿色气球菌(4.1%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(4.1%)、蜡样芽孢杆菌(4.0%)、铜绿假单胞菌(2.0%)、嗜冷杆菌(2.0%)、成团肠杆菌(2.0%)、约氏不动杆菌(2.0%)。其中,腐败希瓦氏菌为特定优势腐败微生物。假单胞菌属在带鱼冷藏过程中所占比例大小依次为荧光假单胞菌>恶臭假单胞菌>铜绿假单胞菌。经复合保鲜剂处理后,能够使冷藏带鱼的二级鲜度货架期延长9d,并使其贮藏期间的细菌菌相组成比例发生变化,细菌种类减少到9种。主要优势菌的比例明显减少,表明复合保鲜剂对带鱼体内腐败菌具有不同程度的抑制作用。     

不同时期鲳鱼冷藏期间优势腐败菌的多样性变化

目的：比较分析不同时期冷藏鲳鱼（Pampus argenteus）贮藏期间的感官品质、pH值、微生物指标与主要微生物菌群的变化规律。方法：冷藏（4±1） ℃条件下,以感官评定、pH值与菌落总数为品质评价指标,采用聚合酶链式反应（polymerase chain reaction,PCR）扩增结合生理生化鉴定法分别对冬、春两个时期的鲳鱼进行优势腐败菌的变化规律研究。将经细菌培养与分离纯化得到单菌落按其形态特征进行分类,再通过生理生化鉴定与革兰氏染色,初步得到菌落种类,对单菌落进行DNA提取与PCR扩增并测序。结果：冬季样品获得12 种菌株,春季样品获得9 种菌株。贮藏末期时,冬季样品中优势腐败菌的种类与比例分别为嗜冷杆菌（Psychrobacter spp.）21.51%、草莓假单胞菌（Pseudomonas fragi）16.13%、荧光假单胞菌（Pseudomonas fluorescens）52.68%与热杀索丝菌（Brochothrix thermosphacta）9.68%;春季样品为草莓假单胞菌（Pseudomonas fragi）8.62%、荧光假单胞菌（Pseudomonas fluorescens）64.66%与腐败希瓦氏菌（Shewanella putrefaciens）26.72%。结论：冬、春时期中冷藏鲳鱼贮藏期间优势腐败菌的种类基本一致,以革兰氏阴性菌为主,但在细菌种类与比例上存在差异,冬季样品的微生物种类较春季丰富。贮藏期间,随着荧光假单胞菌所占比例的增加,使腐败希瓦氏菌的生长受到明显抑制。     

气调包装酱卤鸭食管冷藏期间理化指标变化及优势腐败菌的分离鉴定

为研究气调包装酱卤鸭食管冷藏条件下贮藏品质的变化,将未加抑菌剂的气调包装酱卤鸭食管在冷藏(0～4℃)条件下贮存12 d,分别测定其pH值、水分活度、硫代巴比妥酸反应物(thiobarbituric acid reactive substance,TBARs)值、感官评分及微生物菌相等指标的变化。结果表明:随着冷藏时间的延长,气调包装酱卤鸭食管的感官品质显著降低、pH值显著下降,而TBARs值呈显著上升趋势,水分活度呈下降趋势,但下降幅度很小;将分离纯化后的腐败菌采用16S rDNA测序方法进行鉴定,发现冷藏条件下气调包装酱卤鸭食管中的优势腐败菌主要有副黄假单胞菌、特基拉芽孢杆菌、肉芽肿克雷伯氏菌和香坊肠杆菌。     

