食品中展青霉素脱除方法研究进展

展青霉素由多种真菌产生,毒性极强,广泛存在于水果及其制品中,并通过食物链在人体富集,严重危害人类健康。本文综述了近年来物理、化学和生物方法去除和降解食品中展青霉素的研究进展,并对降解产物及其安全性进行了探讨。     

苹果及其制品中展青霉素生物防治研究进展

展青霉素是一种由真菌产生的次级代谢产物,普遍存在于腐烂的蔬菜、水果中,特别是苹果及其制品中。展青霉素具有广泛的生理及细胞毒性,对人的健康和安全构成了严重的威胁。近年来,采用生物防治方法控制苹果及其制品中展青霉素的污染已成为国际学术界研究的热点。本文综述生物防治方法控制苹果及其制品中展青霉素的研究进展,并论述展青霉素的生物防治机制,为推动生物防治方法在展青霉素控制方面的应用提供参考。     

高效液相色谱和液相色谱串联质谱技术在检测苹果制品中展青霉素的研究进展

展青霉素是一种有害的真菌毒素代谢物,主要对人类的中枢神经系统造成影响,且对消化系统和肾脏也造成不同程度的毒害影响。展青霉素在食品中的污染是世界各地普遍存在的问题,尤其在苹果汁、苹果脯、苹果蜜饯、苹果酱等食物中。考虑到它的毒性和广泛性,很多管理机构对食品基体中展青霉素的含量做出了严格的限制。因此控制展青霉素污染对于保障食品安全具有重要意义。目前液相色谱技术是苹果制品中展青霉素的主要检测方法。本文系统地总结了检测苹果制品中展青霉素的前处理方法,并综述了高效液相色谱和液相色谱联用质谱技术在苹果制品中展青霉素检测的最新研究进展。     

拮抗酵母菌复合保鲜技术在果蔬保鲜中的应用研究进展

拮抗酵母菌复合保鲜技术是一种有效的新型果蔬保鲜技术,通过拮抗酵母菌与低浓度的添加剂或诱导剂联合使用可以实现对水果、蔬菜中病原菌的有效防控。该技术不仅克服了单独使用拮抗酵母菌易受环境因素影响、对病原菌控制效果局限等缺陷,而且减少了添加剂或诱导剂等带来的果蔬残留问题,在增强拮抗酵母菌抑菌效果的同时降低了拮抗酵母菌的用量,有效实现安全性能高、抗菌谱广、保鲜成本低等特性,在新鲜果蔬贮藏保鲜领域有着广阔的应用前景。本文概述了拮抗酵母菌复合保鲜技术的保鲜机制、拮抗酵母菌复合保鲜技术在新鲜果蔬贮藏保鲜中的应用研究进展,重点介绍了目前拮抗酵母菌与化学杀菌剂、物理方法、化学盐类、生物保鲜剂联合使用的应用情况,并对其在该领域的发展进行了展望。     

食品中展青霉素的研究进展

展青霉素是由曲霉菌和青霉菌等真菌产生的次级代谢产物, 是广泛存在于水果(特别是霉变水果)、水果制品(果汁、果酱、果脯等)及谷物等食品中的天然污染物, 可以通过食物摄取的方法进入机体。展青霉素不仅具有免疫毒性和致畸性, 而且对人体多种器官都有毒害作用。展青霉素污染的食品(尤其是水果及水果制品)不仅会对人类健康造成严重的威胁, 而且会严重危害我国经济和食品加工业的发展。为了探讨食品中展青霉素的研究进展, 本文主要从展青霉素的基本性质、毒性与危害、检测方法和脱除方法等部分进行论述, 以期为展青霉素的毒性研究提供的理论参考。     

山东省部分水果及制品中展青霉素污染调查分析

山东省部分水果及制品中展青霉素污染调查分析宋家玉，邢金川，林艺山东省卫生防疫站（２５００１４）吴南，王玉华中国预防医科院营养与食品卫生研究所（１０００５０）１９９Ｏ年２月至１９９３年５月我们用ＴＬＣ法￣［１］进行了苹果、山楂等制品中展青霉素（Ｐａｔｕ...     

