传统自然发酵四川香肠加工贮藏过程中生物胺含量变化

采用高效液相色谱法对传统自然发酵四川香肠加工贮藏过程中生物胺(色胺、苯乙胺、腐胺、尸胺、组胺、酪胺和亚精胺)含量变化进行测定。结果表明:传统自然发酵四川香肠原料肉中只检测出了色胺、苯乙胺和亚精胺,贮藏120天检测出了7种生物胺,除亚精胺外,6种生物胺(色胺、苯乙胺、腐胺、尸胺、组胺和酪胺)的含量在加工过程中均显著增加(P0.01)。传统自然发酵四川香肠中以酪胺、组胺、尸胺和腐胺为主,含量分别达到153.06、127.90、132.46和92.83 mg/kg,4种生物胺占生物胺总量的89.66%。传统自然发酵四川香肠中生物胺(色胺、苯乙胺、组胺和酪胺)含量均低于20 mg/100 g。生物胺总量在加工贮藏过程中变化显著(P0.01),总量低于1 000 mg/kg。     

永川豆豉制曲过程中基本成分及生物胺含量变化

采用苯甲酰氯柱前衍生、HPLC检测永川豆豉制曲过程中生物胺含量的变化;同时,检测水分、总酸和氨基酸态氮含量的变化。结果表明:在制曲过程中,水分含量呈下降趋势,由最初的46.85%降到33.75%;总酸和氨基态氮的含量均呈先增加后下降的趋势。制曲过程中生物胺含量的变化规律是:色胺、2-苯乙胺由最初的未检出分别增加到53.59 mg/kg、52.02 mg/kg;组胺由制曲初期的18.49 mg/kg减少到几乎为0;酪胺由最初的未检出缓慢增长到20.57 mg/kg,随后含量降到几乎为0;腐胺含量随制曲进程呈缓慢的增长;其余生物胺变化不明显,各种生物胺含量均在60 mg/kg以下,生物胺总量的变化趋势与氨基酸态氮含量的变化趋势一致。     

白方腐乳开盖后储藏过程中生物胺和理化指标的变化

以开盖白方腐乳为原料,在不同温度(4、15、25和35 ℃)下分别贮藏0、15、30、45、60 d后,采用高效液相色谱法检测样品中8种生物胺,并测定理化指标(pH、水分活度和氨基态氮),并分析各指标间的相关性。结果表明:在整个贮藏过程中,总胺变化趋势基本一致,均呈先上升后下降的趋势,且总胺含量在151.11~835.51 mg/kg范围内,低于美国食品药品监督管理局的限定值;酪胺仅在35 ℃下贮藏至第15 d时含量超标,高达118.13 mg/kg;白方腐乳刚开盖时,组胺含量为64.07 mg/kg。4 ℃储藏的白方腐乳水分活度和pH相对较低;35 ℃贮藏的白方腐乳氨基态氮含量较高。相关性分析结果表明,尸胺与组胺相关性最高(r=0.824,P<0.01),氨基态氮与苯乙胺、尸胺、组胺呈显著正相关。     

八公山腐乳工业发酵过程中生物胺的变化规律

为探究八公山腐乳在工业发酵过程中生物胺变化,对各发酵阶段的生物胺、游离氨基酸、主要理化指标(氨基态氮、总酸、pH、食盐和水分)以及微生物群落变化进行检测,并分析生物胺与各指标间的相关性。结果表明,腐乳样本中共检测到组胺、腐胺、亚精胺、尸胺和酪胺5种生物胺,发酵过程中总生物胺呈先升后降趋势,含量为54.05～641.03 mg/kg,以组胺为主。氨基态氮和总酸在发酵过程中呈增加趋势,到后发酵中期趋于稳定。谷氨酸、天冬氨酸、亮氨酸、精氨酸为腐乳主要游离氨基酸,总游离氨基酸含量呈升降交替变化。细菌总数、霉菌/酵母菌总数在腐乳前发酵及盐坯阶段均有显著变化,均在盐坯阶段显著降低(P<0.05),后发酵阶段细菌总数呈增加趋势,霉菌/酵母菌数无显著变化。宏基因组分析腐乳中微生物群落结果显示,各发酵阶段共有优势细菌门为厚壁菌门、变形菌门,优势细菌属为不动杆菌属、乳球菌属;毛霉菌门为优势真菌门,放射毛霉菌属为优势真菌属,其他菌群随发酵进行有明显差异。通过Pearson和冗余分析发现,组胺和总生物胺与氨基态氮和总酸呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),总生物胺与总游离氨基酸呈显著正相关(P<0...     

