包书膜中邻苯二甲酸酯的暴露风险评价

对包书膜中的邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸丁基苄酯(BBP)3种邻苯二甲酸酯的总和进行了风险分析。根据美国EPA推荐的人体暴露风险评价方法和GB/T22760—2008《消费品安全风险评估通则》的规定,对包书膜中邻苯二甲酸酯进行人体暴露风险评价。结果表明,包书膜中的邻苯二甲酸酯会对儿童的身体健康造成影响,且风险较大。     

吉林省婴幼儿食品中邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂含量检测

为了解吉林省婴幼儿食品中邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂的污染状况,根据GB 5009.271-2016《食品安全国家标准食品中邻苯二甲酸酯的测定》对吉林省236份婴幼儿食品中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯(DEHP)进行检测。     

杭州市0～3岁婴幼儿配方乳粉中3-氯丙醇酯暴露风险评估

目的结合2017—2019年杭州市市售婴幼儿配方乳粉(以下简称乳粉)脂肪酸氯丙醇酯(以下简称氯丙醇酯)污染水平及0～3岁婴幼儿每日乳粉消费量,评估0～3岁婴幼儿人群通过乳粉摄入3-氯丙醇酯的暴露风险。方法采用气相色谱-串联质谱法测定乳粉中3-氯丙醇酯及2-氯丙醇酯(分别以3-氯丙醇和2-氯丙醇计)含量;结合我国婴幼儿喂养指南推荐的各年龄段每日乳粉消费量,采用点评估法对目标人群3-氯丙醇酯暴露风险进行评价。结果杭州市市售乳粉样品中氯丙醇酯污染普遍存在;不同月龄婴幼儿每日通过乳粉摄入3-氯丙醇酯的中位数暴露水平在0.46～2.50μg/kg BW之间,占每日可耐受摄入量(TDI,2μg/kg BW)的23.0%～125.0%;3-氯丙醇酯的第97.5百分位数(P97.5)膳食暴露量在0.87～4.30μg/kg BW之间,占TDI的43.5%～215.0%,其中0～6月龄婴儿的P97.5暴露水平均高于TDI,存在较高健康风险。结论杭州市0～3岁婴幼儿通过乳粉摄入3-氯丙醇酯的暴露存在健康风险,对于P97.5目标人群,3-氯丙醇酯的暴露水平明显偏高,存在较高风险。     

RISK21分析工具在邻苯二甲酸酯类物质膳食暴露风险评估中应用研究

目的应用RISK21框架和工具分析我国2～6岁儿童邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己基酯(DEHP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二异壬酯(DINP)、邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯(BBP)、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(DIBP)、邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)7种邻苯二甲酸酯类物质(PAEs)的膳食暴露风险,为风险管理决策提供科学基础。方法以PAEs的毒性为纵坐标,以暴露为横坐标,以暴露限值(MOE)和不确定系数为参数,应用RISK21工具中RISK PLOT模块,通过矩阵计算,以图形展示2～6岁儿童暴露于7种PAEs的风险大小和等级。应用TTC PLOT模块,分析毒理学资料缺乏的DMP、DEP、DIBP 3种PAEs的暴露风险。结果 RISK PLOT表明一般人群7种PAEs均处于风险较低的绿色区域;高食物消费量人群7种PAEs暴露风险排序为DBP、DIBP、DEHP、DMP、DEP、DINP及BBP, TTC PLOT显示我国2～6岁儿童DMP、DEP、DIBP膳食暴露风险低于相应的毒理学关注阈值(TTC)。结论 RISK21框架和工具可应用于风险评估及其后期的管理决策, RISK21分析结果表明我国2～6岁儿童7种PAEs膳食暴露风险较低。     

食品安全热点问答

1.DEHP是什么?DEHP是邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己酯)〔di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate〕的简称。DEHP是一种邻苯二甲酸酯类的塑化剂(又称增塑剂),广泛用于聚氯乙烯(PVC)产品。聚氯乙烯塑胶的DEHP含量由     