液相色谱串联质谱法测定混合果酱中展青霉素含量

目的建立混合果酱中展青霉素含量测定的液相色谱串联质谱方法。方法样品用乙腈提取,MAX固相萃取柱净化,用液相色谱串联质谱进行检测。结果展青霉素在0.5～100.0ng/mL范围内线性关系良好,相关系数大于0.999,回收率为95.2%～105.8%,相对标准偏差为3.14%～4.98%,检出限为0.1μg/kg,定量限为0.3μg/kg。结论该方法准确、可靠,快速、灵敏度高,可为混合果酱的质量控制提供检测依据,同时满足我国GB 2761-2011对水果制品中展青霉素残留量的检测要求。     

水果及其制品中展青霉素的研究进展

展青霉素是一种毒性极强的真菌毒素,广泛存在于水果及其制品中,严重危害人类健康。本文综述了近年来水果及其制品中的展青霉素的研究进展,介绍了展青霉素的相关性质,分析了展青霉素的生物合成及降解机制,并论述了展青霉素的检测方法及相关微生物对展青霉素的脱除效果。     

食品中展青霉素的研究进展

展青霉素作为一种广泛存在的、对人和动物健康有害的真菌毒素,是水果及其制品、谷物等食品中的天然污染物,尤其存在于变质的苹果及其制品中。研究表明,展青霉素具有致癌性、致畸性、致突变性、免疫毒性、生殖毒性等多种危害。目前关于展青霉素的脱除技术主要分为物理学方法、化学方法、生物学方法三类。将通过对展青霉素污染状况、生物毒性及脱除技术的研究进展进行综述,为后续深入研究提供理论依据。     

食品中展青霉素的产生机制及污染防控策略

展青霉素是由真菌产生的一种聚酮类次级代谢产物,是污染水果及其加工制品的最重要的真菌毒素之一。食品中污染的展青霉素主要由扩展青霉(Penicillium expansum)产生。P. expansum是常见大宗和特色果品的主要采后病原菌,其在引起果实腐烂的同时产生大量的展青霉素,伴随鲜食流通和加工过程进入食物链,危害消费者的健康。展青霉素可侵害人和动物的多个器官,引起急性和慢性症状。由展青霉素污染引起的食品安全问题越来越得到重视,展青霉素的相关研究逐渐成为热点。对展青霉素的产生和调控机制研究进行了系统的总结,介绍了展青霉素生物合成基因簇的组成,生物合成途径中不同步骤的催化酶,展青霉素生物合成和中间产物转运的分子路径；从合成途径特异性调控因子,光、pH值、碳源、硫源等环境信号-全局性调控因子,以及参与组蛋白甲基化和乙酰化修饰的表观遗传因子等不同层次归纳了展青霉素生物合成的复杂调控网络。从源头防控和直接脱除2个方面阐述了食品中展青霉素污染的防控策略,分别概述了基于物理、化学和生物原理的主要防控技术,并讨论了不同防控策略的优缺点。最后,讨论了展青霉素产生机制研究与污染防控技术研发的关系,并指出绿色、安全的生物防控技术是控制展青霉素污染的未来方向。     

Determination and the hygienic-toxicologic significance of patulin in fruit and fruit products]

The combination of extracting, chromatographic and fluorescence densitometric steps permits to determine patulin in fruits and fruit products with great precision and sensitivity. The limit of detection is 10 microgram/kg; the recovery rates range from 86 to 92% with a variation coefficient lying between 5.6 and 13.6%. Interferences due to patulin-simulating substances are widely excluded. Patulin concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 42 mg/kg were found in the brown-rotten portions of apples. Juices domestically prepared from healthy fruits and fruits rid of rotten portions, respectively, contained no patulin. On the contrary, patulin concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 0.3 mg/l were observed in commercial apple juices. As to products with subsequent mould infection, patulin values up to 50 mg/l were found in apple juices, and up to 0.4 mg/kg in peach preserves. In a further 24 commercial fruit and vegetable juices, patulin was not detectable even not in cider, in cereals which had gone mouldy spontaneously, and in bread samples. The fruits and fruit products were analysed not only for patulin, but also for aflatoxin and ochratoxin; the latter two, however, were found in none of the samples examined. The possibilities of manufacturing patulin-free products are discussed.     