乳酸菌豆坯发酵生产低盐腐乳品质及生物胺含量研究

使用乳酸菌豆坯代替传统卤水豆坯生产低盐腐乳,研究乳酸菌豆坯及低盐腐乳理化、微生物和感官指标,并采用HPLC柱前衍生法检测低盐腐乳生物胺含量。结果表明,乳酸菌豆坯可代替卤水豆坯用于腐乳前酵,且可抑制部分杂菌生长。后酵汤料添加益生菌生产的低盐腐乳氨基态氮和水溶性蛋白含量显著高于对照组,分别达2.73%和7.29%;游离氨基酸总量为59.85 mg/g,且Glu含量明显增加,比对照组高3.51 mg/g,在一定程度上弥补了青方腐乳Glu含量较低的缺陷。细菌总数和芽孢菌数低于对照组,感官评价总体接受度较好。该方法生产的低盐腐乳生物胺总量为536.2 mg/kg,与对照组差异不显著,其中腐胺和酪胺含量最高,分别占生物胺总量的22.34%和47.33%。     

混合发酵剂对川味香肠发酵成熟过程中生物胺含量变化的影响

以植物乳杆菌、戊糖片球菌和葡萄球菌作为发酵剂接种至川味香肠,采用高效液相色谱法测定川味香肠发酵成熟过程中生物胺含量的变化。结果表明:成熟结束时,除苯乙胺外,A组(接种组)中的色胺、腐胺、尸胺、组胺、酪胺和亚精胺的含量显著低于B组(自然发酵组)(P0.01),说明混合发酵剂能显著抑制川味香肠发酵成熟过程中生物胺的形成(P0.01)。A组香肠在发酵成熟过程中除酪胺含量最高达到103.05 mg/kg外,其余生物胺含量均低于100 mg/kg;B组香肠在发酵成熟过程中腐胺、尸胺、组胺和酪胺含量超过100 mg/kg,因此接种混合发酵剂可以更好地保障川味香肠的安全性。     

高盐稀态酱油生产过程中的生物胺变化规律

采用丹磺酰氯柱前衍生高效液相色谱法测定4种市售高盐稀态酱油中色胺、苯乙胺、腐胺、尸胺、组胺、酪胺、亚精胺、精胺8种生物胺的含量,并监测了其中一种酱油生产过程中生物胺含量和生物胺产生相关指标的动态变化。结果显示,市售酱油总生物胺含量差别较大,范围为102.87~760.28 mg/kg,但均以酪胺、组胺和苯乙胺为主。酱油发酵过程中,大部分生物胺表现出相似的变化趋势,即发酵前期快速升高,在50~60 d左右达到峰值,再逐渐降低,酪胺和组胺是酱油发酵过程中的主要生物胺,最高含量分别达到2 417.36 mg/kg和815.89mg/kg。氨基酸态氮前期变化趋势与总生物胺含量变化基本一致,之后趋于稳定;p H值降低有利于生物胺的形成,最低时生物胺含量达到峰值。结果表明,在市售酱油和不同发酵时期酱油中生物胺的含量情况不容乐观,需加以研究与关注。     

