草料自燃防范的研究

近年来兴起的秸秆打包并不能消除其自燃的危险。使用弗-卡模型,测定了不同体积稻麦秸秆的临界温度(Ta,cr);并依据实际状况对弗-卡模型进行了改进,测定了稻麦秸秆的Tc;探讨了含水量以及打包密度对Tc的影响。得出初始含水量13.65%,密度344kg.m-3打包麦秸秆的Tc为66～69℃,最大安全堆砌直径为7.3m;初始含水量15.27%,密度285kg.m-3打包稻秸秆的Tc为83～86℃,最大安全堆砌直径为8.5m的结论。这一研究对草料场的安全管理意义重大。     

Assessment of nutritive value of cereal and legume straws based on chemical composition and in vitro digestibility

The nutritive value of 17 straws was determined on the basis of their chemical composition, in vitro dry matter (DM) digestibility and rumen fermentation kinetics (from gas production curves measured in vitro). Five roughages were from the cereal species Avena sativa (oat), Hordeum vulgare (barley), Secale cereale (rye), Triticum aestivum (wheat) and Zea mays (maize stover). The other 12 samples were legume straws, two samples from each of the species Cicer arietinum (chickpea), Lens culinaris (lentil) and Phaseolus vulgaris (bean) and one sample from each of the species Lathyrus sativus (chickling vetch), Lupinus albus (white lupin), Pisum sativum (field pea), Vicia articulata (one‐flowered vetch), Vicia ervilia (bitter vetch) and Vicia sativa (common vetch). All samples were collected after harvesting from different farms located in León (northwestern Spain). Based on their chemical composition, digestibility and gas production characteristics, species could be clustered into two groups with a significant linkage distance, one for cereal straws that merged at a level of similarity of 80% and the other for legume straws with a degree of similarity of 50%. Species varied widely and significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed between the two groups of straws. Legume straws showed higher crude protein (74 ± 6.1 vs 29 ± 2.2 g kg^?1 DM) and lower fibre (584 ± 18.1 vs 793 ± 27.5 g neutral detergent fibre kg^?1 DM) contents than cereal straws and, consequently, DM digestibility coefficients (0.670 vs 0.609; standard error of difference 0.0054) and metabolisable energy values (7.4 ± 0.15 vs 5.7 ± 0.24 MJ kg^?1 DM) were significantly greater in legume than in cereal straws. Although there were noticeable differences among species within each botanical family, legume straws showed better nutritional quality than cereal straws, indicating that they could be considered promising and interesting sources of roughage for incorporation into ruminant diets. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

水预水解对麦草烧碱法制浆的影响

研究了不同温度、反应时间等条件下的水预水解对麦草后续烧碱法制浆的影响。结果表明：经过预水解后,麦草碱法制浆性能有所提升,蒸煮脱木素率提高,所得浆料的卡伯值下降,黑液残碱量增加。但是,浆料得率有不同程度的降低,黏度略有下降。较佳的预水解条件是：液比1：10,预水解温度140℃,时间30min。     

麦草化肥制浆新工艺研究探讨

麦草化学制浆造纸黑液污染严重,约占总污染物发生量的90%,是造纸污染治理的重中之重。通过对传统麦草化学制浆工艺的研究改进,探索试验使用对生态环境有益的无机化肥(氮磷镁复盐)代替对生态环境有害的钠碱蒸煮麦草、制浆造纸,总结提出了有机麦草+无机化肥的"麦草化肥制浆"新工艺和"三挤两置换"分离提取的无害化黑液+蒸发浓缩+改性复合+喷雾干燥的黑液资源化新技术。实践证明,采用此新工艺技术,不但能消除麦草制浆造纸黒液的污染源,而且可利用联产的无害化黑液制备新型环保肥料,治理荒漠沙化土地。     

麦草化肥法制浆新工艺探讨

通过对传统麦草化学制浆工艺的研究改进,探索试验使用对生态环境有益的无机化肥(氮磷镁复盐)代替钠碱蒸煮麦草制浆造纸,总结提出了有机麦草+无机化肥的"麦草化肥制浆"新工艺和"三挤两置换"分离提取的无害化黑液+蒸发浓缩+改性复合+喷雾干燥的黑液资源化新技术.实践证明,采用此新工艺技术,不但能消除麦草制浆造纸黑液的污染源,而且可利用联产的无害化黑液制备新型环保肥料,治理荒漠沙化土地.     