棒曲霉素的生物合成、调控机制及其控制技术研究进展

棒曲霉素(patulin)是一种真菌的次生代谢产物。它对人和动物具有急性和慢性毒性,是污染水果及其加工制品的最重要的真菌毒素之一。食品中的棒曲霉素污染是一个全球性的问题,受到世界各国的关注,100多个国家和地区对果汁等水果加工制品中棒曲霉素的最高含量做了限定。棒曲霉素主要由青霉属、曲霉属、拟青霉属和丝衣霉属中的部分真菌产生。其中,扩展青霉(Penicillium expansum)是生产上棒曲霉素最重要的产生菌,因此成为研究棒曲霉素生物合成和调控机制的模式材料。近年来,随着食品安全问题越来越被人们重视,水果及其加工制品的真菌毒素污染问题也受到越来越多的关注,相关领域的研究逐渐成为热点。本文主要阐述了棒曲霉素的生物合成途径、分子基础、内外源调控因子和分子调控机制以及控制技术等方面的最新研究进展,并展望了棒曲霉素相关研究未来的重点。     

Reducing patulin contamination in apple juice by using inactive yeast

The mycotoxin, patulin (4-hydroxy-4H-furo[3,2c]pyran-2[6H]-one), is a secondary metabolite produced mainly in rotten parts of fruits and vegetables, most notably apples and apple products, by a wide range of fungal species in the genera Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Byssochlamys. Due to its mutagenic and teratogenic nature and possible health risks to consumers, many countries have regulations to reduce levels of patulin in apple products. In the present study, reduction of patulin contamination in apple juice by using 10 different inactivated yeast strains was assessed. Our results indicated that nearly twofold differences in biomass existed among the 10 yeast strains. Eight of the 10 inactivated yeast strains could provide >50% patulin reduction in apple juice within 24 h, with the highest reduction rate being >72%. Furthermore, juice quality parameters, i.e., degrees Brix, total sugar, titratable acidity, color value, and clarity, of the treated apple juice were very similar to those of the untreated patulin-free juice. Potential applications of using inactivated yeast strain for patulin control are also discussed.     

Effect of microbial biocontrol agents on alleviating oxidative damage of peach fruit subjected to fungal pathogen

Levels of protein carbonylation in peach fruits inoculated with four antagonistic yeasts (Pichia membranaefaciens, Cryptococcus laurentii, Candida guilliermondii and Rhodotorula glutinis) were significantly reduced in response to reactive oxygen species (ROS) caused by Monilinia fructicola. In control fruit without yeast treatments, proteins carbonylation obviously increased after inoculation with M. fructicola, ranging from molecular mass 20 to 120 kDa. However, in yeast-treated fruits, no proteins carbonylation was detected at 1 d, only a small quantity of carbonylation ranging from 28.5 to 45 kDa was found at 2 d. Antagonistic yeasts significantly stimulated the activities of chitinase, beta-1,3-glucanase, catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and the expressions of relevant genes during all storage periods. These results suggest that yeast treatments may be related to alleviating proteins carbonylation and mitigating pathogen-induced oxidative damage, which result in decrease of fruit decay and imply that antioxidant defense response may be involved in the mechanisms of microbial biocontrol agents against fungal pathogen.     

