Gamma-oryzanol content,phenolic acid profiles and antioxidant activity of rice milling fractions

This study was aimed to determine γ-oryzanol content and total phenolics, individual phenolic acid profile and the antioxidant activity of the free and bound extracts of rice milling fractions namely, brown rice, unpolished rice, white rice, chalky rice, raw seed and rice bran. Gamma-oryzanol content of milling fractions which is designated with a simple chromatographic method was in the range of 12.19–3,296.5 mg/kg. The whitening and polishing steps reduced approximately 94% of γ-oryzanol of the brown rice when becoming the white rice. The contribution of bound phenolics to the total phenolic content was approximately 40%. Ferulic and p-coumaric acids were the most abundant phenolic acids in bound phenolic extracts and their amounts were 119.98 and 18.10 μg/g, respectively, in rice bran. The best source of γ-oryzanol, phenolics and antioxidants was clearly rice bran and followed by raw seed and brown rice.     

Phenolic Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Extracts Prepared from Fermented Heat‐Stabilized Defatted Rice Bran

Heat‐stabilized, defatted rice bran (HDRB) serves as a potential source of phenolic compounds which have numerous purported health benefits. An estimated 70% of phenolics present in rice bran are esterified to the arabinoxylan residues of the cell walls. Release of such compounds could provide a value‐added application for HDRB. The objective of this study was to extract and quantify phenolics from HDRB using fermentation technology. Out of 8 organisms selected for rice bran fermentation, Bacillus subtilis subspecies subtilis had the maximum phenolic release of 26.8 mg ferulic acid equivalents (FAE) per gram HDRB. Response surface methodology was used to further optimize the release of rice bran phenolics. An optimum of 28.6 mg FAE/g rice bran was predicted at 168 h, 0.01% inoculation level, and 100 mg HDRB/mL. Fermentation of HDRB for 96 h with B. subtilis subspecies subtilis resulted in a significant increase in phenolic yield, phenolic concentration, and radical scavenging capacity. Fermented rice bran had 4.86 mg gentistic acid, 1.38 mg caffeic acid, 6.03 mg syringic acid, 19.02 mg (‐)‐epicatechin, 4.08 mg p‐courmaric acid, 4.64 mg ferulic acid, 10.04 mg sinapic acid, and 17.59 mg benzoic acid per 100 g fermented extract compared to 0.65 mg p‐courmaric acid and 0.36 mg ferulic acid per 100 g nonfermented extract. The high phenolic content and antioxidant activity of fermented HDRB extract indicates that rice bran fermentation under optimized condition is a potential means of meeting the demand for an effective and affordable antioxidant.     

乳酸菌发酵对脱脂米糠营养成分的影响

为建立脱脂米糠复合乳酸菌半固态发酵的工艺条件,明确脱脂米糠在发酵前、后营养特性的变化,以乳酸菌降糖和释放酚能力为考察指标,筛选最优复合菌种,结果以嗜酸乳杆菌和植物乳杆菌组成的复合菌种的降糖和释放酚能力最高。采用单因素试验优化的复合乳酸菌发酵脱脂米糠的工艺条件:复合菌株添加量5.0%,菌种配比1∶1,发酵温度35℃,发酵时间36 h。与未发酵米糠相比,发酵米糠中可溶性固形物、碳水化合物、可溶性膳食纤维、蛋白和可溶性总酚含量分别提高了31.42%,21.82%,112.21%,65.54%和37.14%(P<0.05)。此外,乳酸菌发酵使米糠提取物中的必需氨基酸含量提高了21.23%,其中异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、苯丙氨酸和缬氨酸含量分别提高了47.18%,49.78%,13.73%,9.0%,75.26%,24.06%(P<0.05)。同时,发酵米糠提取物的必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸比值(EAA/NEAA)为0.48,其必需氨基酸的比值系数分数(SRC)值更接近100。试验结果表明,乳酸菌发酵显著改善了脱脂米糠的营养价值。本研究结果可为脱脂米糠高值生物转化利用提供指导。     

Effect of fermentation by Bacillus subtilis on antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of black rice bran

Black rice bran was fermented with Bacillus subtilis KU3 isolated from Korean traditional food, Kimchi. Antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of the fermented black rice bran were investigated. Total phenolic and anthocyanin contents decreased from 171.54 mg GAE g^?1 and 2.31 mg g^?1 to 139.13 mg GAE g^?1 and 2.12 mg g^?1, respectively, after fermentation. Antioxidant activities determined by 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, β‐carotene bleaching and ferric thiocyanate assay were correlated with total phenolic and anthocyanin contents. Non‐fermented black rice bran extract (NFBE) showed greater antioxidant activities than fermented black rice bran extract (FBE). Cytotoxic activities measured by MTT assay showed that both NFBE and FBE had over 50% activities. The cytotoxic activities of FBE against MCF‐7 and HeLa cells were 71.65% and 68.07%, respectively, at 8.0 mg mL^?1, but those of NFBE were lower than 50%. These results suggested that the cytotoxic activity of black rice bran improved through fermentation, while antioxidant activity reduced.     

