食品安全热点问答

1.DEHP是什么?DEHP是邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己酯)〔di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate〕的简称。DEHP是一种邻苯二甲酸酯类的塑化剂(又称增塑剂),广泛用于聚氯乙烯(PVC)产品。聚氯乙烯塑胶的DEHP含量由     

研究发现塑化剂DEHP主要通过食品进入人体

据德国联邦风险研究所(BFR)消息,2013年5月7日德国联邦风险评估研究所公布了一项有关DEHP的研究,DEHP主要通过污染食品进而影响人体健康。DEHP是最常用的塑化剂,主要用于增强塑料的柔韧性,目前DEHP在环境及人类尿液中均有发现。与其他邻苯二甲酸酯一样,DEHP具有生殖     

邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯的内分泌干扰作用及神经毒性研究进展

邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)是一种使用广泛的邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂,该物质可以通过塑料制品迁移到环境中,亦可以通过食品包装材料直接迁移到食品中,从而对空气、水、土壤和食品造成污染。DEHP具有生殖和发育毒性、免疫毒性、胚胎毒性、肝脏毒性、神经毒性及致癌性等,同时可对内分泌系统造成一定的干扰。本文就DEHP的内分泌干扰作用和神经毒性及其两者间的相互作用关系进行综述。     

食品塑料包装材料中DEHP的风险评估

邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）是一种常用的增塑剂,广泛应用于塑料的生产中,用以改善塑料的柔韧性、曲挠性和拉伸性。但多项研究表明,DEHP是一类环境雌激素,具有生殖毒性、发育毒性和致癌作用,食品在与含有DEHP的包装材料或容器接触时, DEHP单体会迁移溶入到食品当中,从而污染食品,危害人类身体健康。近年来,国内外发生了多起因DEHP导致的食品安全事件,引起了消费者的恐慌,DEHP的危害也受到了全社会的广泛关注。     

DEHP的降解及其对土壤细菌群落的影响

PAEs是一类重要的环境内分泌干扰物,主要被用作塑料产品增塑剂。我国工农业区均已受到了不同程度的影响。DEHP作为环境中检出率最高的几种PAEs之一,受到了广泛的关注。由于具有慢性毒性作用,需要对其在环境中的降解机理方面进行研究。本文通过往土壤中人为添加DEHP及其代谢产物MEHP来研究两种PAEs在土壤中的降解情况及其对土壤细菌群落的影响。研究结果表明:DEHP在土壤中降解较MEHP慢,培养42天后降解约50%;其单酯降解产物MEHP在该土壤中可迅速降解。培养42天后,DEHP污染对土壤细菌总数和细菌群落结构没有显著影响,表明其急性毒性较低。但在不同浓度下均显著改变了一些菌群的相对丰度,可能会引起土壤微生物功能的改变。     

塑化剂DEHP的来源及其对机体健康的危害

邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己）酯（DEHP）为酞酸酯类化合物,是塑化剂的主要品种,被广泛应用于塑料工业。DEHP易从塑料中转移至外环境,造成对空气、水和土壤的污染,部分动植物体内累积较大量的DEHP会对人体健康造成危害。本文主要综述了生活中DEHP的主要来源、检测方法、在机体内的代谢及其对生物的毒性作用。     

采用ISQ测定食品中的邻苯二甲酸酯

1.前言2011年5月24日,台湾发生了不法商家在食品添加剂(起云剂,又名混浊剂、乳浊剂、增浊剂)中非法添加有毒有害成分邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯(DEHP)的事件,造成极其恶劣的影响,导致一些使用了该商家生产的起云剂的一些食品间接受到污染,该事件引起了世界卫生组织以及我国政府的高度重视,目前国家质检总局已经采取行动阻止这些有毒食品继续流通,并且对一些食品进行召回销毁,同时也会开展对食品添加剂和食品中邻苯二甲酸酯(尤其是DEHP成分)的检测。邻苯二甲酸酯(phthalate acid esters,PAEs)是世界上生产量大,应用面广的人工合成的有机化合物之一,是一类全球性的环境污染物,广泛存在于空气、水体、土壤及生物体内,该类化合物与我们的日常生活密切相关,可通过饮水、进食、皮肤接触(化妆品)和呼吸进入人体,对人群健康产生不同程度的危害作用。DEHP属于邻苯二甲酸酯的一种,是一种普遍用于塑胶材     