拟粉红锁掷孢酵母降解展青霉素的机制

展青霉素(PAT)是一类主要由曲霉属和青霉属等真菌产生的有毒次级代谢产物,主要污染水果及其制品,严重威胁着人类的健康。为了寻找一种安全高效的PAT脱毒方法,近年来采用生物法清除PAT已成为主要的研究方向。作者研究了拟粉红锁掷孢酵母(Sporidiobolus pararoseus)对PAT降解的影响及其降解机制。结果显示,S.pararoseus可以显著降低苹果伤口处PAT的积累量,体外实验发现S.pararoseus与PAT(5μg/mL)共同培养18 h,PAT可以被S.pararoseus完全降解。S.pararoseus对PAT的降解作用既不是酵母细胞壁的吸附作用,也不是细胞的吸收作用,而是细胞正常代谢下产生的胞内酶对PAT具有降解作用。本研究有助于了解S.pararoseus降解PAT的作用机制,为真菌毒素的生物降解提供了新的理论依据。     

Saccharomyces cerevisiae YE‐7 reduces the risk of apple blue mold disease by inhibiting the fungal incidence and patulin biosynthesis

The yeast strain, Saccharomyces cerevisiae YE‐7, was tested to control the apple blue mold disease caused by Penicillium expansum and the accumulation of patulin mycotoxin. Compared with control, pre‐treatment of pathogen‐infected apples with YE‐7 significantly reduced the incidence of blue mold diseases and patulin accumulation in rotten apple tissue by 48% and 42.6%, respectively. Interestingly, late treatment of pathogen‐infected apples with YE‐7 did not decrease patulin accumulation in the rotten tissue compared with pre‐treatment or simultaneous‐treatment. Independently, patulin amount and gene expression of isoepoxydon dehydrogenase were also measured. YE‐7 pre‐treated apples showed 75% and four times reduction in patulin accumulation and IDH gene expression, respectively. The results indicated that YE‐7 directly affected patulin biosynthesis and did not affect accumulated patulin. On the other hand, cold storage enhanced the effect of YE‐7 on apple blue mold disease incidence.

Practical applications

Postharvest blue mold decay caused by Penicillium expansum was important postharvest disease of apples. In addition, under favorable conditions, P. expansum can cause severe losses in apple fruits due to the production of patulin. In this study, a strain of S. cerevisiae (YE‐7) was assessed for its efficacy not only in controlling apple blue mold diseases, but also in reducing patulin accumulation in fruit tissue. The research will give a practical way to control the decay in a bio‐control way instead of the chemical.     

展青霉素检测方法的研究进展

展青霉素是由部分曲霉、青霉产生的有毒的代谢产物,主要污染水果及其制品。对目前常见的展青霉素的检测方法薄层色谱法、气-质相联机色谱法、液相色谱法、免疫学检测方法进行了综述,讨论了4种方法的优缺点,指出免疫检测方法是检测展青霉素的发展方向。     

Review: Utilization of antagonistic yeasts to manage postharvest fungal diseases of fruit

Significant losses in harvested fruit can be directly attributable to decay fungi. Some of these pathogenic fungi are also the source of mycotoxins that are harmful to humans. Biological control of postharvest decay of fruits, vegetables and grains using antagonistic yeasts has been explored as one of several promising alternatives to chemical fungicides, the use of which is facing increasingly more stringent regulation. Yeast species have been isolated over the past two decades from a variety of sources, including fruit surfaces, the phyllosphere, soil and sea water, and their potential as postharvest biocontrol agents has been investigated. Several mechanisms have been proposed as responsible for their antagonistic activity, including competition for nutrients and space, parasitism of the pathogen, secretion of antifungal compounds, induction of host resistance, biofilm formation, and most recently, the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in defense response. It has been recognized that a biocontrol system is composed of a three-way interaction between the host (commodity), the pathogen and the yeast, all of which are affected by environmental factors. Efficacy and consistent performance in controlling postharvest diseases are the hurdles that must be overcome if the use of yeast biocontrol agents and other alternatives are to be widely used commercially. Therefore, attempts have been made to combine alternative treatments in order improve their overall performance. The current review provides a brief overview of the topic of the use of yeasts as postharvest biocontrol agents and includes information on the sources from which yeast antagonists have been isolated, their mode of action, and abiotic stress resistance in yeast as it relates to biocontrol performance. Areas in need of future research are also highlighted.