Nonwoven Production from Waste Rice Straw by Using Enzymatic Method

ABSTRACT

In this study, the nonwoven fabric is produced by rice straws to utilize agricultural organic waste. Rice straws dried after harvest are pretreated with NaOH, pectinase enzyme and wetting agent. Washed and softened fibers are cut at 4–5 cm staple length, blended in carding engine with cotton at 9/1 ratio. By carding band and needle punch process nonwoven fabric is obtained. SEM, EDX and FTIR analyses are applied on the fabric. Product’s inspection verified that pretreatments provided smoothness, removed noncellulosic substances, and decreased hydrophobic structure. Thus, a new nonwoven material to be used in textile is produced.     

Microbial degradation of rice and barley straws in the sheep rumen and the donkey caecum

The chemical composition, intake, digestibility, ultrastructure and microbial degradation of rice straw from Camargue were compared with barley straw. These variables were observed in two different herbivore digestive ecosystems: the sheep rumen and the donkey caecum. The two straws differed essentially in their ash content, which was three times higher in rice, owing to its silica content. Other chemical components were comparable, except a higher phenolic acids‐to‐lignin ratio in rice. Rice straw was better ingested than barley straw. Organic matter and neutral detergent fibre digestibilities were the same in both straws. Dry matter and cell wall disappearances could be adjusted to the exponential modelling equation with lag time, and differed between animals but not between straws. The sheep rumen had a higher extent of degradation, but the donkey caecum had a higher degradation rate. Statistical analysis revealed that cell‐wall components degradation was similar in the two straws except for ferulic acid, which was more degraded in rice straw. Scanning electron microscopy showed important differences in parenchyma degradation, which was much more effective in rice. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

热水预抽提对麦草化机浆性能的影响

在不同温度条件下,对麦草制浆前进行热水预抽提处理,然后制备化学机械浆,探讨热水预抽提对麦草化机浆浆料性能的影响。研究结果表明:麦草经过热水预抽提后,其化机浆的抗张强度、撕裂度和耐破度均有所提高,碱浸渍段用碱量降低,打浆能耗降低,但纸浆得率有不同程度的下降。     

热水抽提对麦草碱法制浆性能的影响

在麦草蒸煮之前进行热水抽提,将抽提后的麦草与未抽提的麦草在相同反应条件下进行烧碱–蒽醌法制浆,探讨热水抽提对麦草碱法制浆后浆料性能的影响。热水抽提后麦草的制浆结果表明:抽提后麦草的蒸煮脱木素率提高,卡伯值下降,但是,浆料得率均有不同程度的降低。经过热水抽提,麦草碱法制浆性能提高,可以降低用碱量,缩短蒸煮保温时间。在本实验条件下,热水抽提的较佳工艺条件为:抽提最高温度140℃,升温时间30min,保温时间60min,液比1:10;后续蒸煮的较佳工艺条件为:用碱量12%(以NaOH计),蒸煮最高温度155℃,升温时间90min,保温时间30min,液比1:5。     

不同秸秆对植烟土壤有机碳矿化和腐殖质组成的影响

针对南方常见的烤烟轮作体系,研究添加不同作物秸秆（烟草、油菜和水稻）后土壤有机碳矿化特征和腐殖物质含量变化,为合理利用烟田废弃物提供理论依据。采用室内恒温培养试验,将3种秸秆分别以覆盖于土壤表层和与土壤混匀2种方式添加,分析不同处理土壤CO₂释放规律、总有机碳（TOC）和腐殖物质含量的变化与相关性。结果表明,以不同方式添加作物秸秆对土壤CO₂释放影响显著,覆盖处理土壤有机碳矿化强度高于混匀处理,达到极显著差异;3种秸秆的添加均能显著提高土壤CO₂释放速率和累积释放量,有机碳矿化强度表现为油菜秸秆 > 烟草秸秆 > 水稻秸秆。经过180 d的培养,添加秸秆的各处理土壤TOC、腐殖物质各组分含量和PQ值显著升高。相关性分析表明,土壤CO₂累积释放量与土壤中TOC、HE（可提取腐殖质总量）与FA（富里酸）含量呈显著相关。因此,3种作物秸秆的添加可提高植烟土壤有机碳含量和腐殖化程度,且秸秆混匀处理具有较好的固碳减排效果。     