发芽糙米酸奶发酵特性研究

论文以发芽糙米和奶粉为主要原料,发芽糙米经液化、糖化、乳酸发酵等工艺,研究添加了发芽糙米对酸奶的发酵特性以及品质的影响。实验结果表明:在配方为发芽糙米用量10%,脱脂酸奶的用量15%,食用蔗糖3%,酸奶接种量5%,发酵温度42℃,发酵时间为11h时,含菌量是对照的5倍,达到4.1×108cfu/mL,乳酸菌含量比对照组增加了5倍之多且风味良好,说明发芽糙米具有一定的益菌作用,发芽糙米酸奶具有一定的开发价值。     

Effect of fermentation metabolites on rheological and sensory properties of fermented rice noodles

BACKGROUND: Considering the effect of natural fermentation on the textural improvement of fermented rice noodles in China and South Asia, and given the lack of reports concerning the roles of fermentation metabolites (enzymes, organic acids, glucose and maltose), this study aims to determine fermentation metabolites produced during fermentation of raw milled rice grains, and investigate their effects on rheological and sensory properties of rice noodles. RESULTS: α‐Amylase activity was correlated with reducing sugar content significantly in the supernatant during fermentation process (r = 0.76, P < 0.05). Lactic acid was the dominant organic acid produced by fermentation. Protein and lipid content decreased significantly by fermentation. Treating the rice grains with trypsin, lipase or lactic acid could modify the rheological characteristics and improve the sensory properties of rice noodles. Removal of protein and lipid by physical extraction confirmed the results. The residue of glucose and maltose in rice flour weakened the noodle texture. CONCLUSIONS: Fermentation of raw milled rice decreased protein and lipid content, increased the purity of rice starch, and thus improved the texture of fermented rice noodles. The low molecule weight sugars produced during fermentation should be removed for their negative effect on texture. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同加工方式对米糠可溶性膳食纤维结构和抗氧化活性的影响

该研究以米糠为原料,分别采用挤压膨化、米根霉发酵及发酵-挤压膨化技术处理制备米糠可溶性膳食纤维（Soluble Dietary Fiber,SDF）,分析其SDF的微观结构、吸收峰特征、分子量和单糖组成,并进行抗氧化活性评价。结果表明,3种加工方式均显著增加了SDF含量,较未处理的SDF分别提高了51.49%、108.63%、118.15%;经加工处理后的米糠SDF的微观结构更为疏松多孔且分子量更低;4种米糠SDF具有相似的特征吸收峰,但其吸收峰强度存在一定差异。与未处理的米糠SDF相比,米根霉发酵及其联合挤压膨化处理的米糠SDF出现岩藻糖结构片段,且其鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、木糖、甘露糖和半乳糖含量比例更高,而经挤压膨化处理后其葡萄糖含量更高;此外,挤压膨化和发酵的米糠SDF具有更高抗氧化活性,但二者联合处理的SDF抗氧化活性无显著差异。综合比较发现经三种加工处理的米糠SDF具有显著的结构差异及增强抗氧化活性能力,其中发酵处理对米糠SDF的影响最显著,该研究对开发米糠加工新工艺以制备高活性米糠SDF具有指导意义。     

Evaluation of antioxidant activities and phenolic subtype contents of ethanolic bran extracts of Thai pigmented rice varieties through chemical and cellular assays

This study revealed that the ethanolic bran extracts of 11 Thai pigmented (red and purple) and 2 nonpigmented rice varieties exerted scavenging activity against DPPH and ABTS radicals and ROS in HL‐60 cells in the following order: red > purple > nonpigmented rice. These rice extracts also showed the same order of phenolic and flavonoid contents, which were strongly correlated with their scavenging activity. Phenolic subtype analysis further indicated that proanthocyanidins as well as anthocyanins and protocatechuic acid contributed directly to antioxidant capacity in red and purple rice bran, respectively. In contrast, these pigmented rice bran extracts possessed moderate chelating activity partly attributed to their contents of phenolics and flavonoids, especially proanthocyanidins in red rice bran. Moreover, rice bran extracts significantly restored SOD and CAT activities in oxidative stress‐induced A549 cells. This study provides new insights on the intracellular potent antioxidant capacity of pigmented rice bran extracts in the cell‐based systems.     

