热风干燥过程中麻竹笋质构特性变化研究

以麻竹笋为原料,研究不同温度热风干燥过程中麻竹笋质构特性的变化规律,同时分析麻竹笋各质构特性参数与水分含量变化的相关性。结果表明:在70,80,90℃的温度下干燥5h后,水分含量分别下降到1.39%,0.26%,0.06%;在3种温度下,麻竹笋的硬度、咀嚼性、回复性都随干燥时间的增加而下降,而弹性在干燥过程中无明显变化。相关性分析表明:热风干燥过程中硬度、咀嚼性和回复性的变化与水分含量的变化呈现较好的相关性关系(R2=0.840~0.918)。说明麻竹笋在热风干燥过程中的硬度、咀嚼性、回复性等质构特性逐渐下降且与水分含量变化呈显著的正相关性。     

介电特性在食品物料检测中的应用与进展

介电特性与食品原料的新鲜度及腐烂程度间存在密切关系,相对介电常数在适当的频率范围内,对一些食品的腐烂程度有较好的相关性,可以用于评价食品的内部品质。介电特性与水分含量变化规律具有相关性,电容值的变化趋势与水分的变化相同,两者存在极显著的线性相关性。     

植物性食品原料水分含量检测研究进展

综述了植物性食品原料水分含量检测方法的研究概况,分析了水分含量检测装置、优缺点及应用,总结了水分含量检测在不同类型植物性食品原料中的应用,突出了热风干燥法、微波法、卡尔费休法、绝干氮气吹扫法、光谱技术以及成像技术的优势,并展望了植物性食品原料水分含量检测未来发展的方向。     

食品营养强化剂乳酸亚铁中水分含量测定方法探讨

目的通过比较不同水分测定方法,研究适用于食品营养强化剂二水乳酸亚铁和三水乳酸亚铁的方法。方法采用105℃直接干燥法、130℃直接干燥法、真空干燥法和卡尔·费休法测定二水乳酸亚铁和三水乳酸亚铁中水分含量。并比较干燥前后样品的色泽及三价铁含量。结果 105℃直接干燥法、130℃直接干燥法和真空干燥法仅适用于三水乳酸亚铁,对二水乳酸亚铁不适用。卡尔·费休法可以检测出二水乳酸亚铁和三水乳酸亚铁中水分含量。结论与105℃直接干燥法、130℃直接干燥法、真空干燥法相比,卡尔·费休法更适合于二水乳酸亚铁和三水乳酸亚铁中水分含量的测定。建议《食品安全国家标准食品营养强化剂乳酸亚铁》中采用卡尔·费休法测定水分的含量。     

热风干燥过程中带壳鲜花生水分迁移特性及品质变化

为提高带壳鲜花生在热风干燥过程中的品质,本实验以带壳鲜花生为原料,研究热风干燥(40、50、60℃)过程中带壳鲜花生的水分迁移特性及品质变化。结果表明:在热风干燥过程中,带壳鲜花生的水分含量变化明显,弱结合水含量逐渐减少。随着干燥的进行,花生仁与花生壳的网状结构变形,孔隙率增大,且温度越高,孔隙率越大。带壳鲜花生干燥过程为降速干燥,当干燥温度从40℃提升至60℃,干燥至花生安全水分含量以内所需时间缩短45%,表明温度升高有利于加快脱水速率。此外,受水分含量的影响,花生仁硬度在较高温度下呈先增大后减小再增大的趋势,在较低温度下则持续增大,而花生壳硬度先减小后增大。通过相关性分析发现,干基水分含量与低场核磁共振信号幅值呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与花生仁孔隙率和花生壳孔隙率呈极显著负相关(P0.01),与花生仁硬度呈显著负相关(P0.05)。本实验为带壳鲜花生热风干燥过程的水分实时监测及实现高品质干燥提供了理论依据。     

基于核磁共振的物料内部水分检测及应用进展

物料内部水分含量、水分状态以及水分分布是物料干燥的重要特性,也是影响物料干燥过程的主要因素。干燥过程物料内部水分含量、水分状态及其分布的检测有助于真实反映干燥过程中物料内部的传质现象,并且为干燥工艺的优化和物料干燥数学模型的建立提供依据。综述了核磁共振技术在水分检测中的应用,并展望了核磁共振技术在果蔬干燥过程中物料内部水分无损检测中的意义和前景。     

食品干燥过程的扩散现象研究

本文报道了以土豆为原料的食品干燥过程只存在降速阶段的情况,并用不稳定状态扩散方程的标准解分析了实验结果;论述了干燥过程中几个变量对水分扩散速率的影响,并导出了半经验方程,以便将实验结果推广至其他的干燥条件。实验过程由计算机模拟控制,数据采集、处理、作图均由计算机完成。     