黄酒生产过程中生物胺的形成及变化

采用高效液相色谱的方法分析某企业春、秋和冬酿黄酒生产过程中的总生物胺及色胺、组胺、苯乙胺、酪胺、尸胺、腐胺、精胺、亚精胺8种生物胺含量,探讨了黄酒原料及整个发酵生产过程中生物胺形成和分解机制。结果表明,冬酿黄酒中主要的生物胺是腐胺、酪胺和色胺,在整个生产过程中呈现先降低后升高的趋势,其中后酵生物胺含量最高,为186.7 mg/L;春酿、秋酿和冬酿黄酒中前酵阶段生物胺含量差异不明显（P＞0.05）,后酵阶段秋酿黄酒和冬酿黄酒生物胺含量显著高于春酿黄酒（P＜0.05）,煎酒阶段冬酿黄酒生物胺含量显著高于春酿黄酒和秋酿黄酒（P＜0.05）;冬酿和秋酿黄酒中酪胺含量分别为72.11 mg/kg和30.26 mg/kg,以及高含量的腐胺和色胺,具有潜在的食品安全隐患。     

四川区域自然发酵香肠及人工接种牦牛肉发酵香肠中生物胺含量的研究

以四川省10 区域自然发酵香肠及人工接种发酵剂的牦牛肉香肠共21 个样品为研究对象,测定发酵香肠中的生物胺含量。结果发现,21 个发酵香肠样品中均检测到酪胺、亚精胺、精胺、尸胺、腐胺、色胺及组胺,β-苯乙胺均未检出;生物胺总量在57.34～411.12 mg/kg,除采自凉山州西昌的自然发酵牦牛肉香肠和广安的自然发酵猪肉香肠中酪胺含量超过了美国食品及药品管理局（Food and Drug Administration,FDA）规定标准（酪胺含量≤100 mg/kg）,其余均不存在生物胺安全问题。     

六类鱼制品中生物胺的HPLC法测定

针对不同类型的鱼制品建立同时检测腐胺、尸胺、精胺、亚精胺、酪胺、苯乙胺、组胺和色胺8种生物胺含量的高效液相色谱(HPLC)法。应用该方法,测定了干燥制品、油炸制品、烘烤制品、发酵制品、混揉制品以及萃取制品6类鱼干制品中的生物胺含量。结果显示,萃取制品-鱼油中未检测出生物胺,其余5类产品中生物胺含量最高的为发酵制品(73.42~70.59 mg/kg)和混揉制品(55.48~49.88 mg/kg),其次为油炸制品(17.72~14.32 mg/kg),而鱼干制品(5.28~5.17 mg/kg)和烘烤制品(4.75~4.69 mg/kg)中的生物胺含量相对较少;另外,尸胺、组胺、精胺和亚精胺四种生物胺为除萃取制品之外的5类鱼制品中普遍存在的4种生物胺成分;其中尸胺是鱼制品中变化最大、影响最为明显的单体生物胺,检测产品中尸胺含量有利于监控、评判鱼干制品的质量。     

Biogenic amine content of kefir: a fermented dairy product

Kefir is a fermented dairy product. Ten samples of kefir supplied from different manufacturers in Turkey were analyzed for the first time to determine biogenic amine contents using HPLC with benzoyl derivatization. Of the 10 biogenic amines under study, putrescine, cadaverine and spermidine were detected in all samples. Tyramine was detected in all kefir samples except one. Tyramine was the prevailing biogenic amine. Tyramine concentrations of kefir samples changed from non detectable values to 12.8 mg/l. Total biogenic amine contents of kefir samples were between 2.4 and 35.2 mg/l. Concentrations of biogenic amines were far below the allowable limits. pH values of kefir samples were in the range from 4.11 to 4.53; acidities were in the range from 0.652 to 1.047% (as lactic acid, w/v); total dry matters were from 8.88 to 12.00% (w/w); total free amino acid contents were from 0.0070 to 0.0206% (as leucine, w/v). No significant correlations were detected between biogenic amine concentrations and pHs and total dry matter contents. Significant correlations were obtained between biogenic amine concentrations and acidities and total free amino acid contents of kefir samples.     