Phytochemicals and antioxidant capacities in rice brans of different color

Rice bran, a byproduct of the rice milling process, contains most of the phytochemicals. This study aimed at determining the concentrations of lipophilic, solvent-extractable (free), and cell wall-bound (bound) phytochemicals and their antioxidant capacities from brans of white, light brown, brown, purple, and red colors, and broccoli and blueberry for comparison. The concentrations of lipophilic antioxidants of vitamin E (tocopherol and tocotrienols) and γ-oryzanols were 319.67 to 443.73 and 3861.93 to 5911.12 μg/g bran dry weight (DW), respectively, and were not associated with bran color. The total phenolic, total flavonoid, and antioxidant capacities of ORAC (oxygen radical absorbance capacity), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging, and iron-chelating in the free fraction were correlated with the intensity of bran color, while variations of these in the bound fraction were less than those in the free fraction among brans. Compounds in the bound fraction had higher antioxidant capacity of ORAC than DPPH, relative to those in the free fraction. The bound fraction of light-color brans contributed as much to its total ORAC as the free fraction. Total proanthocyanidin concentration was the highest in red rice bran, while total anthocyanin was highest in purple brans. The predominant anthocyanin was cyanidin-3-glucoside. Red and purple brans had several fold higher total phenolics and flavonoids as well as ORAC and DPPH, from both free and bound fractions, than freeze-dried blueberry and broccoli. These results indicate that rice brans are natural sources of hydrophilic and lipophilic phytochemicals for use in quality control of various food systems as well as for nutraceutical and functional food application.     

过热蒸汽处理对米糠营养性质和储藏稳定性的影响

采用120~160℃的过热蒸汽(SS)处理米糠1~5 min,以脂肪酶活性为指标,选取钝化脂肪酶效果好的米糠样品,以原米糠为对照,考察SS处理对米糠的营养性质(总酚含量、总抗氧化性、酚酸组成变化、α-生育酚含量、γ-谷维素含量)和储藏稳定性(脂肪酸值、过氧化值、羰基值)的影响。结果表明:经120,130,140,150,160℃的SS分别处理4,4,3,3 min和2 min后米糠脂肪酶活性不再发生显著变化,此时的米糠称为最佳钝酶点米糠,其脂肪酶活性分别降至30.99%~13.41%。与原米糠相比,最佳钝酶点米糠的总酚含量、总抗氧化性、总酚酸含量显著提高,且主要贡献为阿魏酸和对羟基苯甲酸的显著增加;α-生育酚和γ-谷维素含量无显著降低。SS处理显著提高了米糠的稳定性,在第25周时,最佳钝酶点米糠的脂肪酸值、过氧化值、羰基值分别只有BR的36.0%~21.9%、50.0%~44.3%、30.3%~22.1%,有效延长了米糠储藏期。综合考虑米糠营养性质和储藏稳定性,在130℃,4 min处理条件下获得的米糠最佳。     

Rice kernel phenolic content and its relationship with antiradical efficiency

Plant phenolics exert beneficial effects on human health and may also prevent oxidative deterioration of food. Two field experiments were carried out for characterising phenolics in rice. The first assay was conducted in 1999 and 2000 in Beaumont, TX and included five light‐brown, two purple and 10 red pericarp coloured cultivars. ‘Bran colour’ was highly statistically significant for both bran phenolic concentration and antiradical efficiency (p < 0.001). ‘Year’ and its interaction with bran colour were not significant for the analysed traits, suggesting that seasonal differences and their interactions may not affect phenolic content or antiradical efficiency. The accessions ranged from 3.1 to 45.4 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) g^?1 bran and from 10.0 to 345.3 µM trolox equivalents (TE) g^?1 bran for total phenolic content and antiradical efficiency respectively. The light‐brown bran genotypes exhibited the lowest values for phenolic content and antiradical efficiency, whereas red bran ones displayed ca 10 times higher total phenolic content and more than 50 times higher tannin content than light‐brown ones. The two purple lines showed either low or high values for the studied traits. Antiradical efficiency of rice bran extracts was highly positively correlated with total phenolic content (r = 0.99***), suggesting that phenolics are the main compounds responsible for the free radical‐scavenging activity in rice bran extracts. In the second field experiment (Stuttgart, AR, 2001 and Beaumont, TX, 2000), 133 coloured rice cultivars were analysed for total phenolic content in whole grain. The accessions showed a large variation for total phenolics, ranging from 0.69 to 2.74 mg GAE g^?1 grain. The data confirmed previous results suggesting bran colour as the main factor affecting phenolic concentration in rice kernel and seasonal effects and their interactions as not significant. The results also confirm that within red and purple bran groups can be found the highest phenolic concentrations in rice kernel. Published in 2004 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

