造纸污泥堆肥应用中重金属的累积行为

造纸污泥经过交替好氧厌氧堆肥处理后施加到菜园土中,进行了盆栽实验.实验结果表明,造纸污泥堆肥作为农业肥料,可以增加作物的生物量,提高土壤的养分含量,有效改良土壤的物理性状:土壤中的重金属在作物中的累积行为呈现不同的规律,但最后均趋于一个极值;重金属生物累积的峰值均低于国家蔬菜重金属含量标准.     

制浆造纸污泥厌氧消化的研究进展

总结了近几年国内外制浆造纸污泥厌氧消化的研究进展。针对造纸污泥燃气化潜质,介绍了造纸污泥的主要成分、性质及厌氧消化过程中存在的问题,讨论了热、化学、生物和机械预处理方法对污泥厌氧消化产甲烷性能的影响,以期对以后的研究工作提供一定的借鉴作用。     

重金属在土壤-作物体系中的累积行为研究(Ⅰ)——造纸污泥堆肥农用的重金属污染研究

选取造纸污泥堆肥作为菜园土肥源进行盆栽实验,通过种植油菜和芦荟,着重研究了施加造纸污泥堆肥后作物和土壤中的重金属含量分布。盆栽实验显示施加堆肥可以增加作物的生物量,提高土壤肥力:重金属测定结果表明,添加造纸污泥堆肥的土壤,其重金属含量符合标准规定,且作物中的重金属含量远远低于我国蔬菜质量标准规定值。在一定时期内农田施用造纸污泥堆肥不会造成重金属污染。     

OCC造纸污泥特性的分析

对OCC造纸污泥中纤维素、半纤维素、木素、蛋白质等有机化学组分的含量进行了分析,并对OCC造纸污泥空气干燥基、灰分、挥发分、固定碳含量进行工业分析;同时对污泥的微观形态、元素组成、结构组成、热解特性、污泥热值等性能进行了研究。结果表明,OCC造纸污泥化学组分中灰分含量为58.84%,纤维素含量为12.9%,半纤维素含量为5.39%,木素含量为3.20%。湿污泥颗粒中位径为35.31μm左右,热值达14.31 MJ/kg,未检出有毒重金属元素,各种金属离子含量未超标。扫描电子显微镜观察结果表明,OCC造纸污泥结构密实,有机纤维与矿物填料紧密结合。红外光谱分析可知,OCC造纸污泥含有木素、纤维素、半纤维素、蛋白质等固有的醇及酚类的羰基、胺类及亚胺类中的—NH,脂肪族以及羧酸化合物的C—H、CC,苯环中主要的—C—C等有机物骨架。热重分析结果表明,OCC造纸污泥中的有机物组分在200~450℃分解;无机矿物填料在450~800℃分解,且分别在351.9℃和655℃出现急剧热分解峰,热解特性较明显。     

停留时间对污泥基生物炭中部分重金属的影响

文章针对污泥基生物炭中重金属对农用的潜在影响,通过测定污泥基生物炭、污泥中的重金属含量,研究污泥基生物炭中的重金属含量随热解条件的变化规律。结果表明,热解温度为600℃,终温停留时间为3 h时,能够在一定程度上降低污泥中的重金属直接投入环境中所带来的环境风险。     

干化造纸污泥与生物质共热解特性及成炭机制研究

制浆造纸废水处理环节,造纸污泥(PS)是主要副产物,通过对热解技术的合理使用,可以让造纸污泥的产量减少,实现无害化、稳定化运用。但造纸污泥中的灰分含量高、生物油产率偏低,如果作为燃料直接利用,难度较大。若将生物质合理添加其中,可以让造纸污泥单独热解不足的问题得到解决,有助于热解效率的提高,更能让产物的品质得到优化。     

高钙造纸废水中添加FeO提高厌氧颗粒污泥产甲烷能力的研究

本研究向高钙造纸废水中添加FeO,通过分析厌氧反应器中的甲烷累积产量、甲烷最大生成速率和厌氧颗粒污泥中的胞外聚合物组分（蛋白质、多糖和腐殖质）含量变化以及微生物群落变化,探讨了FeO对造纸废水厌氧消化的影响。结果表明,添加FeO对甲烷的产生有促进作用。在模拟高钙造纸废水中,与对照组相比,当FeO的添加量为1 g/L时,甲烷累积产量增加了59.4%;当FeO的添加量为15 g/L时,甲烷累积产量增加了82.3%。分别在实际造纸废水A和B中添加FeO,最多可使甲烷累积产量提高52.0%和85.4%。FeO可导致胞外聚合物组分含量提高,促进微生物的生长代谢。添加FeO改变了微生物群落组成,微生物群落多样性有很明显的提高,增强了厌氧消化反应的稳定性。因此,添加FeO有助于提高厌氧消化产甲烷能力,可以更加高效地处理高钙造纸废水。     