柠檬片热风干燥特性及品质研究

以切片厚度为3 mm的新鲜柠檬为原料,研究热风干燥温度(50、60、70、80℃)对柠檬片干燥特性和理化品质的影响。结果表明:热风温度是影响柠檬片干燥的重要因素,柠檬片的干燥过程是一个降速过程。随干燥温度的升高,干燥速率和水分有效扩散系数增大,干燥时间缩短;干燥过程中,水分有效扩散系数随水分含量降低而增大。同其他热风温度相比,70℃热风干燥处理时间相对较短,柠檬片具有较好的颜色品质,总类胡萝卜素、总酚的含量较高,DPPH·清除能力维持在一个较好的水平,适合对柠檬片进行干制。     

不同品种甘薯的干燥特性及对全粉品质的影响

以9个甘薯品种为原料,研究不同品种甘薯在相同工艺条件下的干燥特性,分析甘薯品种与其全粉品质及得率的相关性。结果表明:鲜薯成分中影响熟化甘薯热风干燥速率的因素主要是可溶性糖含量,而影响颗粒全粉得率及品质的因素主要是水分、淀粉、可溶性糖、粗蛋白含量及多酚氧化酶、β-淀粉酶活性。鲜薯的水分含量及可溶性糖含量越低,淀粉含量越高,加工成颗粒全粉的产品得率越高。     

食品干燥过程中水分扩散特性的研究进展

主要综述近年来国内外对食品干燥过程中水分扩散特性的研究现状,分析干燥过程中物料性质、工艺参数、前处理作用、干燥方式等对水分扩散特性的影响,以及水分扩散迁移与干燥产品品质之间的联系,旨在为干燥理论研究的完善提供参考。     

利用低场核磁共振技术分析冬瓜真空干燥过程中的内部水分变化

为研究冬瓜真空干燥过程中内部水分的含量、分布及状态变化,应用低场核磁共振（low-field nuclearmagnetic resonance,LF-NMR）技术,测定不同干燥条件下冬瓜真空干燥过程中的横向弛豫时间T2反演谱,进而分析冬瓜样品内部的水分状态及其变化规律。结果表明：在真空干燥过程中,冬瓜干基含水率与NMR信号幅值之间呈显著的线性关系;真空干燥过程改变了样品的横向弛豫时间T2,增加了冬瓜内部不易流动水的含量、降低了水分的流动性;不同干燥温度条件下,结合水所占比例、自由水所占比例随着干燥时间的变化分别呈指数模型、多项式模型,且拟合方程的决定系数均大于0.95,拟合精度较高。该研究为进一步研究产品的保藏提供技术指导,为冬瓜的真空干燥实际产业化生产控制提供理论依据。     

Drying kinetics of the individual layer of cocoa beans during heat pump drying

Investigation was carried out to study the drying kinetics of the individual layer of cocoa beans, namely the testa and cotyledon, during heat pump drying. The cocoa beans were dried in thin layer using dehumidified air at 28.2 °C, 40.4 °C and 56 °C. Moisture contents of the bean, testa and cotyledon were recorded during drying. Reduction in moisture content was relatively fast at the testa as compared to the cotyledon in the initial two hours of drying. Subsequent drying showed a crossover region where the moisture content of the testa was higher than the cotyledon. The final moisture content of the testa was found to be higher than the inner cotyledon at the end of drying. This showed that moisture migrated from the cotyledon (lower moisture content) to the testa (higher moisture content) during drying. Although such transfer mechanism seems contradict but this can be further explained by the mass transfer potential concept as postulated by Luikov where the transfer of moisture is due to moisture potential difference instead of moisture content difference. Product quality analyses showed percent retention of cocoa polyphenols ranged from 44% to 73% as compared to freeze dried sample. Bean hardness was found reasonably comparable to the commercial sample and increased with decreasing moisture content.     

利用低场核磁共振技术研究调味山药片真空微波干燥过程中水分的变化规律

为研究调味山药片真空微波干燥过程中内部水分含量、分布及状态变化情况,采用低场核磁共振技术,测定不同微波功率下微波真空干燥过程中的横向弛豫时间T2反演谱,进而分析调味山药片内部的水分状态及其变化规律。结果表明：微波功率越高,自由水和不易流动水被除去所需的时间越短,其中对自由水作用尤为明显,但过高的微波功率会导致物料出现焦化现象;调味山药片干基含水率与核磁共振总峰面积之间呈线性关系,可以预测调味山药片真空微波干燥达到干燥终点所需的时间。核磁共振图像显示调味山药片干燥过程中水分含量的增加和减少均是由外而内,干燥结束时,剩余水主要存在于调味山药内层。水分含量的变化对调味山药片干燥后的品质有显著影响,低场核磁共振及成像技术为调味山药片干燥过程中水分的变化提供了直观的参考依据,本研究可以为调味山药片的真空微波脆化工艺设计、优化干燥参数、控制干燥过程及提高产品质量提供参考。     

挂面干燥过程水分动力学研究进展

干燥工序是挂面生产的关键工序之一。干燥过程水分动力学主要涉及内部水分的迁移、转化和汽化机制与规律。干燥过程的科学性、合理性对生产效率、产品质量、干燥能耗等具有显著影响。本文综述了挂面中水分状态、分布,挂面干燥过程水分迁移规律,分析了蛋白质、淀粉含量及组成、食盐含量、和面工艺、压延工艺、干燥工艺及条件等因素对干燥过程水分迁移规律的影响。通过分析提出了挂面干燥过程水分动力学理论及应用方面仍存在主要问题,以期为挂面干燥工艺设计、工艺控制、装备研发、稳定产品质量提供理论和设计依据。     

Zur Feuchtebewegung im Holz während der konvektiven Vakuumtrocknung

This research was conducted to better understand moisture transport in wood during convective vacuum drying. Boards of beech, oak, spruce and scots pine with initial moisture contents of 66%, 92%, 28% and 33%, respectively, were dried under similar conditions in vacuum and at atmospheric pressure. We determined drying times and moisture content distributions, pressures and temperatures in the boards during the whole process. The boards of beech, spruce and scots pine dried approximately three times faster in vacuum than at atmospheric pressure, while the drying times for oak are hardly different. Above 45% moisture content beech and oak dried similarily, thus vacuum only accelerated hygroscopical drying. Pressures measured in beech and oak were always higher than saturation pressures corresponding to simultaneously measured temperatures, although during drying of beech we had boiling conditions in the vessel. We conclude that during vacuum drying air contained in the lumina keeps the pressure up, and water cannot boil as is often supposed. Diffusions coefficients calculated from moisture content gradients in the boards increased significantly at low moisture contents at vacuum drying but not at drying with normal pressures.     

Rapid measurement and control of the moisture content of compost using near-infrared spectroscopy

In a compost fermentation of soybean-curd (tofu) refuse, the effects of the moisture content of the compost on the compost reaction were studied. The moisture content of the compost was a very important factor for good fermentation. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was applied to the determination of the moisture content of the compost. The reflected rays in the wavelength range between 400 and 2500 nm were measured at 2 nm intervals. The absorption of water was observed at three wavelengths, 960, 1406 and 1888 nm. To formulate a calibration equation, a multiple linear regression analysis was carried out between the near-infrared spectral data at 960 nm (sample number, n = 50) and on the moisture content obtained using a drying method. The values of the simple correlation coefficient and the standard error of calibration were 0.987 and 1.33%, respectively. To validate the calibration equation obtained, the moisture content in the prediction sample set (n = 35) not used for formulating the calibration equation was calculated using the calibration equation, and compared with the values obtained using the drying method. Good agreement was observed between the results of the drying method and those of the NIRS method. The simple correlation coefficient and standard error of prediction were 0.979 and 1.85%, respectively. Then, the NIRS method was applied to a practical situation in which the moisture content was measured and controlled during the compost fermentation, and good results were obtained. The study indicates that NIRS is a useful method for measurement and control of the moisture content in the compost of soybean-curd refuse.     

Temperature prediction in air drying of food materials: a simple model

The problem of one-dimensional heat and mass transfer in infinite slabs during drying of porous solids is considered. Assuming a known distribution of moisture and temperature, it is possible to estimate effective thermal and mass diffusion coefficients in solids. In this paper it is demonstrated that from these coefficients the equations describing heat and mass transfer processes in the system are easily integrated to obtain average sample temperature and moisture during drying. These theoretical results may be used to evaluate the effects of the degradation reactions during food drying, which depend on the foodstuff moisture content and temperature.     

Water – an important parameter for the preparation and proper use of certified reference materials

Property values of powdered certified reference materials (CRMs) are very often related to dry mass. The dry mass is indirectly determined by measuring the moisture content of the sample. The most commonly used methods are the drying oven method and the Karl Fischer titration (KFT). It is well known that these two methods may give different values for the moisture/water content. In this study thermogravimetry was used to simulate the drying oven method and to investigate the reasons of the differences between both moisture/water content determination methods. A mass spectrometer coupled to a thermobalance (TGMS) added further useful information regarding the release of volatile substances and the decomposition of the material during the drying process.     

白萝卜间歇微波热风耦合干燥过程干燥特性分析

对比不同的间歇微波功率与热风耦合干燥及间歇微波干燥对白萝卜干燥特性（水分比、有效扩散系数和活化能）、中心与表面温度和颜色的影响。结果表明,有效扩散系数随水分含量的下降先缓慢上升后快速上升,活化能随水分含量的降低先缓慢升高后快速升高,Logistic模型能很好地反映活化能和水分之间的关系,并且单独进行间歇微波干燥的样品的活化能较高。干燥条件设定为间歇比5 s/20 s,热风温度30 ℃的样品其在干燥过程中物料中心温度最低,中心温度与物料表面温度相差最少,且干燥产品颜色最好。