米糠贮藏时间对米糠可溶性膳食纤维抗氧化性质的影响

以新鲜米糠为原料贮藏0、1、3、5、10 d得到不同酸败程度的米糠,稳定化和脱脂后制备米糠可溶性膳食纤维,研究米糠贮藏时间对米糠可溶性膳食纤维抗氧化性质的影响。结果表明:随着新鲜米糠贮藏时间的延长,米糠可溶性膳食纤维的还原能力、金属离子螯合能力和清除ABTS~+·、DPPH·、·OH、O_2~-·能力均先上升后下降;米糠可溶性膳食纤维还原能力、金属离子螯合能力和清除ABTS~+·、DPPH·、·OH在新鲜米糠贮藏5 d时达到最大值,分别为0.943(OD_(700))、35.16%、32.28%、73.51%和13.83%,米糠可溶性膳食纤维清除O_2~-·能力在新鲜米糠贮藏1 d达到最大值,为60.58%。     

预糖化米酒发酵工艺研究

针对传统米酒发酵工艺的创新升级以及大罐发酵的需求,对米酒发酵过程大米熟料与生料预糖化发酵等进行了深入探究。结果表明,原料经过蒸煮糖化后发酵,发酵醪还原糖含量升高至2倍左右,蒸馏液酒精度提升了10.62%,酒精度达到接近峰值的时间提前1～2 d,但是总酸、总酯含量都有所降低;熟料制浆糖化后酒精度进一步提高9.31%,总酯含量提高56.71%,但总酸略有降低;生料粉碎糖化酒精度进一步提升8.61%,但总酯含量相对减少21.47%。生料粉碎糖化发酵节省能源,发酵醪分散均匀、流动性好,在大罐发酵方面有着广阔的应用前景。     

Free phenolic contents and their antioxidant activities of fresh and fermented rice spent water

A new rice milling produces large quantities of a wet byproduct, rice spent water (RSW) containing rice polishings. However, RSW is wasted or destined to undervalued uses. Therefore, the objective of this study was to improve the bioaccessibility of phytochemical phenolics in RSW by means of value-added fermentation process. This study was designed accordingly to compare the methanol-extractable free phenolic contents and their antioxidant activity in fresh and fermented RSW. The results showed that methanol extraction yielded 7 fold higher phenolic contents from the fermented RSW than from the fresh. In addition, the DPPH radical scavenging activity and the reducing power of each RSW equivalent were positively correlated with the methanol-extractable phenolic contents of each equivalent before and after the fermentation, respectively. These data suggest that more insoluble bound phenolic compounds may be freely released in RSW during the fermentation and the bioaccessibility of phytochemical phenolics in RSW may be improved.     

乳酸菌发酵米糠产γ-氨基丁酸最适条件的研究

使用乳酸菌发酵米糠,以菌种、菌种添加量、发酵温度、发酵时间为单因素研究其对米糠发酵液中γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)含量的影响,在最适条件下,采用混料设计法,使用混合乳酸菌发酵米糠,以发酵液中GABA含量为指标,确定乳酸菌发酵米糠的最优条件为:在混合菌种嗜热链球菌S1添加量为1.55%,保加利亚乳杆菌L1添加量为1.45%,50℃下发酵米糠14h,发酵液中GABA含量最高,为287.975mg/100g。     

糙米酵素的发酵工艺

以米糠、糙米为主要原料，配入适量蜂蜜、玉米胚油进行发酵，以功能活性物质——还原型谷胱甘肽为指标，通过正交试验确定糙米酵素发酵培养基的最佳配方和最佳发酵条件。     

Genotypic variation of iron partitioning in rice grain

The present study investigates the variation of Fe concentration and partitioning in different grain tissues, particularly in the endosperm (white rice) among different rice cultivars from diverse genetic backgrounds. Iron concentration ranged from 10 to 20 mg kg^?1 in brown rice and 3–11 mg kg^?1 in white rice. Iron concentration in white rice was not correlated with that in brown rice. Polishing removed 25–84% of Fe from the brown rice, resulting in a low Fe concentration in the white rice and changed the ranking order for Fe concentration among the cultivars tested. Total Fe content in the whole grain including husk (r = 0.28, NS) and total Fe content in brown rice (r = 0.09, NS) was not significantly correlated with Fe concentration in white rice. Iron content in white rice was found to vary between 0.05 and 0.2 µg grain^?1 among cultivars tested, with the highest Fe content in cv. Sakha. Iron concentration in white rice was negatively correlated with total Fe content in the bran fraction, which is lost during the polishing process to produce white rice from brown rice (r = ? 0.82**). The partitioning of Fe between the endosperm and bran seemed to play a key role in achieving high Fe concentration in the white rice. The surface cell layers of the caryopsis appeared to be the main resistance of Fe partitioning into the endosperm (white rice) as there was a significantly negative correlation between Fe concentration in the white rice and Fe content in the bran, which is lost during the polishing process. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