青岛市市北区居民主要邻苯二甲酸酯类物质膳食暴露水平及其风险评估

目的分析青岛市北区主要食品中邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)含量水平,计算本区居民膳食暴露水平并进行初步风险评估。方法全区采集7类样品共281份,采用气相色谱-质谱法测定食品中DEHP和DBP的含量。利用食品中DEHP和DBP的平均含量,同时结合居民平均食物消费量,计算7类食品的DEHP和DBP的膳食暴露水平,并分别与DEHP和DBP的每日可耐受摄入量(tolerable daily intake,TDI)比较,初步评估市北区居民主要食品中DEHP和DBP的暴露风险。结果 7类食品中DEHP和DBP的含量范围分别为0.00~5.90和0.00~7.20 mg/kg BW。市北区居民经7类食品中DEHP和DBP暴露量分别为0.006 927和0.005 558mg/kg BW,均未超过相应的TDI。结论市北区居民经7类食品摄入DEHP和DBP的的健康风险较低。     

塑料笔杆中邻苯二甲酸酯的检测及风险分析

通过气相色谱质谱法对塑料笔杆中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸丁苄酯(BBP)、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯(DEHP)、邻苯二甲酸二正辛酯(DNOP)、邻苯二甲酸二异壬酯(DINP)、邻苯二甲酸二异癸酯(DIDP)六种邻苯二甲酸酯进行检测,结果发现DEHP的检出率为40%,DBP的检出率为10%,BBP、DINP、DIDP的检出率为5%;并对检测结果进行风险分析,结果发现8批次DEHP中有3批次暴露量的值高于参考剂量0.02 mg/Kg/d,危害商值大于1的样品也有3批次。由此可见,塑料笔杆中邻苯二甲酸酯对儿童的身体健康造成影响的可能性比较大,为保证儿童的身体健康,建议购买质量好的塑料笔杆。     

我国成人饮白酒者抗雄激素作用样邻苯二甲酸酯类物质的累积风险评估

目的评估中国居民成人饮白酒者(以下简称饮酒者)抗雄激素作用样邻苯二甲酸酯类物质,即邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯(BBP)的累积膳食摄入水平及其健康风险。方法利用2011—2013年间收集的24类食品中DEHP、DBP和BBP含量数据,结合2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查数据,采用简单分布评估的方法,计算我国居民成人饮酒者全人群以及18~59岁(男、女)、60岁以上(男、女)等4个不同性别-年龄组人群DEHP、DBP和BBP的膳食摄入水平。采用危害指数法计算经膳食联合暴露于DEHP、DBP和BBP的健康风险。结果单一化学物的风险评估发现,我国成人饮酒者中全人群和各性别-年龄组人群的DEHP、DBP和BBP的平均摄入量和高食物消费量人群(P97.5)的摄入量均低于其相应的每日可耐受摄入量(TDI)。进一步分析发现,约有0.64%(18/2 800)的个体DBP摄入量超过其TDI。而采用危害指数方法进行的累积风险评估发现,我国成人饮酒者全人群和各性别-年龄组人群的危害指数均低于1;有0.79%(22/2 800)的个体危害指数超过1。结论中国居民成人饮酒者全人群的抗雄激素作用样PAEs的累积暴露健康风险较低,有24例个体的健康风险需要关注,建议适量饮酒。     

食用植物油中邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂的分析

本文采用随机抽样的方法,抽取120份市售食用植物油样品,采用气相色谱-质谱法检测了3种邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂的浓度,并进行危害性评估。结果表明,120份样品中,邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)的检出率为10.8%,最高检出浓度为33.12%。邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯(DEHP)和邻苯二甲酸二异壬酯(DINP)未检出。对当前市售食用植物油中邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)塑化剂的含量进行监测,有助于了解市售食用植物油中塑化剂的污染状况,为食用植物油的安全监管提供理论依据。     

塑化剂处理机问世

本刊讯:塑化剂在国际塑料制品中普遍存在,塑化剂有毒,在国际食品行业中有限制标准,但在酒类行业中还没有标准。塑化剂含量不高,不会影响人体健康,但是含量过高,则会对人体造成危害。塑化剂主要有三种:邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯(DEHP)、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(DIBP)和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)。邻苯二甲酸二丁酯在塑化剂总量中     

Phthalate esters in human milk: concentration variations over a 6-month postpartum time