减盐对东北农家酱中生物胺形成的影响

目的：研究减盐对东北农家酱中生物胺形成的影响。方法：对正常食盐添加量与减盐条件（在正常食盐添加量的基础上分别减少10%、20%、30%、40%）下的东北农家酱中总胺与8 种生物胺（精胺、腐胺、色胺、苯乙胺、尸胺、组胺、酪胺、亚精胺）的含量进行分析,相应地对理化指标（氨基酸态氮、总酸含量）、微生物指标（菌落总数）进行分析,并进行感官品质评分。结果：与正常食盐添加量的对照实验组相比,随着食盐添加量的减少,减盐实验组中除精胺与亚精胺外,总胺与其他生物胺含量均有不同程度的增加,其中尸胺与组胺含量的增加最为明显。同时,减盐实验组中总酸含量、菌落总数及感官品质评分均有不同程度的变化;而氨基酸态氮含量则无明显变化。当减盐实验组中食盐添加量分别减少10%、20%时,总胺及各生物胺的含量无明显增加,且组胺含量分别为58.00、64.32 mg/kg,低于欧盟委员会的建议限量（100 mg/kg）;同时总酸含量、菌落总数无明显增加,但感官品质评分却有所升高。而当减盐实验组中食盐添加量分别减少30%、40%时,总胺及各生物胺含量明显增加,组胺含量分别为103.46、107.42 mg/kg,高于欧盟委员会的建议限量（100 mg/kg）;同时总酸含量、菌落总数明显增加,且感官品质评分则有所降低。结论：减盐东北农家酱生产时其食盐添加量在正常食盐添加量的基础上减少20%左右时比较适宜。     

Biogenic amine content of boza: A traditional cereal-based, fermented Turkish beverage

Boza is a fermented beverage made from millet, maize, wheat or rice. Biogenic amine contents of 10 boza samples from different manufacturers in Turkey were analysed for the first time, using HPLC after derivatisation with benzoyl chloride. Of the 11 biogenic amines under study, putrescine, spermidine and tyramine were detected in all boza samples. Tyramine was the prevailing biogenic amine. Tyramine concentrations of boza samples were between 13 and 65 mg/kg. Total biogenic amine contents of boza samples were between 25 and 69 mg/kg. Consequently, consumption of boza might represent a health risk for patients being treated with drugs containing monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI). The pH values of boza samples were in the range from 3.16 to 4.02; total dry matters were from 15.3% to 31.1% (w/w); protein contents were from 0.50% to 0.99% (w/w). No significant correlations were detected between biogenic amine concentrations and pH, protein content and total dry matter content.     

不同发酵豆制品中生物胺调查分析

目的 调查腐乳、豆酱和豆豉3类豆制品中生物胺含量, 初步了解发酵豆制品中生物胺存在情况。方法 参照GB 5009.208-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中生物胺的测定》, 采用高效液相色谱法测定6种腐乳、3种豆酱、6种豆豉中的生物胺含量。结果 腐乳中的生物胺含量明显超出另两类, 其总生物胺平均含量达472.35 mg/kg; 豆酱略高于豆豉, 分别为196.77 mg/kg和171.46 mg/kg。腐乳、豆豉和豆酱样品中含量最高的生物胺均是酪胺, 腐乳样品中居其次的是腐胺, 豆豉和豆酱样品中是章鱼胺, 3种品种样品亚精胺和精胺含量均较少。结论 从整体而言, 3类发酵豆制品生物胺含量在安全范围内。     

Changes in the microbiological and chemical characteristics of an artisanal Turkish white cheese during ripening

Changes in the physico-chemical and microbiological properties of artisanal Turkish White cheese were studied throughout 105 days of ripening. Total solid, fat in solid, titratable acidity, pH, salt in total solid, total nitrogen, water-soluble nitrogen, ripening index, amino acids and biogenic amines were determined. Also, the counts of lactic acid bacteria, yeast, moulds and coliforms were done. Biogenic amines in cheeses were tyramine, histamine and phenyletylamine while tryptamine was the only detected at the beginning of maturation at the low concentration. Tyramine content increased during ripening reaching, 12.36 mg/kg at 75 days. A significant correlation could not be found (P>0.05) between microorganisms and biogenic amines. Data points represent averages of three experiments.     

