游戏机手柄上盖注射模设计

文章分析了游戏机手柄上盖塑料件的工艺特点,介绍了游戏机手柄上盖注射模结构设计和工作过程。该模具采用浇口开设在顶杆上,在分型时实现自动拉断凝料,同时将曲面分型改为平面分型,降低模具加工的难度,节约成本和提高注塑、脱模的稳定性。生产实践证明,该套模具结构合理,运行可靠。     

Methodology for design of suitable dishes for dysphagic people

A methodology to adapt dishes for cerebral palsy (CP) dysphagic people was developed. Five conventional dishes were cooked, blended and texturized with mixtures of thickeners and gelling agents based on xanthan gum. The most appropriate texturizing agents were selected, the textural thermostability of the dishes was studied, and the shelf-life was evaluated by back extrusion, sensory and microbiology analysis. Information about the acceptability of the adapted dishes by CP dysphagic people was obtained through the control of the consumed fraction and the liking or disliking reaction after eating the dishes. The adapted dishes considered suitable for swallowing process showed maximum force between 6.2(0.1) N and 18.9(3.3) N, minimum force between −3.9(0.3) N and −9.2(1.3) N, and F_min/F_max ratio between 0.4(0.0) and 0.7(0.0). Regarding sensory characteristics, the adapted dishes showed low stickiness, residue and firmness, and high suitable texture score. The methodology was appropriate for developing suitable dishes, sensorially accepted by dysphagic people, thermostable for 7 days refrigerated storage and ready-to-eat.Industrial relevanceThis study presents the technological basis for the standardized design of suitable ready-to-eat dishes for dysphagic people. The methodology developed is of great interest to the industry of ready-to-eat dishes.     

Computation method for optimization of recipes for protein content

The authors propose a calculated protein utilization coefficient. This coefficient considers the difference between the utilization rates of the proteins being contained in the mixture and their amino-acid composition. The proposed formula allows calculations by computer. The data obtained show high correlations with the results received by biological tests with Tetrahymena cultures.     

京尼平苷为底物测定β-葡萄糖苷酶活力的方法

研究以京尼平苷为底物氨基酸为显色剂测定β-葡萄糖苷酶活力的方法.β-葡萄糖苷酶水解京尼平苷的温度为50℃,pH为5.0,京尼平苷浓度为0.625mmol/L,水解10min后,立即加入1ml 1mo1/L Na2CO3终止反应,混匀,再加入体积比为1：1的0.2mg/ml的精氨酸溶液,沸水浴显色10min,冷却后于590nm处测光吸收度值.该方法的检测线性范围为0.05～1U/ml,相关系数为0.9998,检测限为0.02U/ml,精密度为1.5%（n=5）,回收率为99.5%～101.1%,该方法准确度高,结果稳定.     

Evaluation of triticale for use in diets for meat-type chickens

Cultivar variation in the nutritional quality of triticale grain was examined with respect to apparent metabolisable energy (AME), ileal digestibility of dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N) and amino acids, and growth, in male broiler chickens. Eight triticale cultivars and two wheat cultivars were grown in an agronomic trial at a single experimental site to collect grain samples. Mean (±SD) AME was 13.54 (±0.64) MJ kg^?1 DM, with a range of 12.57 to 14.25 MJ kg^?1 DM. There were significant (P<0.05) differences between the grain cultivars in their DM, N and amino acid digestibility at the terminal ileum. Apparent lysine digestibility coefficients varied between 0.85 and 0.97. There was a significant (P<0.01) relationship between nutrient digestibility at the terminal ileum and acid-detergent fibre (ADF) in the cereal grains. Three triticale cultivars (Towan, Grow-quick and Ningadhu) had a lower N and lysine digestibility than the other triticales or wheat cultivars, but this was related to their higher ADF content. Trypsin inhibitor level in the cereal grain did not influence either nutrient digestibility or growth rate. Growth rate of broiler chickens from 1 to 21 days of age fed balanced diets which contained 50% cereal grain was significantly affected by cultivar. Birds fed one of the wheat cultivars (Warigal) had a higher (P<0.05) feed conversion ratio (g feed g^?1 liveweight gain) than those birds fed diets containing triticale. Feeding birds diets which contained the triticale cultivar Ningadhu and the maize resulted in greater (P<0.05) liveweight gain than did the other cereal grains tested.     

