白腐菌对造纸原料树脂成分的降解

使用白腐菌处理马尾松木片,对处理后木素和DCM抽提物的降解情况进行了研究。结果表明,培养9d后,木片中总木素含量降低3%,DCM抽提物的去除率达到20%。外源无机盐用量对白腐菌降解木素能力影响不大,但对DCM抽提物影响较大,在实验条件下,相同培养时间内的去除率相差2%左右。培养期间在木片上未见到有色菌丝的出现。     

微生物与酶制剂在造纸工业树脂控制中的应用

微生物技术已成功应用于制浆造纸树脂控制。在制浆造纸工业生产中,可以利用微生物与酶制剂解决针叶木机械浆中三酸甘油酯所引起的沉淀问题;前者为边材变色菌的无色菌株,后者为改性脂肪酶。脂肪酶对于那些来源于其他脂类（如甾类和萜烯类化合物）的树脂障碍不起作用,并且对于边材变色茵接种体也只起部分作用。降解难溶的亲脂类物质更为有效的生物催化途径是使用白腐茵及其所分泌的酶。当用真菌处理木材时必须避免纤维素的降解。漆酶／介体系统可以达到控制树脂障碍和脱除残余木素的双重功效。     

白腐菌预处理对粉单竹化学成分和微观纤维形态结构的影响

3种白腐菌菌株对粉单竹进行1～4周的生物培养,通过考察竹片在生物预处理后质量损失率、木素去除率、综纤维素损失率、木素降解选择因子的变化,筛选出能够选择性有效去除竹片木素的白腐菌Trametes hirsuta 19-6作为研究对象.用显微镜观测粉单竹纤维细胞壁的结构特点,以及白腐菌预处理引起的竹片纤维微观形态结构的变化,探讨白腐菌生物降解竹片的机理.     

白腐菌预处理竹子化机浆的XPS和AFM分析

3种白腐菌菌株对粉单竹进行1～4周的生物培养,通过考察竹片在生物预处理后质量损失率、木素去除率、综纤维素损失率、木素降解选择因子的变化,筛选出能够选择性有效去除竹片木素的白腐菌Trametes hirsuta 19-6作为研究对象.用显微镜观测粉单竹纤维细胞壁的结构特点,以及白腐菌预处理引起的竹片纤维微观形态结构的变化,探讨白腐菌生物降解竹片的机理.     

人参根腐病拮抗菌的筛选、鉴定及其抑菌活性

目的：从人参根际土壤中筛选出拮抗人参根腐病的菌株,初步研究其抑菌作用。方法：采用平板稀释法从人参根际土壤中分离获得菌株,以人参根腐病菌为靶标菌采用平板对峙法筛选出拮抗菌;通过形态学特征、生理生化特征及16S rDNA序列分析对筛选出的拮抗菌进行鉴定;检测拮抗菌无菌发酵液对根腐病菌菌丝生长、孢子萌发的影响,同时测定拮抗菌的抑菌谱。结果：分离获得一株对人参根腐病原菌拮抗作用较强的菌株HB-3,经鉴定菌株HB-3为解淀粉芽孢杆菌（Bacillus amyloliquefaciens）。菌株无菌发酵液对人参根腐病菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发均有显著抑制作用;菌株HB-3的抑菌谱较广,对根腐病菌、疫霉病菌、锈腐病菌、菌核病菌、灰霉病菌均有一定的抑菌活性。结论：筛选得到一株解淀粉芽孢杆菌HB-3,能显著抑制人参根腐病菌的生长,对人参根腐病有较强的生物防治效果。     