The present study investigated the levels of phthalate esters in a total of 86 human milk samples collected among 21 breast-feeding mothers over a 6-month postpartum time. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was the predominant ester with the arithmetic mean value of 222 ng g(-1) (range: 156-398 ng g(-1), 95% confidence limit), followed by dibutyl phthalate (DBP), 0.87 (range: 0.62-1.2) ng g(-1). Diethyl phthalate (DEP), with a mean of 0.31 ng g(-1), was detected in only a small number of samples. Weak correlations between lipid content and levels of phthalate esters were observed. The levels of phthalate esters in human milk fluctuated over the 6-month period; this may indicate a need for multiple sample collection, to calculate average concentrations over the feeding period. Multiple sample collection would provide a better estimate of the exposure of breast-fed infants to phthalate in human milk. For infants relying on breast-feeding, the mean daily intake over the first 6-month period considering a 7 kg infant consuming 750 g of milk was estimated at 167 microg d(-1) for DEHP and less than 1 microg d(-1) for DBP and DEP. While the nutritional and social benefits of breast-feeding are well established, the potential transfer of phthalate esters from mothers to breast-fed infants should also be recognized.     

Assessing human exposure to phthalic acid and phthalate esters from mineral water stored in polyethylene terephthalate and glass bottles

Phthalic acid and phthalate esters are of growing interest due to their significant usage and potential toxicity. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and glass are both widely used materials for bottled drinking water. In this study, phthalic acid (PhA), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), diisobutyl phthalate (DiisoBP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) were analysed in a large number of Italian bottled water samples. These samples showed different concentrations of phthalates are nearly 20 times higher in samples bottled in PET than those from glass bottles with total levels of phthalates of 3.52 and 0.19 µg l^?1, respectively. However, the observed levels do not represent a significant exposure pathway when considering the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) reference dose (an estimate of a daily oral exposure to the human population, including sensitive subgroups, that is likely to be without an appreciable risk of deleterious effects during a lifetime). In addition, no significant correlation was found between the phthalate concentrations and the physicochemical properties of the different water samples, apart from the still/sparkling water parameter for the PET samples. In this instance, slightly higher concentrations were observed for the PET bottled still water samples than for the sparkling water samples, although no explanation has been found yet.     

上海市婴幼儿摄入配方奶粉的膳食营养调查

目的了解上海市婴幼儿配方奶粉的消费数量及暴露途经,分析婴幼儿配方奶粉的膳食营养摄入状况。方法以调查问卷的形式通过线上线下2种渠道进行信息采集,然后以图表的形式进行横向和纵向分析。结果海外品牌的奶粉最畅销;母婴店和超市是本地消费者购买奶粉的主要渠道;家庭购买的奶粉以普通牛乳或羊乳配方奶粉为主;罐装乳粉销量高,市场占有率高;Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ段的婴幼儿身高和体重均属正常, BMI值在正常范畴内;上海地区Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ段的婴幼儿每天的平均奶粉摄入量为87.4、97.3和79.3 g, 3个阶段非母乳喂养的婴幼儿所占的比例和添加辅食的比例均成递增趋势。结论上海市婴幼儿对配方奶粉的摄入情况良好,对宣传教育及风险监测有一定的参考价值。     

Assessing human exposure to phthalic acid and phthalate esters from mineral water stored in polyethylene terephthalate and glass bottles

Phthalic acid and phthalate esters are of growing interest due to their significant usage and potential toxicity. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and glass are both widely used materials for bottled drinking water. In this study, phthalic acid (PhA), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), diisobutyl phthalate (DiisoBP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) were analysed in a large number of Italian bottled water samples. These samples showed different concentrations of phthalates are nearly 20 times higher in samples bottled in PET than those from glass bottles with total levels of phthalates of 3.52 and 0.19 µg l^-1, respectively. However, the observed levels do not represent a significant exposure pathway when considering the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) reference dose (an estimate of a daily oral exposure to the human population, including sensitive subgroups, that is likely to be without an appreciable risk of deleterious effects during a lifetime). In addition, no significant correlation was found between the phthalate concentrations and the physicochemical properties of the different water samples, apart from the still/sparkling water parameter for the PET samples. In this instance, slightly higher concentrations were observed for the PET bottled still water samples than for the sparkling water samples, although no explanation has been found yet.     

Occurrence of phthalates in different food matrices: A systematic review of the main sources of contamination and potential risks

This systematic review aimed to investigate the occurrence of phthalates (phthalic acid esters [PAEs]) in different food matrices, as well as report the main sources of PAEs in food, the potential risks to the population, and the factors that influence its migration from food contact materials (FCMs) to food. Nineteen PAEs were identified, including di-(2-ehtylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl-phthalate (DBP), benzylbutyl phthalate (BBP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP), and diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP) in fruits and vegetables, milk and dairy products, cereals, meat, fish, fat and oils, snacks, condiments and sauces, miscellaneous, and baby food. Fifty-seven values of PAEs were above the legal limits of countries. DEHP is the PAE with the highest incidence, with maximum concentrations above the specific migration limit (SML) for milk and dairy products, oils and fats, fish, cereals, condiments and sauces, meat, and fruits and vegetables. The risk of exceeding the tolerable daily intake (TDI) was high for DEHP and DBP in fish, fat and oils, cereals, and milk and dairy products for children and adults. Fat and oils are the most critical food for DEHP, DBP, BBP, and DINP. Comparing the estimated daily intake (EDI) with the TDI, there was a risk for “milk and dairy products” in adults and for “cereal and cereal products” in children concerning DEHP. “Cereal and cereal products” presented a risk in children and adults concerning DBP. The “fat and oils” category presented a risk in children and adults about DBP and DINP. Temperature, contact time between food and the FCM, fat percent, and acidity positively correlate with the PAE's migration. The contamination occurs in many steps of the production chain.     

Analysis of phthalate acid esters in butter and cheese samples using MSPE-GC/MS method: A health risk assessment study

The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of six phthalate acid esters (PAE) and associated health risks in butter and cheese samples, using the magnetic solid-phase extraction with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (MSPE-GC/MS) technique. In this study, the limit of detection (LODs), limit of quantifications (LOQs) and the recovery percentages were 0.26–1.02, 0.78–3.06 μg/kg and 98.6–102%. The results showed that in all samples, the mean total PAEs was 9.76 ± 2.39 μg/kg (in the range of 6.33–14.49 μg/kg) and the average of Bis (2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) was 2.9 ± 0.88 μg/kg (in the range of 1.84–4.24 μg/kg), which is lower than the standard level (EFSA set PAE standard levels between 0 and 50 μg/kg in food and US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) set 6 μg/L for DEHP in drinking water). Moreover, the average total PAEs in all butter samples were 11.52 ± 2.03 μg/kg (in the range of 7.82–14.49 μg/kg) and the average of DEHP was 3.53 ± 0.73 μg/kg (in the range of 2.05–4.24 μg/kg) and the average total PAEs in all cheese samples were 8.00 ± 1.02 μg/kg (in the range of 6.33–9.91 μg/kg) and the average of DEHP was 2.26 ± 0.43 μg/kg (in the range of 1.84–3.04 μg/kg). The rank order of the estimated THQ (target hazard quotient) values based on the 95% percentile (in all samples) was DEHP > DBP (dibutyl phthalate) > BBP (butylbenzyl phthalate) > DEP (diethyl phthalate). The ILCR (Incremental Life Cancer Risk) assessment found that phthalates (DEHP) in dairy product samples are not of concern to humans. Finally, since the amount of these pollutants was less than the existing standards, it can be concluded that it does not pose any danger to Iranian consumers.     

Comparative assessment of human exposure to phthalate esters from house dust in China and the United States

Because of volatilization and leaching from their application in consumer and personal care products, phthalate esters are ubiquitous contaminants in the indoor environment. In this study, we measured concentrations and profiles of 9 phthalate esters in indoor dust samples collected from six cities in China (n = 75). For comparison, we also analyzed samples collected from Albany, New York, USA (n = 33). The results indicated that concentrations, except for dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and profiles of phthalate esters varied significantly between the two countries. Concentrations of diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-hexyl phthalate (DNHP), and benzyl butyl phthalate (BzBP) were 5 to 10 times higher in dust samples collected from Albany than those from the Chinese cities. In contrast, concentrations of di-iso-butyl phthalate (DIBP) in dust samples from Albany were 5 times lower than those from the Chinese cities. We estimated the daily intake (DI) of phthalate esters through the routes of dust ingestion and dermal dust absorption. The extent of contribution of indoor dust to human exposures varied, depending on the type of phthalate esters. The contribution of dust to DEHP exposure was 2-5% and 10-58% of the estimated total DIs in China and the USA, respectively. On the basis of the estimates of total DIs of phthalates, extrapolated from urinary metabolite concentrations, the contributions of inhalation, dermal absorption, and dietary intake to total DIs were estimated. The results indicated that dietary intake is the main source of exposure to DEHP (especially in China), whereas dermal exposure was a major source for DEP. This is the first study to elucidate sources of human exposure to phthalates among the general population in China.     

Occurrence of phthalate metabolites in human urine from several Asian countries

The occurrence of 14 phthalate metabolites was found in human urine samples collected from seven Asian countries: China, India, Japan, Korea, Kuwait, Malaysia, and Vietnam. Phthalate metabolites were found in all samples, indicating widespread exposure of humans to phthalates in these Asian countries. The highest total (the sum of 14 phthalates) phthalate metabolite concentrations were found in samples collected from Kuwait (median: 1050 ng/mL), followed in decreasing order by samples from India (389 ng/mL), China (234 ng/mL), Vietnam (133 ng/mL), Japan (120 ng/mL), Korea (117 ng/mL), and Malaysia (94.9 ng/mL). The creatinine-adjusted median concentrations of total phthalates for urine samples from Kuwait, India, China, Vietnam, Japan, Korea, and Malaysia were 692, 506, 289, 119, 103, 104, and 169 μg/g creatinine, respectively. Monomethyl phthalate (mMP), monoethyl phthalate (mEP), mono (2-isobutyl phthalate) (miBP), mono-n-butyl phthalate (mBP), and metabolites of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were the dominant compounds, collectively accounting for >95% of the total concentrations in the samples from the seven countries. The profiles of urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations varied among the samples collected from the seven countries. Urine samples from Kuwait contained the highest concentrations of mEP (median: 391 ng/mL), mBP (94.1 ng/mL), and the metabolites of DEHP (202 ng/mL), whereas samples from China and Japan contained the highest concentrations of miBP (50.8 ng/mL) and mMP (17.5 ng/mL), respectively. mEP was the predominant metabolite in urine samples from India and Kuwait (accounting for 49% of the total), mBP and miBP were the predominant compounds in samples from China (52%), and DEHP metabolites were the predominant compounds in samples from Korea (46%) and Vietnam (52%). Based on the urinary concentrations of mEP, mBP, miBP, and DEHP metabolites of the samples from the seven Asian countries, we estimated daily intake rates of diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and DEHP. The results indicated that people in the seven Asian countries are exposed to DEP, DBP, and DEHP at levels well below the reference doses (RfD) suggested as unsafe by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The estimated exposure doses to DEHP in Kuwait, however, were above the RfD recommended by the EPA.     

白酒中两种邻苯二甲酸酯类膳食暴露风险评估

对2013~2015年湖南省内超市、批发市场等白酒进行抽检,采用概率评估法对白酒中的两种邻苯二甲酸酯类[邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯]的膳食暴露进行风险评估。结果表明:湖南省的白酒邻苯二甲酸酯类膳食暴露总体上处于安全水平,但饮酒量在240g/d以上的成年饮酒者,DBP的高百分位(95%)暴露水平接近欧洲食品安全局(EFSA)制定的每日耐受摄入量值(TDI值),存在一定的暴露风险。     

Diffusion and accumulation in cultivated vegetable plants of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) from a plastic production factory

Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) concentrations in the atmosphere and in four vegetable crops including Brassica chinensis L. (bok choy), Brassica campestris L. (field mustard), Vigna unguiculata Walp. (cowpea), and Solanum melongena L. (eggplant) cultivated on land surrounding a plastic production factory were determined. The air DEHP concentrations (means) at the sites 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.6 km away from the plastic production building were about 9.4–12.8, 5.8–9.6, 1.6–5.0, and 0.04–0.27 µg m^?3 dry weight (DW), respectively. Wind direction is a key factor influencing the measurable DEHP concentration of the air, which was highest in the downwind direction and lowest in the upwind direction, and thus the vegetables accumulated the highest DEHP contents in the downwind direction and the lowest quantities in the upwind direction. The highest DEHP accumulations content of bok choy, field mustard, eggplant, and cowpea were 52.0 ± 3.1, 43.1 ± 2.2, 36.2 ± 2.8, and 19.4 ± 0.47 mg kg^?1 DW, respectively. Safety estimation on the basis of the daily intake limit referenced by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) led to the conclusion that eating vegetables cultivated 0.2 km away from the plastic production building is not a food safety problem under normal conditions. A strong positive linear correlation between atmospheric DEHP concentration and DEHP content of the vegetable crops was found. The limits for air DEHP concentration for safe vegetable cultivation are 24.0, 34.8, 40.8, and 82.8 µg m^?3 for bok choy, field mustard, cowpea, and eggplant, respectively, by calculating from the equation of linear regression between air DEHP concentration and vegetable DEHP content.