宾川地区红提葡萄缺硼原因及预防措施

宾川县红提葡萄产区的部分果园,近年来表现明显的缺硼现象,造成了严重的损失。笔者对缺硼地块实施土壤改良,强化硼元素的补给,平衡氮、磷、钾的施用,配合施用中微量元素等措施,收到了很好的效果,不仅恢复了树势,当年增产20％,而且有效地提高了商品果率,实现产值翻番。     

浙江水稻土有效硼含量及油菜施硼效果

浙江水稻土有效硼含量０－１．７７ｍｇｋｇ＾－１，平均为０．３０ｍｇｋｇ＾－１，低于油菜缺硼临界值。油菜施硼平均每亩增产油菜籽１５．８公斤，增产１６．７％；缺硼和严重缺硼区施用硼肥分别增产１０％－２０％和３０％双上，轻度或潜在缺硼区增产在５％－１０％。     

葡萄的硼肥效应及推广应用

硼是作物生长发育所必需的微量营养元素之一。缺硼会引起一系列的生理病害、造成减产。土壤普查结果表明:我县土壤普遍缺硼。为摸清硼肥在葡萄上的肥效及其施用技术,从1984年起,我们在大泽山、青杨、昌里三处乡镇进行了多点试验、示范,并在此基础上进行了大面积推广。到1986年全县葡萄园累计施硼面积4.0万亩,平均每年1.33万亩,是全县结果葡萄园面积的80％,取得了明显的增产效果和经济效益。现将结果整理如下:     

甜菜施用微量元素肥料的讨论

本文全面分析了近年来甜菜栽培中出现“缺素症”的原因,指出随着甜菜产量及施用大量元素水平的提高,微量升素的缺乏成为影响甜菜产量增加的限制因子,当前甜菜施用微肥的重点主要是硼、锌、锰、     

施硼对烤烟农艺性状产质量的影响

本试验探讨施用硼肥对烤烟农艺性状、产质量的影响，结果以０．２％～０．４％的硼砂溶液喷施烟株叶面，团棵期一次性施用效果最佳，为生产中合理施用硼肥，解决烟田缺硼问题提供依据。     

硼肥在红地球葡萄上的应用

葡萄是喜硼果树,对硼元素十分敏感,缺硼将会导致“花而不实”,从而严重影响葡萄产量。本试验证实硼是葡萄需要量甚微的元素,但施用后效果明显。1试验方法1.1试验地试验在农五师农科所红地球葡萄科技示范园进行,土质为壤土,肥力中等,于2000年定植,株行距0.8m×3m的篱棚架,南北行     

微量元素和镁对提高烟叶品质产量的研究

为了提高烟叶品质,进行了微量元素B、Cu、Zn、Mo、Mn、Fe和中量元素Mg的施用试验,试验前对土壤进行了养分含量分析。试验结果表明,在试验地缺硼、钼、锌,铁含量很低,锰含量不高的情况下,施用上述微肥和镁后,提高了烟叶质量、产量和产值,增加了烟碱含量。     

鄂西南植烟土壤养分状况分析

对鄂西南8个产烟县(市)进行了土壤取样调查分析。结果表明,鄂西南烟区14%的土壤存在酸化趋势;约50%土壤的有机质和86.5%土壤的碱解氮含量偏高;28%的土壤非常缺磷,63.5%的土壤缺钙;58.5%的土壤缺钾,其中20.1%的极度缺钾;89%的土壤缺镁;88.2%的土壤缺硼,其中54.4%的严重缺硼。因此,应采取相应措施调节酸碱度,严格控制氮肥用量,重视普钙(过磷酸钙)、钾肥、镁肥和硼肥的施用。该烟区79.1%的土壤不缺锌,因此,缺锌不是该烟区烟叶生产的主要障碍,但需要关注土壤有效锌含量的变化趋势。     

硼对不同硼效率甘蓝型油菜嫁接植株下部叶片矿质养分含量的影响

土壤培养条件下,研究缺硼对不同硼效率甘蓝型油菜品种及其相互嫁接植株下部叶片硼及其它矿质养分含量的影响。结果表明,缺硼条件下,硼高效油菜品种青油10号（QY10）下部叶片硼含量最高,低效品种Bakow（Ba）最低,嫁接植株介于高效品种与低效品种之间。推断甘蓝型油菜下部叶片硼含量受根系（砧木品种）和地上部（接穗品种）共同影响。硼对油菜下部叶片其它矿质元素影响的受控部位不完全相同,缺硼对氮、磷、钙和锌的影响主要取决于地上部,与根系关系相对较小,对钾的影响主要由根系决定,而对镁、锰、铁、铜的影响不明确,可能受地上部和根系共同控制。     

新型缓释硼肥对甜菜产质量的影响

本试验表明:在施用等量单质硼时,大粒硼的效果好于农用硼砂；在投肥成本相同时,施用大粒硼的效果好于硼砂.     

Changes in smoking prevalence in Ukraine in 2001-5

Objectives

To analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine from three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes, in order to estimate the stage of tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.