塑料厂区DEHP的污染及蔬菜安全评价

邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)具有致畸致癌的作用,对塑料附近农田蔬菜进行了采样调查,应用GC/MS联机检测技术检测了12种蔬菜样品中DEHP的浓度水平。结果表明,按照EPA提出的人体每天限制剂量(RfD)为20μg/kg体重,则塑料工业区蔬菜DEHP含量已经超出安全标准。蔬菜不同品种累积DEHP的能力大不相同,其中冬瓜、茄子、毛豆、小白菜累积DEHP含量较高,为重污染蔬菜品种;番茄、小辣椒、丝瓜累积DEHP含量较低,在塑料厂周边农田种植和食用相对较安全。     

水及可乐中邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯的迁移规律

研究不同温度、不同储存时间条件下邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯(DEHP)在聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)瓶装水、可乐饮料中的迁移规律。结果显示:随着环境温度的升高和储存时间的延长,无论是中性的水还是高酸性的可乐饮料,DEHP的浓度均显著增加;而且温度对DEHP迁移的影响较时间更显著。但在常温条件下,水中的DEHP的迁移在360d时达到最高,而可乐饮料中DEHP的变化相对复杂。但本研究结果显示,PET瓶装酸性可乐饮料及中性纯净水中的DEHP均小于安全限值(1.5mg/L)。     

PET塑料桶装大豆油中DEHP迁移的数学模型的建立

选取PET塑料桶及PET塑料桶装大豆油为研究对象,分析了储藏期间PET塑料桶中DEHP向大豆油中迁移的规律,建立了DEHP迁移的数学模型.采用超声波法提取DEHP(55℃、40 min),采用GCMS法检测DEHP迁移量,PET塑料桶中DEHP检出量为4.594 mg/kg,大豆油中DEHP最大检出量为1.292 mg/kg,最大迁移率为28.12％.以储藏温度(A)和储藏时间(B)为试验因素,大豆油中DEHP迁移检出量为试验指标(Y),进行均匀试验设计及响应面分析,DEHP迁移规律的数学模型为:Y=0.77+0.089A+0.11B-0.013AB +0.039A2 +5.072×10-3B2.经响应面分析,大豆油中DEHP的迁移量与储藏温度和储藏时间呈正相关性,随着储藏温度的升高和储藏时间的延长,大豆油中DEHP的迁移量也逐渐升高,储藏温度和储藏时间的交互作用对DEHP的迁移影响显著.     

Reduced migration from flexible poly(vinyl chloride) of a plasticizer containing beta-cyclodextrin derivative

The migration of endocrine-disrupting di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) poses a serious threat to public health and the environment. In this study, we successfully prepared a plasticizerwith reduced DEHP migration by directly incorporating 2,3,6-per-O-benzoyl-beta-cyclodextrin (Bz-beta-CD) into DEHP. Bz-beta-CD was prepared by esterification between the hydroxyl groups of beta-CD and benzoyl chloride. The presence of this cyclodextrin is expected to facilitate formation of stable complexes through pi-pi association with DEHP molecules. The flexible PVC was prepared with a gelation-fusion process that uses the prepared migration-resistant plasticizer, and its properties (flexibility, thermal stability, and clarity) were evaluated by carrying out DSC and tensile testing, TGA, and haze testing, respectively. No significant changes in the physical properties of the flexible PVC were observed when Bz-beta-CD was added. DEHP migration tests were carried out for the flexible PVC according to the ISO 3826:1993(E) test method, and the quantity of migrated DEHP was then determined with UV-vis spectroscopy. It was found that the addition of Bz-beta-CD decreases the levels of DEHP migration from the flexible PVC samples by almost 40%. We investigated the molecular interaction between Bz-beta-CD and DEHP using molecular mechanics simulations, and we conclude that this reduction in DEHP migration is due to the formation of stabilized pi-pi attractive association and inclusion complexes of Bz-beta-CD and DEHP in flexible PVC.     

Microbial treatment of bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in polyvinyl chloride with isolated bacteria

In this study, we investigated the use of microbes to degrade and remove bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a common plasticizer and a suspected endocrine disruptor, exuding from polyvinyl chloride. Four species of bacteria that utilize DEHP as their sole carbon source were isolated from garden soil, one of which, strain NK0301, was markedly more efficient than the others in degrading DEHP and was chosen for further studies. Strain NK0301 was a coryneform bacterium (1.5x1.0 microm) identified as Mycobacterium sp. from its 16S rDNA sequencing homology. It readily degraded DEHP to two major products determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to be 2-ethylhexanol and 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid. Other phthalate esters, suspected of being endocrine disruptors, were also tested and all except two could be utilized by strain NK0301 as their sole source of carbon. When strain NK0301 was cultivated on polyvinyl chloride sheets containing DEHP as the plasticizer, it removed up to 90% of DEHP in 3 d. Following this treatment, the polyvinyl chloride sheets did not exude DEHP to artificial saliva.     