秸秆纤维素降解菌的分离筛选、复合菌系构建及产酶条件优化

该研究采用刚果红染色法和滤纸条崩解法从山西老陈醋源中分离筛选纤维素降解菌,通过形态观察及分子生物学技术对其进行菌种鉴定。以滤纸酶活性为筛选指标构建复合菌系,采用单因素试验及响应面试验对其产酶发酵条件进行优化,并评价其对不同秸秆的降解效果。结果表明,筛选出3株纤维素降解菌,编号为J1、J2和J3,分别被鉴定为灿烂类芽胞杆菌（Paenibacillus lautus）、千叶类芽胞杆菌（Paenibacillus chibensis）和窖泥类芽胞杆菌（Paenibacillus vini）。3株菌等比例复配得到最佳复合菌系D,其最优产酶发酵条件为初始pH 7.4,接种量9%,发酵温度40℃。在此优化条件下,滤纸酶活性达到35.10 U/m L,是优化前的1.6倍。复合菌系D对不同秸秆均具有较好的降解效果,且对小麦秸秆的降解率最高,达27.63%。     

Effect of urea and by-products on the in-vitro fermentation of untreated and urea treated finger millet (Eleusine coracana) straw

The in-vitro fermentation characteristics of untreated and 50 g litre^?1 urea-treated finger millet (Eleusine coracana) straw with four supplements (urea, rice bran, cottonseed and groundnut cakes) at three different ratios of straw: supplement were investigated. Gas production was greater from treated than untreated straw; groundnut cake was the most rapidly fermented supplement followed by cottonseed cake and rice bran. Urea incubated alone inhibited gas production. Untreated and treated straws were incubated with 22, 30 and 37 g rumen degradable nitrogen from the supplements per kg organic matter digested. Significant (P < 0.05) positive interactive effects on gas production were observed with untreated straw at all three levels of groundnut cake supplementation after 12, 52 and 166 h incubation. Similar interactions were observed for cottonseed cake supplementation of untreated straw and groundnut cake supplementation of treated straw, although statistical significance was not achieved for all supplementation levels at the three times for which data were analysed. No consistent significant interactive effects in gas production were observed between cottonseed cake and treated straw. Rice bran inhibited gas production after 12 h but, subsequently, had little effect on either type of straw. Urea inhibited the gas production from both straws at all three ratios of supplementation. Urea also significantly reduced dry matter disappearance of treated straw at two of three levels of urea supplementation. Interactive effects on gas production were most pronounced in the early stages fermentation and appeared to be related to the high content of highly fermentable material particularly in groundnut cake but also in cottonseed cake.     

Effect of gaseous ammonia on barley straws showing different rumen degradabilities