餐厨垃圾的加入量对市政污泥厌氧消化的影响

研究了不同餐厨垃圾的加入量对市政污泥厌氧消化的影响,探求市政污泥厌氧消化的最佳工艺。在固含量为18％,接种量为20％的条件下,比较6种不同餐厨垃圾的加入量对市政污泥厌氧消化过程pH值、固含量（Ts）、挥发性有机物含量（VS）、日产气量、累积产气量的影响。结果表明,市政污泥与餐厨垃圾混合比例为40：60时,产气效果最佳,整个过程累积产气量为13289ml,物料固含量去除率为32．89％,挥发性有机物降解率为58．05％;市政污泥与餐厨垃圾混合消化比市政污泥单独消化相比。产气量和降解率都提高了,并且具有更好的系统稳定性。     

造纸污泥热化学处理的研究进展

介绍了造纸污泥以热解、气化和燃烧为主的热化学处理研究现状，概述了造纸污泥热解与燃烧特性及反应动力学，探讨了催化剂对造纸污泥热解的影响和反应气氛对造纸污泥气化特性的影响，分析了造纸污泥与其他燃料共热解与共燃烧的研究方法。最后对造纸污泥的高效清洁利用进行了展望。     

竹浆造纸污泥的特性及资源化利用

分析了造纸污泥的特性,包括含水率、有机物含量、pH值、干污泥中纤维含量、干污泥中灰分含量、湿污泥中纤维长度及分布、干污泥中C、H、N元素含量、污泥灰分中金属离子含量等。结果显示,污泥含水率较高,有机物含量大,其中大多是纤维,pH值为中性;污泥中纤维长度较短,大部分（约66%）纤维的长度在0.20 mm以下;污泥中蛋白质含量不高;污泥中有毒重金属含量低于国家标准。同时,对造纸污泥的资源化利用进行了探讨。     

制革污泥中总重金属的厌氧生物毒性探究

制革污泥中含有多种重金属,其中铬为重要的特征重金属。为探究制革污泥中的总重金属对制革污泥进行厌氧生物降解的影响,本文就此进行了相关研究。试验结果发现制革污泥总重金属对污泥产甲烷活性有较大影响,随着污泥中总重金属浓度的提高,污泥的产甲烷活性明显降低,并且产气能力恢复缓慢,但在毒性试验中基本不产气的试样在恢复试验中有了少量产气的出现,表明制革污泥中总重金属对厌氧生物的毒性属于生理毒素。     

烟草废弃物生物炭元素组成及其重金属安全性研究

为明确热解温度对不同烟草废弃物生物炭中元素组成及重金属安全性的影响,以烟秆、烟梗及废弃烟叶为原材料,研究了2种热解温度(450℃和600℃)下制备生物炭的产率、元素组成、重金属(Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd和Pb)含量及其浸出毒性特征。结果表明,当热解温度从450℃升至600℃,各废弃物生物炭的产率降低,生物炭中的碳(C)含量升高,而氮(N)和氧(O)含量降低;其中烟梗炭的产率最高,烟秆炭的碳含量及烟叶炭的氮含量最高。随热解温度升高,各生物炭中Ni、Cu、Zn、As和Pb等重金属含量均呈不同程度升高,而烟叶炭中Cr及烟梗和烟叶炭中Cd含量在600℃热解温度下显著低于原材料中含量;随热解温度升高,烟梗炭的Cr、As元素和烟叶炭的Zn、As元素的相对富集系数(REF)下降,且由富集趋势(REF>1)转为挥发趋势(REF<1);烟叶炭的Ni、Cu元素则由挥发趋势转为富集趋势。各生物炭中重金属的沥滤浸出毒性(TCLP)均低于其原材料浸出液,生物炭浸出液中Cu、Cd和Pb含量随热解温度升高而降低,As含量呈相反趋势,各生物炭浸出液重金属含量均低于GB 5085.3-2007浸出毒性规定限量值,表明烟草废弃物生物炭的重金属浸出毒性较低,可以在农田中安全施用。     

Novel incineration technology integrated with drying, pyrolysis, gasification, and combustion of MSW and ashes vitrification

The conventional mass burn systems for municipal solid waste (MSW) emit large amount of acidic gases and dioxins as well as heavy metals due to the large excess air ratio. Additionally, the final process residues, bottom ash with potential leachability of heavy metals and fly ash with high level of heavy metals and dioxins, also constitute a major environmental problem. To deal with these issues more effectively, a novel MSW incineration technology was developed in this study. MSW drying, pyrolysis, gasification, incineration, and ash vitrification were achieved as a spectrum of combustion by the same equipment (primary chamber) in one step. In practice, the primary chamber of this technology actually acted as both gasifier for organic matter and vitrifying reactor for ashes, and the combustion process was mainly completed in the secondary chamber. Experiments were carried outto examine its characteristics in an industrial MSW incineration plant, located in Taiyuan, with a capability of 100 tons per day (TPD). Results showed that (1) the pyrolysis, gasification, and vitrification processes in the primary chamber presented good behaviors resulting in effluent gases with high contents of combustibles (e.g., CO and CH4) and bottom ash with a low loss-on-ignition (L.o.l), low leachability of heavy metals, and low toxicity of cyanide and fluoride. The vitrified bottom ash was benign to its environment and required no further processing for its potential applications. (2) Low stack emissions of dioxins (0.076 ng of TEQ m(-3)), heavy metals (ranging from 0.013 to 0.033 mg m(-3)), and other air pollutants were achieved. This new technology could effectively dispose Chinese MSW with a low calorific value and high water content; additionally, it also had a low capital and operating costs compared with the imported systems.     

剩余污泥高固态卧式厌氧消化的中试启动研究

针对含固率20%的剩余污泥,采用卧式反应器进行厌氧消化的中试启动研究.采取连续进料的方式,通过太阳能保温系统进行反应器的启动,经过3个月的运行,污泥产沼气率达到274 mL/gVS,甲烷体积分数为58%,VS转化率达到46%,蛋白质和多糖降解率分别为36.7%和30.1%,消化过程中VFA质量分数最大值为2 395 mg/kg,最大值出现在第42天。消化过程中氨氮质量分数一直缓慢增加,最大值约124.3 mg/kg。反应器沿程4个取样口污泥的VS,蛋白质和多糖降解率呈现出明显的差异性,反应器内污泥的降解率与其所处的沿程距离成正相关。经过73 d厌氧消化后,污泥的产甲烷潜力值达到273 mL/gVS,说明其已具备了良好的产甲烷潜力,反应器中的剩余污泥已转变为具有厌氧活性的污泥。     

Upgrading of anaerobic digestion by incorporating two different hydrolysis processes

The purpose of this study was to increase the efficiency of anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge (WAS). Either thermochemical or biological hydrolysis was used as a pretreatment and the effects of both were investigated and compared. Two different three-stage digestion systems showed improved performance, although thermochemical hydrolysis showed better results than biological hydrolysis in a bench-scale operation. After anaerobic digestion with thermochemical pretreatment, the total chemical oxygen demand (tCOD) reduction, volatile solid (VS) reduction, methane yield and methane biogas content were 88.9%, 77.5%, 0.52 m3/kg VS and 79.5%, respectively. These results should help in determining the best hydrolysis pretreatment process for anaerobic digestion and in improving the design and operation of the large-scale treatment of WAS by anaerobic digestion with hydrolysis systems.     

Thermophilic two-stage dry anaerobic digestion of model garbage with ammonia stripping

To avoid the inhibition of methane production by ammonia that occurs during the degradation of garbage, anaerobic digestion with prior ammonia production and subsequent stripping was investigated. In the ammonia production phase, the maximum ammonia concentration was approximately 2800 mg N/kg of total wet sludge in the range of 4 days of sludge retention time, indicating that only 43% of total nitrogen in the model garbage was converted to ammonia. The model garbage from which ammonia was produced and stripped was subjected to semi-continuous thermophilic dry anaerobic digestion over 180 days. The gas yield was in the range of 0.68 to 0.75 Nm(3)/kg volatile solid, and it decreased with the decrease of the sludge retention time. The ammonia-nitrogen concentration in the sludge was kept below 3000 mg N/kg total wet sludge. Microbial community structure analysis revealed that the phylum Firmicutes dominated in the ammonia production, but the community structure changed at different sludge retention times. In dry anaerobic digestion, the dominant bacteria shifted from the phylum Thermotogae to Firmicutes. The dominant archaeon was the genus Methanothermobacter, but the ratio of Methanosarcina increased during the process of dry anaerobic digestion.     

造纸污泥的性质及其资源化利用

分析造纸污泥的性质,包括含水率、有机物含量、p H值、绝干污泥中纤维含量、绝干污泥中灰分含量、金属元素含量。除此之外,还检测了造纸污泥的热值。综述了国内外造纸污泥资源化利用的研究进展,指出造纸污泥是一种很有利用价值的潜在资源,其资源化利用是解决当前环境污染和资源短缺的途径之一。     

Stimulation of anaerobic digestion of thickened sewage sludge by iron-rich sludge produced by the fenton method

In batch mesophilic anaerobic digestion of a mixture of iron-rich sludge collected from Fenton treatment of molasses wastewater (MWW) and thickened sewage sludge from a municipal wastewater treatment plant, the methane content in the gas from the mixture was significantly higher than that from thickened sewage sludge only. When minerals in iron-rich sludge obtained by incineration were fed to thickened sewage sludge in semi-continuous experiments, the methane content obtained by digestion of thickened sewage sludge only increased approximately from 53% to 64%. These results suggest that iron-rich sludge can enhance methane production for thickened sewage sludge.