毒理学关注阈值方法的建立及其在食品接触材料评估中的应用

目的以邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)为模式化学物,建立可用于食品接触材料的毒理学关注阈值(TTC)风险评估方法。方法建立基于Cramer结构分类的TTC决策树方法;利用Cramer结构分类流程和Toxtree软件对DEHP进行Cramer结构分类;利用2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查数据和部分食物中DEHP的监测数据,估计我国不同年龄组人群通过饮料、植物油、发酵乳、方便面、果冻、果酱的DEHP暴露量,并按照TTC决策树方法对DEHP进行风险评估;同时,采用传统的风险评估方法进行验证。结果 DEHP属于Cramer I类结构,其对应的TTC阈值为30μg/kg BW。我国居民的DEHP最大暴露量为4.06μg/kg BW,4个年龄组的最大暴露量为11.10μg/kg BW,分别占DEHP TTC阈值的13.5%和37.0%。按照DEHP的健康指导值———每日耐受摄入量(TDI)(50μg/kg BW)计算,全人群和4个年龄组的最大暴露量分别占TDI的8.1%和22.2%,两种方法的风险评估结果基本一致。结论 TTC决策树方法是一种有效的风险评估工具,可用于食品接触材料的优先筛选和初步评估。我国居民膳食DEHP的健康风险较低,不需要引起健康关注。     

Emission of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate from PVC flooring into air and uptake in dust: emission and sorption experiments in FLEC and CLIMPAQ

The emission of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) from a PVC flooring was studied for up to 472 days in both the FLEC (Field and Laboratory Emission Cell) and the CLIMPAQ (Chamberfor Laboratory Investigations of Materials, Pollution, and Air Quality). The loading of the CLIMPAQs was varied but was constant in the FLECs. The sorption properties of FLEC and CLIMPAQ were investigated using different methods. In addition, the uptake of DEHP by office floor dust on the PVC flooring was studied in CLIMPAQ experiments. The concentration versus time curves in both FLECs and CLIMPAQs increased slowly over about 150 days and reached a quasi-static equilibrium at 1 microg m(-3). The main conclusions were that (i) the emission rate of DEHP was limited by gas-phase mass transport and (ii) the dust layer increased the emission rate by increasing the external concentration gradient above the surface of the PVC. These conclusions were based on the facts that the specific emission rate was inversely proportional to the loading and that the dust had sorbed about four times as much DEHP over a 68-day period as emitted in the gas-phase experiments. About one-half of the emitted DEHP was deposited on the internal surfaces of both the FLEC and the CLIMPAQ.     

白酒中塑化剂GC—MS检测方法的研究

以邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）、邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基）己酯（DEHP）、邻苯二甲酸二异壬酯（DINP）3种邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂为例,通过改进气相色谱．质谱法测定条件,研究得出适合白酒中塑化剂检测的方法。并采用不同包装的6个未知酒样进行方法应用测试,测试结果显示DBP含量高达2．03mg／kg,DEHP、DINP含量均在限量范围之内。     

An Efficient Assay for Simultaneous Quantification of Ethyl Carbamate and Phthalate Esters in Chinese Liquor by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

An efficient assay was developed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for simultaneous quantifying of ethyl carbamate (EC) and phthalate esters (PAEs, dibutylphthalate (DBP) and di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)) in Chinese liquor. Samples were directly detected using ethyl-d5 carbamate (D5-EC) and diisoamyl phthalate (DIPP) as internal standards without any pretreatment. The detection limits were 0.56, 0.70, and 1.13 μg/L for EC, DBP, and DEHP, respectively. The average recoveries were 97.0–104.0, 96.9–105.0, and 85.0–124.2% for EC, DBP, and DEHP with relative standard deviations of 0.5–1.3, 1.6–4.2, and 2.2–5.3%, respectively. The proposed method is suitable for routine analysis of EC and PAEs in liquor due to its shorter detection time and simple pretreatment. With assistance of the established method, the contents of EC, DBP, and DEHP in Chinese liquor during the distillation process were assayed and a higher level of EC was found in the head and tail of liquor distillation.     