Design

Repeated national interview surveys in Ukraine in 2001, 2002 and 2005.

Main outcome measure

Prevalence of current smoking among the population aged ⩾15 years.

Results

The age‐standardised prevalence of current smoking in Ukrainian men was 54.8% in 2001 and 66.8% in 2005. Among Ukrainian women, prevalence increased from 11.5% in 2001 to 20.0% in 2005. ORs for yearly increase in prevalence were estimated as 1.164 (95% CI 1.111 to 1.220) for men and 1.187 (1.124 to 1.253) for women, which implies that, on average, 3–4% of men and 1.5–2% of women living in Ukraine join the smoking population each year.

Conclusions

In Ukraine, smoking prevalence is increasing in most population groups. Among men, the medium deprivation group with secondary education has the highest smoking prevalence. Among women, while the most educated, young and those living in larger cities are the leading group for tobacco use, other groups are also increasing their tobacco use. Tobacco promotion efforts appear to have been significantly more effective in Ukraine than smoking control efforts. The decrease in real cigarette prices in Ukraine in 2001–5 could be the main factor explaining the recent growth in smoking prevalence.Ukraine is a large eastern European country with high smoking prevalence. Tobacco products are widely available at very low prices, and the transnational tobacco industry is extremely successful in promoting its products and lobbying for its interests in the legislative field. Advocacy of tobacco control has only recently achieved some success in the legislative field, with the first tobacco control law being adopted in late 2005. Ukraine ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2006, but there is still much cause for concern regarding the enforcement and effectiveness of the adopted legislative measures. Unfortunately, the government is not yet involved in nationwide surveillance of the tobacco problem, and the available data have mostly been gathered with funding from foreign donors. Several attempts have been made to measure the extent of the tobacco epidemic in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU).^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7} Most of these studies have shown rather high smoking prevalence among men (50–70%) and comparatively low prevalence among women (5–20%). Most countries in the FSU have similar smoking rates, while certain trends are shown to be related to the differences in how the transnational tobacco industry succeeds in every national tobacco market.⁶ Unfortunately, few studies have been published showing trends in smoking prevalence in the FSU.⁷ In Ukraine, two studies^3,4 provided point estimates of smoking prevalence.The aim of this study was to analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine, on the basis of three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes in order to estimate the stage of the tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.     

2010年河南省部分食品中重金属污染状况分析

了解河南省部分食品中重金属污染的现状。方法 在河南省18个省辖市采集8大类3 657份食品样品,按照国家标准检测食品中铅、镉和汞的含量,检测结果按照GB 2762—2012《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》进行评价。结果 河南省部分食品中铅含量的平均值为0.34 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.8%(320/3 656),其中粮食、肉类和蔬菜中超标率较高,分别为17.2%(95/552)、14.5%(85/587)和10.7%(57/534);部分食品中镉含量的平均值为0.054 mg/kg,总体超标率为3.9%(143/3 657),其中食用菌和蛋类中超标率较高,分别为9.6%(49/508)和8.1%(42/518);部分食品中汞含量的平均值为0.077 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.3%(303/3 657),其中蔬菜和粮食中超标率较高,分别为25.3%(135/534)和12.3%(68/551)。结论 河南省部分食品中铅、汞污染情况较为严重,其中粮食、蔬菜和肉类食品中污染情况尤为突出,需要加强监管。     

Moulds and mycotoxins in sorghum stored in traditional containers in India

Various traditional containers have been used in India for storage of sorghum grains. Sorghum is susceptible to fungal infestation and toxin elaboration. The present study relates to the mould and mycotoxin contamination (aflatoxin B₁ and T-2 toxin) in stored sorghum in different storage containers viz. “Kotlu” (Storage rooms), earthenware pots, gunny bags and reed baskets. Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium sp. were the prominent genera and the “Kotlu” form of storage was most susceptible to fungal attack. Storage treatment had little effect on fungal contamination, but despite the fungal infestation, the mycotoxin contamination was found to be very low.     

中国固态发酵白酒中功能细菌研究进展

细菌是白酒酿造3大类微生物之一,其在白酒生产中有着重要的作用,如:芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、放线菌和梭菌等,它们能产生酯类、有机酸、吡嗪、萜烯等微量成分,从而影响白酒的风味与品质。基于细菌在白酒中的重要功能以及微生物分离培养技术和分析检测技术的进步,近年来相关研究越来越深入。该文综述了近年来白酒功能细菌的研究进展,介绍了酿酒各个环节中主要功能细菌及其在白酒中的作用,旨在为白酒功能细菌的研究提供参考。     

Fungicides in forestry in Great Britain

In Great Britain, fungicides are used in the forest only for the control of root and stem rot, caused by Fames annosus. In forest nurseries they are erriployed on a small scale to control damping-off, grey mould (Botrytis cinerea), needle-cast of pine caused by Lophodermium pinastri, needle-cast of larch caused by Meria laricis, needle blight of Western red cedar (Thuja plicata) caused by Didymascella thujina, and oak mildew (Microsphaera alphitoides).