猕猴桃碱法去皮工艺参数和效果的决策预报

以陕西中华猕猴桃为植物材料,研究了碱法去皮中NaOH浓度、作用时间和温度三个工艺参数的不同组合对去皮后果实生理指标和效果的影响,结果表明,硬度、可溶性固形物、还原糖、蔗糖、总糖、单宁和总酸的含量均下降,其中以含糖量下降最大。三参数中以NaOH浓度对去皮效果以及果实理化性质的影响最大,其回归方程可预报去皮后果实理化以及感官指标;硬度与各项理化以及感官指标的相关性最好,可作为去皮效果的快速诊断因子。     

环保型棉织物退浆用胰酶的制备

文章研究了从猪胰腺中提取适合纺织品退浆工艺要求的胰酶新工艺。使用猪十二指肠、胰酶粉为酶激活剂，异丙醇为提取溶剂，并用0．2％壳聚糖在10℃条件下沉淀酶蛋白18h，制得酶制品中，淀粉酶活力可达92244个单位，收率达12％。该工艺简单易行，使用有机溶剂少，保护环境。产品酶活力高，适合退浆工艺要求。     

Rationales for the establishment of limits and regulations for mycotoxins

Although 50 countries have enacted or proposed regulations for control of alfatoxins in food or feed, and 15 of these countries also have regulations for permitted levels of contamination by other mycotoxins, very few countries have formally presented the rationale for the need to regulate, or for the selection of a particular maximum tolerated level. After several successive inquiries, information concerning the rationale for regulation was obtained from 21 countries. Most of the responses concerned limits for aflatoxin in food, and most of these were based on a vague, unsupported statement of the carcinogenic risk for humans. There was a general consensus that exposure to a potential human carcinogen that could not be totally avoided should be limited to the lowest practical level; the definition of practicality depended on whether the country was an importer or producer of the potentially contaminated commodity. A claim to a hazard evaluation was made by six countries (Canada, Belgium, India, United Kingdom, United States, Switzerland) without providing specifics; and one country, South Africa, referred to a risk determination. The most comprehensive rationale for any mycotoxin regulation was provided by the United States in support of limits for aflatoxin in specific animal feedstuffs. The responses provided no rationale for setting limits for other mycotoxins; but scholarly risk assessments for zearalenone and ochratoxin A have been published by Canadian government scientists, and a symposium presentation provides the information that in Norway patulin is regulated for quality control purposes only. It is apparent that, in most countries, either the scientific basis for regulation of mycotoxins is nonexistent, or the science has not been fully utilized.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

A Bioindicator for Verification of Thermal Processes for Particulate Foods

A bioindicator was developed for verification of heat-hold-cool thermal processes for particulate foods. Spores of B. stearothermophilus were infused and immobilized within individual mushrooms using alginate gels. The particles were then made shelf-stable by freeze-drying. Results showed that thermal responses of bioindicator particles were similar to those for real particles; spores were successfully infused into the particle cold-zones; and that spores were retained within particles through reconstitution and blanching. Results on thermal processing showed that these particles might be potentially useful indicators of sterility in continuous aseptic systems.     

真丝绸冷轧堆染色新型固色碱体系的研制

根据活性染料固色原理和真丝绸冷轧堆染色工艺要求开发出一种新型的固色碱体系,并应用于真丝绸冷轧堆染色。实验结果表明:该固色碱体系可以代替传统的泡花碱体系,且用量少,约为泡花碱体系的1/3～1/2,固色牢度好,不粘轧辊。     

乳扇中高产胞外多糖酵母菌的筛选及其抗氧化活性

为获得高产胞外多糖的酵母菌株,以云南地区发酵食品乳扇为原料,采用平板分离结合硫酸-苯酚测定法筛选目标酵母菌,并通过形态学、生理生化及分子生物学方法进行菌株鉴定,最终从乳扇中初步分离筛选出9 株产胞外多糖酵母菌,包括3 株胶红酵母（Rhodotorula mucilaginosa）、1 株白假丝酵母（Candida albicans）、4 株涎沫假丝酵母（Candida zeylanoides）及1 株金黄蝶形担孢酵母（Papiliotrema aurea）。其中筛选得到的金黄蝶形担孢酵母DF-12能较好利用葡萄糖、蔗糖及糖蜜等碳源高效合成胞外多糖,在发酵168 h后胞外多糖产量可达3 510 mg/L,具有较好的工业生产潜力。体外抗氧化能力实验表明DF-12菌株所产胞外多糖有一定清除1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的能力。本研究为酵母菌胞外多糖在食品、药品领域的应用研究提供了一定的基础。     

Development of a quadruplex-real-time-PCR for screening food for genetically modified organisms

With the ever increasing number of genetically modified plants authorized worldwide, including in the European Union, high throughput detection methods need to be developed. In this paper, a quadruplex-real-time-PCR method is described which allows rapid and simultaneous screening of food for the presence of target DNA sequences from the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter, the NOS terminator from Agrobacterium tumefaciens, the soya reference lectin gene and the maize reference alcool dehydrogenase gene (adh). Three of the four primers and probe combinations have already been published elsewhere, whereas primers and probe for NOS terminator-PCR were developed in-house. Validation data show sensitivities down to five copies for 35S promoter and NOS terminator PCR, even when target sequences of the competing PCRs are in large excess. Thorough adjustment of primer and probe concentrations allowed high individual PCR efficiencies with negligible physical cross-talk between the four detection channels. This method provides a basis for a rapid screening of food for the most frequently used regulatory elements present in GM crops authorized for food in the European Union. In addition it provides information about the presence of species which are possibly genetically modified.     