Straw samples from five cultivars of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L; Golden Promise, Golf, Klaxon, Heriot and Doublet), selected to show a range of rumen degradabilities, were examined to measure the effect of gaseous ammonia on aspects of their cell wall composition and degradability after treatment. Cellulose degradability of the untreated straws, as measured by the nylon-bag method, ranged from 41.0% for Golden Promise to 57.1% for Doublet. The extent of improvement in degradability following ammonia treatment was 12.5% units for Golden Promise and only 2.5% units for Doublet, showing that the effect of ammonia was more pronounced for materials of lower inherent degradability (r= ?0.774). Straw from three of the five cultivars was dissected into its botanical parts, and the dry matter content and digestibility of the fractions were determined. Leaf material formed a higher fraction of dry matter in Doublet (0.48), the most degradable cultivar, than in Golden Promise (0.30), the least degradable straw. Half of the observed difference in degradability between Doublet and Golden Promise could be attributed to differences in dry matter distribution between botanical fractions. For untreated straw, degradability was weakly, negatively correlated with the proportion of arabinose residues substituted with alkali-labile linkages at position 0–5 (r = ?0.690), and positively correlated with the moisture retention (water-holding capacity) of straws (r = 0.838), water-soluble dry matter content (r = 0.922) and water-soluble phenolic content (r = 0.791). The proportion of pentose residues carrying alkali-labile linkages was only slightly decreased followign ammonia treatment. In the case of the 0–5 position of arabinose residues the original values were reduced by 2.4–15.9%. Ammonia treatment had little effect on the capacity of the straw to retain moisture, and did not significantly increase the proportion of water-soluble dry matter or phenolics. Cellulose degradability, or the improvement in degradability, of ammonia-treated straw was not correlated with any of the physical and chemical characteristicds of staw considered above.     

废弃秸秆/聚己内酯吸声复合材料的制备与性能

为提高废弃秸秆的利用率,拓宽其应用领域,以废弃秸秆为增强原料,聚己内酯为基体材料,通过热压法制备废弃秸秆/聚己内酯吸声复合材料.在热压温度为120℃,压力为10 MPa,热压时间为20 min的条件下,通过实验探究秸秆质量分数、复合材料密度、复合材料厚度、后置空气层厚度等参数对吸声复合材料吸声性能的影响.结果表明:当秸...     

Use of in-vitro gas production to evaluate rumen fermentation of untreated and urea treated finger millet straw (Eleusine coracand) supplemented with different levels of concentrate

Measurement of gas produced during in-vitro fermentation was used to assess the ferment ability of urea treated and untreated finger millet straw to Which various levels of concentrate (maize/wheat bran/groundnut cake 35:32: 30) had been added. Data obtained from this technique were compared with in-vitro digestibility data obtained earlier on the same feeds. Similar trends for the effect of supplementation on digestibility were observed in both in-vitro and in-vivo measurements. Linear correlation equations were obtained between gas produced and the proportion of dry matter disappearing, enabling in-vitro gas production to be expressed in in-vitro digestibility's. A single pool exponential equation was fitted to the gas production data enabling estimates to be made of the time when in-vitro digestibility's best matched in-vivo digestibility data. These times were 45.8 and 47.9 h of untreated straw, 43.5 and 61.0 h for treated straw for trials 1 and 2, respectively. Statistically significant (P < 0.05) interactive effects between supplement and both treated and untreated straws were observed. The digestibility of untreated straw was particularly stimulated by small quantities of supplement. The digestibility of treated straw was higher than that of untreated straw and less stimulated by supplementation. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that fibre digestibility can be increased by providing a supplement which provides sufficient nutrients to stimulate the activity of rumen micro organisms.     

Influence of percent egg yolk during cooling and freezing on survival of bovine spermatozoa

The influence of percent egg yolk during cooling from 37 to 5 C on ability of sperm to withstand subsequent freezing was studied with semen from each of eight bulls. Treatments were arranged factorially and included .5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32% egg yolk, cooling times of .5, 1, 2, and 4 h, and freezing in ampules and straws. Percent egg yolk did not influence motility or percent intact acrosomes when semen was frozen in ampules. For sperm in straws, both post-thaw percentages of motile sperm and intact acrosomes were similar for sperm cooled with .5, 1, 2, 4, or 8% egg yolk and greater than with 16 or 32% egg yolk. Optimal egg yolk during cooling was not dependent upon rate of cooling, regardless of how semen was packaged for freezing. The influence of percent egg yolk during freezing was investigated in a second study. Treatments included eight bulls; 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32% egg yolk; freezing times from +5 to -130 C of 3.5, 20, and 40 min; and freezing in ampules or straws. Optimal egg yolk during freezing in either ampules or straws was independent of the rate of freezing. For sperm frozen in ampules, differences in motility or the percent intact acrosomes due to egg yolk were small. However, the use of only 1 or 2% egg yolk depressed motility whereas 16 or 32% egg yolk decreased the percentage of intact acrosomes. Thus, extremely high or low egg yolk should be avoided. For sperm in straws, survival was optimal when the extended semen contained 4 to 32% egg yolk during freezing.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法检测塑料饮用吸管中金属元素的迁移量