固态发酵对藜麦营养成分、酚类物质含量及抗氧化活性的影响

为筛选可改善藜麦营养成分,提高酚类物质含量及抗氧化活性的固态发酵适宜菌种,为藜麦产品的开发提供理论依据,本文利用植物乳杆菌、酿酒酵母、米根霉、米曲霉和好食脉胞菌对藜麦进行了30和48 h的单菌和混菌固态发酵,分析测定了不同菌种固态发酵对藜麦基本营养成分、酚类物质组成及抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明,固态发酵后,藜麦中淀粉含量由54.61%降至最低为39.32%,不可溶性膳食纤维含量由2.32%降至最低为0.26%,可溶性膳食纤维含量由2.58%升至最高为4.38%。随发酵时间由30 h延长至48 h,藜麦中游离态多酚和黄酮含量分别是未发酵的1.72和1.72倍,结合态多酚和黄酮含量分别是未发酵的2.88和1.84倍。固态发酵后,虽然游离酚粗提液的抗氧化能力和DPPH自由基清除能力有所下降,而藜麦结合酚粗提液的抗氧化能力、DPPH和ABTS+自由基清除能力明显升高（P<0.05）。综上,采用多个菌种混合固态发酵48 h时,藜麦酚类物质的抗氧化活性提高更加明显,其中,植酸乳杆菌、酵母菌、好食脉孢菌混合发酵48 h后,藜麦抗氧化活性较高,是最佳的固态发酵菌种组合。     

发酵麦麸及其面包面团中阿拉伯木聚糖溶解性与酚酸释放研究

将发酵麦麸作为功能配料用于高膳食纤维面包面团制作,采用化学分析、高效液相色谱及离子色谱法分析麦麸发酵、面包制作过程及面包中阿拉伯木聚糖溶解性和酚类化合物释放。结果表明：随着发酵时间延长,麦麸中水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖、游离酚及阿魏酸含量逐渐增加。发酵处理后,麦麸中游离阿拉伯糖、葡萄糖和果糖含量增加,水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖含量显著提高,分支度显著下降（P＜0.05）。面包搅拌、醒发及烘焙过程中,阿拉伯木聚糖不断溶解,酚类化合物持续释放;富含发酵麦麸的面包中水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖含量及分支度更高。模拟肠、胃消化后,富含发酵麦麸的面包中游离酚和阿魏酸含量更高,且吸收效果好。此外,发酵麦麸显著提高了面包的抗氧化活性。     

不同原料的米酒多酚及其抗氧化性能比较

为了更好地了解不同原料对米酒发酵过程中多酚及其抗氧化活性的影响,采用6种大米原料进行甜米酒的传统固态发酵工艺酿制。通过Folin-Ciocalteu法和高效液相色谱分别测定米酒的总多酚含量和主要酚类成分,根据ABTS自由基清除率和铁离子还原力(FRAP)检测米酒的抗氧化活性,并对米酒多酚含量与抗氧化性进行相关性分析,对主要酚类成分进行主成分分析。结果表明,黑米米酒多酚含量最高,为1135.33 mg/L没食子酸当量,而黄米酒中总酚含量最低,仅为144.53 mg/L没食子酸当量。6种原料酿制的米酒之间总酚含量具有显著差异,表明米酒中的多酚可能主要来源于其大米原料。另外,6种大米原料酿制的米酒抗氧化性之间也存在显著差异,相关性分析显示:6种大米原料的米酒的ABTS法和FRAP法抗氧化值与总多酚含量的线性相关系数分别为0.829(P=0.042)和0.886(P=0.019),表明米酒抗氧化性与多酚含量存在一定的相关性。HPLC测定的主要多酚组成显示黑米酒和紫米酒中对羟基苯甲酸和芥子酸含量较高。主成分分析显示黑米和紫米为原料酿制的米酒的多酚组成和含量具有一定差异,并与其余4种米酒差异较大。本研究将为米酒的生物酿制、营养和功能性优化等提供一定的理论和应用依据。