Utilisation of textile wastes for the production of geotextiles designed for erosion protection

Textile waste was used for production of thick ropes designed for the protection of slopes against sliding and erosion. For the production of ropes, scraps of insulating materials produced from poor quality wool and scraps of nonwoven manufactured from blend of recycled fibres were applied. The ropes were installed on the slope in a disused gravel pit. Stabilisation of the slope and behaviour of the materials used were analysed during two vegetation seasons. Investigations confirmed the usefulness of the technology for the protection of steep slopes.     

Clinical applications of IDDSI framework for texture recommendation for dysphagia patients

Dysphagia is a highly prevalent eating and swallowing disorder among elderly people, impacting negatively on the health and well‐being of those afflicted. With increasing populations of elderly people, food industries are under growing pressure to produce appropriately texture‐modified food for safe consumption by these vulnerable populations. Recently published International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative (IDDSI) framework provides a new global guideline on texture modification and standardization for dysphagia patients. This work was designed to test the feasibility of IDDSI framework for clinical applications by assessing the correlation between swallowing capability of dysphagia patients and the IDDSI texture levels. Altogether 26 elderly subjects were recruited and assessed for their dysphagia grades using the Water Drinking Test. Subjects were provided with fluid samples constituted at different consistencies from a commercial product and swallowing performance (time of swallowing, number of swallows, and number of coughs) was monitored and recorded. Correlations among swallowing capability parameters were observed. Most importantly, results from this work clearly demonstrated that the severity of dysphagia by water‐based swallow tests correlates positively with the IDDSI fluid thickness aimed at reducing dysphagia symptoms in those patients, confirming the reliability and feasibility of IDDSI framework for clinical applications.

Practical applications

Swallowing disorder or dysphagia occurs commonly among many elderly people and imposes negative impacts on their health and well‐being. Medical professionals can diagnose eating and swallowing capability in a qualitative manner, but have difficulty in making diet recommendation because of the lack of texture guidance. This work confirmed the feasibility of IDDSI framework for clinical and bedside applications. The correlation between the capability grades of swallowing and IDDSI texture levels established in this work provides a useful measure for such applications.     

纺织用胶粘剂生产设备的现场设计加工

详细介绍了小规模生产纺织用胶粘剂用胶桶、保温桶,桨三种主要设备的材料、结构,尺寸参数,现场设计加工方法、质量要求和调试步骤等。通过工艺实验,使用户可以在短时间里掌握小批量生产胶粘剂的方法。     

A Hypothesis for the Chemical Basis for Perception of Sour Taste

ABSTRACT: Sour taste has been considered the simplest of the basic tastes because it is elicited only by hydrogen ions. However, there is not a sufficiently clear understanding of that relationship to allow sour taste intensity to be predicted and rationally modified in foods. On the basis of analysis of sensory data from our laboratory and reanalysis of previously published data, we propose a new hypothesis for the chemical basis for sour taste perception: The intensity of sour taste perception in acid solutions or acidified foods is linearly related to the molar concentration of all organic acid species with at least 1 protonated carboxyl group plus the molar concentration of free hydrogen ions. This hypothesis implies that, on a molar basis, different organic acids will be equally sour, provided at least 1 carboxyl group is protonated. The major effect of pH on sour taste will be to determine the degree of protonation of organic acids. If this hypothesis is confirmed, it will provide a new understanding of the chemical basis for this basic taste perception and have broad usefulness in the formulation of products in which sour taste is an important component of flavor.     

圆形钢丝断面收缩率的快速计算法

按照ＧＢ２２８—８７《金属拉力试验法》中的公式计算断面收缩率既费时又复杂。在对原公式作进一步推导之后得出一新的计算式，按此公式可快速、难确地计算出值。     

Comparison of Iterative Procedures for Solving Equations for Sire Evaluation

Gauss-Seidel, successive overrelaxation, end-of-round relaxation, and block iteration methods of obtaining solutions for sire effects from equations rising from progeny with records in mixed model procedures were compared. Equations transformed to provide direct solutions for genetic group plus sire effects as well as constrained and unconstrained equations were compared also. Equations for milk yield for the Northeast Artificial Insemination Sire Comparison numbered 301 for Ayrshires, 325 for Brown Swiss, 6,010 for Holsteins, and 926 for Jerseys after absorption of herd-year-season effects. Numbers of coefficients were 15 to 20% less for transformed equations, which decreased computing time per round of interation about 15%. Solutions for transformed equations converged more rapidly than solutions for untransformed equations with convergence criterion the ratio of the residual norm to the norm of the right-hand sides. Successive overrelaxation generally was more efficient than Gauss-Seidel iteraton. Solutions for equations constrained to full rank converged more slowly than unconstrained equations. Block iteration was more efficient than single equation iteration.