为了解市售塑料饮用吸管中金属元素在使用过程中的迁移情况,建立电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定吸管中Al、As、Ba、Cd、Cu、Fe、Mn、Ni、Pb、Zn的迁移量。该方法线性相关系数达0.999?9,回收率在88.7%～98.3%范围内,精密度为1.2%～9.4%,均能满足检验要求。结果表明,71?批次市售吸管中Ba、Cu、Mn、Zn迁移量全部符合GB?9685—2008《食品容器、包装材料用添加剂使用卫生标准》要求,但部分批次的Al、Ni、Pb迁移量超过GB?5749—2006《生活饮用水卫生标准》限量值,超标率分别为23.9%、60.6%和39.4%,有个别批次吸管Pb迁移量高达标准限量值的37.6?倍。说明塑料饮用吸管中的金属元素可迁移到饮用介质中,经常使用存在潜在的安全风险。     

A sip of joy: Straw materials can influence emotional responses to,and sensory attributes of cold tea

While the use of reusable drinking straws has become more popular in recent years, there have been no previous studies regarding associations of drinking straw materials with perception and liking of beverages. This study was therefore aimed at determining whether and how straw materials could affect sensory perception of and evoke emotional responses to cold tea beverages. One hundred thirty-four participants (70 females and 64 males) consumed unsweetened cold black tea samples using five straws made from one of five materials: plastic, paper, copper, stainless steel, and silicone. They rated the tea samples with respect to attribute intensity and liking, overall hedonic impression, and evoked emotions. Tea samples were found to differ with straw materials in terms of flavor liking, mouthfeel liking, and sourness intensity. Interestingly, significant interactions between straw materials and gender were observed in overall hedonic impression and matching associations of straw materials with cold tea samples. Females liked cold tea samples more when consumed with copper or stainless steel straws than with paper straws, while males exhibited no differences with straw material conditions. A gender effect was also found on cold tea samples consumed with different straw materials, with females more emotionally expressive than males toward certain straw material conditions. In conclusion, this study shows variations in sensory and emotional responses to cold tea samples as a function of drinking straw materials and could help food and beverage professionals select the most appropriate straw materials for best enhancing beverage consumption experience.     

隆莱特生态超纤皮革在汽车内饰上的应用

生态超纤皮革是一种新型人工皮革材料。阐述了国内外汽车超纤皮革的发展和应用状况,介绍了隆莱特生态超纤皮革的优良性能及其特点。在汽车内饰的应用中,隆莱特生态超纤皮革可以替代天然皮革,在提高汽车内饰材料性能的同时还可降低产品的生产成本。     

Characterization and detection of toxoflavin‐producing Burkholderia in rice straws and Daqu for Chinese Maotai‐flavour liquor brewing

Rice straws are widely used in Daqu (starter) preparation for Maotai‐flavour liquor brewing to provide adequate thermal insulation, water retention and aeration. As the straws have direct contact with the Daqu during its preparation, the microorganisms carried by the straws can be transferred to the Daqu. In this study, yellow pigment‐producing strains were isolated from the rice straws using a dilution plate method. Most of these strains were characterized as toxoflavin‐producing Burkholderia spp. by 16S rRNA sequencing, toxA gene‐specific PCR and toxoflavin detection. The PCR assays revealed the existence of Burkholderia in the Daqu samples. The toxoflavin content in a number of Daqu samples was determined using HPLC. The highest observed content of toxoflavin in the Daqu was >8 mg/kg, close to its LD₅₀. Although no toxoflavin was detected in the distilled liquor, the safety problem regarding the use of rice straws in Daqu preparation is still noteworthy, since Burkholderia and toxoflavin can be transferred and can accumulate during the brewing process. The results can contribute to a further assessment of the contamination risk in liquor brewing caused by Burkholderia and to safer production in this traditional process. Copyright © 2015 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling