变温干燥过程中烟丝含水率与温度变化特征

在前段120℃后段90℃(12090℃),11080℃和10070℃不同热风温度组合的变温干燥条件下,考察了烟丝含水率、温度等变化规律,并与恒温干燥结果进行了对比分析。结果表明:①变温干燥时,烟丝含水率及干燥速率变化曲线在变温点之前与高温热风条件下的恒温干燥曲线一致,在变温点之后则逐渐接近低温热风条件下的恒温干燥曲线,Midilli模型可较好对变温干燥动力学进行描述;②变温干燥时,烟丝干燥终点温度显著低于高温热风条件下恒温干燥终点温度;对不同变温干燥条件,在变温点附近均存在一烟丝表面温度相对稳定的脱水过程;③不同变温干燥条件下,烟丝填充值介于前后段温度热风恒温干燥之间。前段100℃后段70℃的变温干燥试验条件下,烟丝填充值则相对接近于100℃热风恒温干燥结果。     

复合传热对薄层烟丝干燥强化传质作用的动力学分析

为研究复合传热过程对烟丝干燥的影响规律,选择了3种烟丝作为试验原料,利用固定床式薄层干燥装置,在风速一定的条件下,考察了热风温度(60～100℃)、薄板温度(50～90 ℃)对复合传热干燥过程的影响;采用菲克第二定律和有效扩散系数与热风温度的关系(Arrhenius公式),确定了恩施、宜宾和巴西3种烟丝的表观活化能为8.31、12.11、21.13 kJ/mol;采用无因次分析的方法对烟丝有效扩散系数与薄板温度关系进行建模分析,无因次关系中的指数项物理意义上可以解释为强化因子,反映了薄板温度对不同烟丝干燥过程的强化传质作用,薄板温度强化因子依次为10.08、12.21、10.82;试验结果表明:所建模型能够表征传导传热对烟丝干燥动力学参数的影响规律.     

热风干燥甘薯片的热质传递分析

为探究甘薯片在热风干燥过程中的温度和水分分布,建立数值模型来模拟不同恒定干燥温度(50,60,70,80 ℃)的传热、传质过程。由于物料在热风干燥过程中会发生较为明显的收缩效应,其有效水分扩散系数会发生改变,对模拟的精准度产生影响,因此对比了依赖温度、收缩相关扩散系数两种方式的传热、传质过程。结果表明,基于收缩相关的有效水分扩散系数能准确地描述甘薯片的热风干燥过程,其中依赖收缩的水分比以及温度的模拟值与试验值的决定系数(R2)在 0.976~0.994和0.961~0.981之间。为了分析不同热风温度对甘薯片干燥后质量的影响,从色差、复水率及感官评分方面分析,得出60 ℃为甘薯片热风干燥的最佳温度。模拟试验结果表明,有效水分扩散系数随热风温度的升高而上升,传热、传质系数对甘薯片温度变化以及干燥过程的影响十分显著。所开发的模型可为不同干燥温度下模拟研究其它农作物的干燥过程提供借鉴。     

滚筒干燥过程中叶丝表面温度变化特征

为了研究滚筒干燥过程中叶丝含水率和温度的变化规律,建立了描述叶丝滚筒干燥过程中表面温度变化的动力学模型,在此基础上进一步考察了不同壁温对叶丝表面温度变化的影响,并对比分析了烤烟和白肋烟两种叶丝干燥过程中表面温度变化特征差异.结果表明:①基于热量和质量传递平衡方程得到的叶丝表面温度动力学模型,可较好反映叶丝干燥过程表面温度动态变化特征.②随着筒壁温度升高,烤烟B2F和白肋烟C3F的升温速率增大,两种叶丝所能达到的表面温度增加;相同干燥条件下,烤烟的表面温度变化较白肋烟的表面温度变化快.③表面温度随含水率的变化经历3个阶段:第1阶段,随含水率下降,表面温度升高很快;第2阶段,随含水率的降低,表面温度缓慢升高;第3阶段,表面温度随含水率的下降而迅速升高.     

滚筒干燥过程中叶丝状态变化对其热物性的影响

为了分析烟草热湿加工处理中的传热过程,通过自行搭建的滚筒干燥过程中烟丝热物性在线测试平台,利用瞬态平面热源法测定了滚筒干燥过程中烟丝的热物性,考察分析了该过程中烟丝温度、含水率对烟丝导热系数、热扩散系数、体积热容的影响。结果表明:①当含水率相同时,烟丝导热系数、体积热容随着烟丝温度的升高而增大,热扩散系数随温度的升高而降低;②当烟丝温度相同时,烟丝导热系数、体积热容随含水率的降低而减小,热扩散系数随着含水率的降低而增大;③干燥过程中,烟丝含水率逐渐减小,烟丝温度逐渐升高,烟丝导热系数在温度与含水率的共同作用下整体有减小的趋势,表明烟丝含水率对导热系数的影响较温度显著。     

“干头干尾”烟丝挥发性香味物质的主成分聚类分析

为研究薄板叶丝干燥过程"干头干尾"烟丝挥发性香味物质的变化特征,以在产三类卷烟牌号不同含水率"干头"烟丝、"干尾"烟丝的21种挥发性香味物质为指标,利用主成分集合选择法,选取12种挥发性香味物质进行主成分分析;按累积贡献率超过88%提取3个主成分指标,求得烟丝样品的3个主成分得分,并采用以平方欧氏距离衡量烟丝样品间差异大小的方法,对"干头"烟丝、"干尾"烟丝进行聚类分析和感官质量评价验证。结果表明:113个烟丝样品分为两类。2与正常生产的烟丝相比,"干头干尾"烟丝含水率在9.00%~12.50%之间时,挥发性香味物质含量及感官质量与正常烟丝相近,聚为一类;另一类"干头干尾"烟丝含水率9.00%,烟丝挥发性香味物质及感官质量有显著变化。对比法检验两类烟丝感官质量后,进一步验证了依据挥发性香味物质量将不同含水率"干头干尾"烟丝聚为两类的可行性。     

叶丝滚筒干燥过程中化学成分的动态变化特征研究

利用批处理式滚筒干燥试验装置,以两种烤烟、一种白肋烟为原料,研究了叶丝滚筒干燥过程中含水率、总植物碱、还原糖、总糖、石油醚提取物等含量随干燥处理时间的动态变化特征,同时对比分析了滚筒壁温对上述指标变化特征的影响。结果表明:①叶丝干燥过程含水率的变化规律符合菲克第二定律,实验所用烤烟的传质有效扩散系数(De)均小于白肋烟。滚筒壁温升高,3种叶丝De值均增大,但上部叶De值的变化较中部叶小;②随干燥时间延长,总植物碱和还原糖含量均呈近似线性下降,随滚筒壁温升高,其下降速率增大;③总糖含量除在160℃干燥结束阶段急剧下降外,整体变化规律不明显;④石油醚提取物含量在不同条件下均有相似的变化规律,其含量随干燥过程的进行呈先升高后降低的趋势,峰值区间均在含水率为8%~2.5%时。     

棉织物干燥过程热湿传递特性软件计算与分析

以单层多孔薄棉织物为对象,分析并建立其热风干燥过程中的热质传递机理及数学模型,得到织物在烘干过程中含水率与温度的变化规律,并采用MATLAB APP designer设计了棉织物传热传质数值计算软件,简易又直观地显示了各干燥段干燥时间与温湿度变化曲线。结果表明,薄棉织物在干燥过程中,内部温度与含水率的梯度基本可忽略不计,薄棉织物恒速段干燥时间占总时间的70%以上,但在结束恒速干燥段后内部仍有一定的吸附水含量。可为印染热定形机的风道结构设计和棉织物热定形工艺参数的设定提供理论参考价值。     

白萝卜间歇微波热风耦合干燥过程干燥特性分析（英文）

对比不同的间歇微波功率与热风耦合干燥及间歇微波干燥对白萝卜干燥特性(水分比、有效扩散系数和活化能)、中心与表面温度和颜色的影响。结果表明,有效扩散系数随水分含量的下降先缓慢上升后快速上升,活化能随水分含量的降低先缓慢升高后快速升高,Logistic模型能很好地反映活化能和水分之间的关系,并且单独进行间歇微波干燥的样品的活化能较高。干燥条件设定为间歇比5 s/20 s,热风温度30℃的样品其在干燥过程中物料中心温度最低,中心温度与物料表面温度相差最少,且干燥产品颜色最好。     

在气固并流下行床中烟丝的快速干燥动力学分析

为了研究在下行床中烟丝的快速干燥动力学行为,利用冷态下行床烟丝运动特性检测装置和热态下行床快速干燥处理装置,在一定的风速条件下,考察在下行床中烟丝的运动规律和热风温度(180~300℃)对烟丝快速干燥过程的影响,并对烟丝快速干燥动力学进行分析。结果表明:①在下行床中烟丝的下落是一个先加速后匀速的过程,加速段的距离小于1.2 m,匀速运动时烟丝的速度与含水率呈现线性关系,烟丝含水率与下落高度的关系可用指数关系描述;②在考察温度范围内烟丝的快速干燥过程为降速干燥过程,菲克第二定律可以较好地表征在下行床中烟丝的快速干燥动力学行为,该过程中,烟丝干燥过程有效扩散系数介于6.448×10-9~2.624×10-8m2/s之间,表观活化能为5.23 kJ/mol。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.