Biogenic Amines Formation in Fish Sauce Prepared from Fresh and Temperature-abused Indian Anchovy (Stolephorus indicus)

ABSTRACT: The formation of biogenic amines in fish sauce made from fresh and temperature-abused (left at 35°C for 8 and 16 h) Indian anchovy ( Stolephorus indicus ) was investigated. Histamine, cadaverine, putrescine, and tyramine were the predominant biogenic amines found in anchovy left at 35°C for 16 h and its fish sauce product. Changes of biogenic amines were subtle during the course of fermentation at room temperature (RT) and at 40°C, suggesting that the main source of biogenic amines was associated with raw material, rather than with the fermentation process. Soluble peptide and total nitrogen of fish sauce prepared from temperature-abused anchovy were higher at the initial stage of fermentation at RT and 40°C and became comparable to those prepared from fresh anchovy at the end of fermentation. Total free amino acid contents of samples fermented at RT for 52 wk (7208.3 to 8473.6 mg/100 mL) were higher than those fermented at 40°C for 13 wk (4560.9 to 5730.9 mg/100 mL). Fish sauce prepared from temperature-abused anchovy contained less free histidine and arginine. Fish sauce of a good quality was obtained using fresh anchovy fermented at RT. Besides total nitrogen content, biogenic amines should be considered as quality indicators of fish sauce.     

冰温发酵鳜鱼对鱼肉滋味及其生物胺含量的影响

以新鲜鳜鱼为原料,分别在冰温带(-2.5～0℃)和10℃条件下进行低盐自然发酵,研究冰温发酵鳜鱼相对于10℃发酵鱼肉滋味及鱼肉中生物胺含量的变化.分别测定2组发酵鱼肉呈味核苷酸、游离氨基酸、生物胺、pH、微生物、总挥发性盐基氮(total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N)等指标,结果表明,冰...     

青稞酒发酵过程中生物胺动态变化

对青稞酒发酵过程中生物胺的动态变化规律进行研究。利用氨基酸自动分析液相色谱法测定青稞酒不同发酵阶段中7种生物胺的含量,来评价发酵环境以及控制合理发酵过程和发酵终产物的质量。结果表明：青稞原料中不含组胺,但是青稞酒醅及成品青稞酒中都含有组胺。传统发酵和多菌种发酵两种发酵方式青稞酒的生物胺含量变化规律是：腐胺及胍丁胺的含量变化随着发酵的进行呈下降趋势;组胺及酪胺的含量随发酵进程逐渐上升,尤其是酪胺,上升趋势明显,多菌种发酵由2.98μg/g上升至5.36μg/g,传统发酵由5.97μg/g 上升至11.67μg/g。其余各种生物胺含量变化不明显,发酵过程的生物胺总量变化也不显著。本实验检测的青稞酒醅中的生物胺总量范围在53.44～72.56μg/g,不存在生物胺安全问题。     

BIOGENIC AMINES IN FINNISH DRY SAUSAGES

A study was conducted to determine the biogenic amine levels of Finnish dry sausages and to compare the results with those of other surveys of different types of fermented sausages. Sausages with high amine concentration were analyzed microbiologically in order to identify amine-producing microorganisms. Tyramine was the most common amine: the mean of 68 samples was 82 mg/kg and the mode 110 mg/kg. Other vasoactive amines found were histamine (<1–200 mg/kg), phenylethylamine (<1–48 mg/kg) and tryptamine (<10–91 mg/kg). Increased amounts of the spoilage indicator amines putrescine and cadaverine were found from most of the samples containing vasoactive amines. The formation of amines can be linked with problem(s) in hygienic conditions of raw materials and manufacturing practices and it is thus proposed that the sum of tyramine, histamine, putrescine and cadaverine could serve as an indicator of quality in fermented meat products.