烟草镰刀菌根腐病（Fusarium spp.）拮抗菌L210的鉴定及生防潜力评价

为筛选烟草镰刀菌根腐病（Fusarium spp.）的高效拮抗菌株,通过平板对峙、盆栽和大田复筛试验,从平顶山烟区烟株根际土壤中分离筛选拮抗菌;利用形态观察、生理生化测试和16S rDNA序列分析对拮抗菌进行鉴定,并对拮抗菌抗镰刀菌根腐病的机理进行研究。结果表明：从10份土壤样品中共分离土壤微生物菌株512株,其中以L210菌株对镰刀菌根腐病抑制效果最好,平板对峙抑菌直径71.4 mm,抑菌率为68.2%;盆栽和大田防病试验的发病率分别为0、6%,病情指数分别为0、1.5,防治效果分别为100%和77.9%。初步鉴定L210菌株为液化沙雷氏菌（Serratia liquefaciens）,其抑菌机理为溶解尖孢镰刀菌的菌丝,使其失去侵染能力,进而抑制病原菌的生长。菌株发酵液中含有几丁质酶和纤维素酶,可溶解病原菌的细胞壁,还可显著诱导提高烟苗中多酚氧化酶（PPO）、过氧化物酶（POD）和苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）等防御酶的活性。因此,菌株L210在烟草镰刀菌根腐病的生物防治中具有较大的应用潜力。     

运用生物酶和白腐菌的针叶木生物机械法制浆

酶处理木片能降低磨浆过程的能耗,还可以对纤维引入一些新的功能特性。在螺旋挤压机挤压木片过程中,加入各种生物酶可提高酶对木片纤维的可及性。酶处理6h后使用实验室低强度磨浆机测试了磨浆能耗。实验结果与采用白腐菌（Physisporinus rivulous）生物制浆结果进行了比较。测量了一段磨浆的能耗,并评价了酶处理对纤维的化学改性效果。苏格兰松木片经过锰过氧化物酶处理后,磨浆能耗比未处理过的参比试样降低了11%,挪威云杉处理后其磨浆能耗降低稍少,约6%。真菌预处理云杉木片结果与锰过氧化物酶处理结果相似,可以节约磨浆能耗。尽管水解酶处理松木木片在最好条件下能降低15%的能耗,但水解酶和锰过氧化氢处理在平均能耗节约上相似。聚电解质滴定结果表明,经过锰过氧化物酶处理并磨浆至低游离度（CSF85～130mL）的松木浆料的纤维表面电荷量增加。大多采用白腐菌或是酶处理过的浆料,在一定的能耗下磨浆并抄造的手抄片,大部分的性能均有所提高,如强度、光散射系数和不透明度,仅白度稍有降低。锰过氧化物酶处理将成为节约能源和改进纤维表面性能的一种重要处理方式。     

白腐菌对甘蔗渣木质纤维的降解及其影响因子（I）——木聚糖对木质纤维不同组分降解的影响

在培养的过程中，加入木聚糖的白腐菌的生长明显优于空白对照样，白色的菌丝较早地覆盖在处理样品的表面；加入木聚糖，促进了木素的生物降解，大量的木素降解发生在培养的前期，而后期木素的降解量明显减少。木聚糖对酸溶木素含量变化没有明显的影响。木聚糖的加入使纤维素降解有所下降，但由于半纤维素含量较少，可以认为木聚糖的加入对半纤维素降解的影响很小。     

椴木化学热磨机械浆

技木是我国北方诸多树种之一，由于其木质较软，建筑业上很少使用。我们将根本列为化学热磨机械浆的研究课题，几个月来取得了可喜的进展。1原料特征1．l原木东北地区产的权木，直径。95mm左右，重度0，39g／cm’。刑律老皮，清除木材表面泥沙、杂物等，削木片长庆13～30mm作试验用。1．2木材化学成分冷水抽出物1．10％，热水抽出物1．40％，苯醇抽出物2．14％，减抽提物20．16％。纤维素含量52．05％，多戊糖含量2505％，木素含量19．08％，灰分0．46％。2试验方法经过削片后的无朽材报木木片，在实验室内测定水分，称取5009绝于木片进行洗…     

贝壳状革耳菌诱变提高产漆酶能力及其生物漂白的研究

本研究从贝壳状革耳菌（Parus conduaus，是一株具有选择性降解木素的白腐菌）菌株出发，通过原生质体融合和紫外诱变技术处理，获得产漆酶酶活较高的诱变融合菌株，诱变株28-7的漆酶酶活高峰达17290IU／L，比原始菌的酶活高峰2318IU／L提高约7.5倍。诱变菌株分泌的漆酶预处理荻苇浆、麦草浆和芦苇浆，LOP浆和OLQP浆的白度较未经处理的高，卡伯值下降，黏度变化不大。经过漆酶／介体生物处理可提高纸浆的可漂性。对后续漂白有促进作用。实验结果初步证明，原生质体融合和紫外诱变技术可以作为改良白腐菌Parus conduaus的手段。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.