冷藏卵形鲳优势腐败菌的分离鉴定及致腐能力分析

为研究卵形鲳鲹冷藏末期的优势腐败菌及其致腐能力,采用传统选择性培养结合16S rDNA序列分析法,对卵形鲳鲹4℃贮藏期间腐败菌分别进行分离纯化、菌相分析及菌属确定,并以腐败物质的产量因子Y_TVB-N/CFU为评价标准,定量分析了贮藏末期优势菌的致腐能力。结果得出,卵形鲳鲹4℃贮藏过程中共分离纯化出16株细菌,其中革兰氏阴性菌10株,革兰氏阳性菌6株,其分属6个菌属。贮藏初期（0 d）时菌相丰富,希瓦氏菌属（Shewanella sp.）、假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas sp.）、葡萄球菌属（Staphylococcus sp.）、芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus sp.）、乳酸杆菌属（Lactobacillus sp.）与肠杆菌属（Enterobacter sp.）等均有出现;中期（3 d）菌群种类有所减少,以希瓦氏菌属（Shewanella sp.）与假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas sp.）所占比例较高,后期（6 d）种类进一步减少,只有3株菌占较高,分别是2号腐败希瓦氏菌（Shewanella putrefaciens 48%）、5号奥奈达希瓦氏菌（Shewanella oneidensis 26.6%）与16号霍氏肠杆菌（Enterobacter hormaechei 19.4%）;致腐能力由高至低依次为腐败希瓦氏菌 > 奥奈达希瓦氏菌 > 霍氏肠杆菌,其中腐败希瓦式菌致腐能力显著强于另两株菌;综合贮藏末期所占比例及致腐能力结果,最终确定腐败希瓦氏菌为4℃贮藏下卵形鲳鲹的优势腐败菌。     

真空包装烧鸡中腐败细菌的分离、初步鉴定与菌相变化分析

以真空包装的烧鸡为原料,观察了低温(4℃)和常温(25℃)下贮藏过程中细菌总数的变化,对其中的腐败细菌进行了分离和初步鉴定,并对主要腐败细菌菌相的变化规律进行了分析.结果表明,从细菌总数平板上挑取的13个特殊菌落中,芽孢菌属、乳酸菌属、微球菌属、热死环丝菌各1株,假单胞菌属、气单胞菌属各2株,肠杆菌科5株.贮藏温度(4℃和25℃)对主要腐败菌菌相构成的变化影响不大,乳酸菌在整个贮藏过程中一直为优势菌,假单胞菌次之,肠杆菌在室温条件下比初始菌相增加了近两倍,而在低温条件下变化不大,葡萄球菌和热死环丝菌则均有不同程度的下降.     

鸡胸肉冷藏过程中腐败菌分析及其品质变化研究

为了探讨冷鲜鸡肉的主要腐败菌及其冷藏过程中菌相的变化,以鸡胸肉为原料,采用传统微生物培养方法和16S r DNA测序相结合方法对冷鲜鸡肉腐败菌进行了分离鉴定。研究腐败菌在冷藏过程中动态变化及冷藏对鸡肉品质的影响。结果表明:乳酸菌、葡萄球菌、肠杆菌、假单胞菌是冷鲜鸡鸡胸肉中的主要腐败菌。初始菌相构成中,乳酸菌和葡萄球菌所占比例最大,为35%,肠道杆菌占29%,假单胞菌占最少,仅为1%。冷藏末期,冷鲜鸡中主要腐败菌菌相构成发生了显著变化。葡萄球菌生长较慢占1%,假单胞菌占2%,乳酸菌占18%,肠道杆菌占79%。随着冷藏时间的延长各类腐败菌均呈现增长趋势,但增长速率不同。葡萄球菌初期增长较快,末期较慢,肠杆菌及乳酸菌反之,并逐渐成为优势菌群,假单胞菌则一直保持较慢的增长速度。质构和感官评价表明:随着冷藏时间的递增,冷鲜鸡胸肉弹性下降,黏度增加,9天后鸡肉开始腐败变味,感官品质明显变差。     

超高压处理提高冷却肉生物安全性的研究

采用超高压技术对完成排酸后熟的冷却肉进行处理,研究超高压技术对冷却肉的抑菌或杀菌效果,从而提高冷却肉的生物安全性并延长其货架期.经过排酸后的冷却肉(猪肉)采用压力为100、200、300、400MPa,保压时间分别为5min的超高压处理,处理后样品置于4℃条件下贮藏,不同贮藏期内测定样品细菌总数.结果表明,在同一贮藏时间内,样品细菌总数随处理压力的升高而减少;处理压力越大,样品贮藏的货架期越长.当细菌总数达到或超过106cfu/g时,对照样品的贮藏期为7d;而经100、200、300、400MPa超高压处理的样品的货架期分别为11、13、15、17d.原料肉的初始菌相以假单胞菌和乳酸菌为主,肠杆菌、葡萄球菌、微球菌少量.压力处理后菌相构成发生变化,以乳酸菌为主.乳酸菌对压力处理具有一定的耐受性,假单胞菌、肠杆菌、葡萄球菌、微球菌对压力处理较为敏感.研究结果表明,采用适当的压力处理可以提高冷却肉的生物安全性.     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Review of techniques to manufacture micro-hydrogel particles for the food industry and their applications

Microgels are ‘soft’ microscopic cross-linked polymeric particles that are being increasingly exploited in a variety of industries for rheology control, encapsulation and targeted delivery. They are valued because of the ability to tune their functionality to address specific applications in oil recovery, coatings, drug delivery, cosmetics, personal care and foods. Food microgels are typically biopolymer hydrogels in the form of microspheres, nanospheres (also called nanogels), spheroids and fibres. The utilisation of engineered microgels in foods has so far been limited, despite their great potential to address several needs in the food industry, including: satiety control, encapsulation of phytonutrients and prebiotics, texture control for healthier food formulations (e.g. reduced fat products), and targeting delivery to specific areas in the digestive tract. We review the scientific and patent literature on the utilisation and manufacturing methods for producing microgels with an emphasis on micro-hydrogels for food applications.     

12—A CRITIQUE OF SOME HYPOTHESES RELATING TO THE HETEROGENEITY OF THE HIGH-SULPHUR PROTEINS OF WOOL

Joubert and Burns prepared a large number of fractions from the high-sulphur proteins of wool and estimated their molecular weights and amino-acid compositions. Their data have been re-examined in order to look for statistically significant interrelations between amino acids and between the proportion of various amino acids and molecular weight. Statistical analysis of the data is also used to examine the credibility of some hypotheses concerning the mechanism of keratin biosynthesis and to provide further evidence for the existence of families of proteins within the high-sulphur fractions of wool.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of     

The Latest Data about Development of Chinese Printing Industry in 2013

In the 2014 China（Shanghai）International Printing Week,Director Wang Yanbin released the latest data about development of Chinese printing industry in 2013.According to statistics,in 2013,the total output value of Chinese printing industry exceeded 1trillion Yuan for the first time,reaching 1.03985 trillion Yuan.There were 105,000 printing enterprises in China,employees were 3.415 million.The total asset was 1.06247 trillion Yuan;     

The State Council Issued "Directory of Government Approved Investment Projects(2013 Edition)"

正On December 2nd,2013,the State Council issued the notification of"Directory of Government Approved Investment Projects(2013 Edition)"(hereafter referred to as"notification").It is pointed out in the"notification"that in order to further deepen reforms in investment systems and administrative examination and approval systems,simplify administrative procedures and delegate powers to lower levels,earnestly     

Top Ten News of China's Paper Industry 2013

On December 24th, 2013, the meeting on the selection of top 10 news of China＇s paper industry 2013 sponsored by 〈China Paper Newsletters〉 was held in Beijing. The yearly selection of the top l0 news, which began in 2000, has become a brand activity widely recognized in the industry thanks to the support from the authorities at all levels and public participation.     

National Development and Reform Commission Issued Announcement for Selection of Major Preliminary Research Projects for the "13~(th) Five-Year Plan"

In Apri Commi major p Plan＂ （h 2014, the National Development and Reform ssion issued an announcement for selection of reliminary research projects for the ＂13th Five-Year ereafter referred to as ＂The Announcement＂）     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the latest scientific     

China textile machinery: taking off in progress

正Among the 1600 exhibitors who take apart in the ITMA ASIA+CITME2014 2/3 are Chinese manufactures.If the numerous figures failed to attract your attention,the increase of quality should draw your focus.To adopt the demand of developing textile machine market,domestic textile machinery enterprises now follow the slogan of"technology drives development"to enhance product competitiveness.Our domestic sellers will showcase product ranging from spinning,weaving,dyeing and printing,