分子蒸馏对沙棘果油中8种塑化剂组分脱除及综合品质的影响

沙棘果油因富含多种有益活性成分而成为价格高昂的食用植物油,但受生长环境、采摘方式、储存方法等因素的影响,其塑化剂含量存在超标风险。利用两级分子蒸馏工艺对沙棘果毛油中8种邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂(phthalic acid esters,PAEs)进行脱除,并对脱除前后沙棘果油的脂肪酸组成及活性成分含量进行检测分析,研究分子蒸馏对沙棘果毛油中PAEs脱除效果以及活性成分保留的影响。结果显示,本实验所取沙棘果毛油样品中邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯(di-butyl phthalate,DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯(bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate,DEHP)含量分别为1.626、10.933 mg/kg,明显超出GB 9685—2016《食品安全国家标准食品接触材料及制品用添加剂使用标准》限量(DBP含量不超过0.3 mg/kg、DEHP含量不超过1.5 mg/kg)。经一级分子蒸馏,DBP含量从1.626 mg/kg降至0.071 mg/kg,明显低于GB 9685—2016限量;经两级分子蒸馏,DEHP含量从10.933 mg/kg降低至0.668 mg/kg,明显低于GB 9685—2016限量,DBP、DEHP、邻苯二甲酸二异壬酯(diisononyl phthalate,DINP)及8种塑化剂含量总和的脱除率分别为98%、94%、85%和93%,VE、甾醇、黄酮类成分的保留率分别为14%、32%、46%,脂肪酸组成没有明显变化,基本无反式脂肪酸形成,游离脂肪酸质量分数明显降低。两级分子蒸馏工艺是脱除食用植物油中高含量PAEs的有效方法,但会造成油脂中VE、甾醇、黄酮类成分的较大损失。因此,为避免活性成分损失,在保证油脂中DBP和DEHP脱除达到GB 9685—2016限量时,可采用一级分子蒸馏,此时VE、甾醇、黄酮的保留率可分别提高至35%、55%、63%。     

Uptake of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate from plastic mulch film by vegetable plants

The uptake of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) from plastic mulch film used in field cultivation by 10 vegetable plants was investigated by experiments carried out in pots. The results showed that DEHP was transferred from the mulch film to all vegetable plants. Wax gourd (Benincasa hispida) showed the greatest capacity for uptake of DEHP, while cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) could also accumulate high levels. This implies that wax gourd, cucumber and pumpkin may be sources of DEHP contamination in the human diet. Moreover, Chinese cabbage (Brassica parachinensis) also accumulated a high level of DEHP from mulch plastic film giving dietary exposure close to the daily intake limit for DEHP.     

邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯在青春期小鼠体内的代谢动力学研究

研究邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate,DEHP)在青春期小鼠体内的代谢动力学,以300 mg/kg DEHP灌胃青春期小鼠,血清样品经固相萃取(solid phase extraction,SPE)提取和净化,气相色谱-质谱联用(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)法测定不同时间点的血药质量浓度,以3p97软件拟合其动力学参数。DEHP在青春期小鼠体内的主要药物代谢动力学参数:药峰质量浓度ρmax为(0.47 6±0.028)μg/m L,达峰时间Tpeak为(2.539±0.424)h,药-时曲线下面积AUC(0-t)为(32.209±11.220)h·μg/m L,分布半衰期t1/2α为(1.886±0.480)h,消除半衰期t1/2β为(36.473±8.324)h。本方法简便快捷,其灵敏度和准确度均可满足青春期小鼠体内DEHP代谢动力学研究。DEHP在青春期小鼠体内药物代谢动力学过程符合一级吸收二室开放模型,其分布较快,代谢较慢。     

Effect of the dietary exposure of rat to di(2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate on their metabolic efficiency

The nutritional impact of di(2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate (DEHP), specifically its energy efficiency and nitrogen utilization, was studied in the experimental rat. Groups of male Wistar rats were fed over 21 days with a standard diet alone or a standard diet supplemented with 2% (w/w) DEHP. Food intake, body weight and nitrogen compounds excretion were measured daily. The composition and energetic content of the carcass were determined in animals of both dietary groups after the feeding period, as well as in a separate group on day 0. The food and energy intakes were similar in both groups, however, the efficiencies of energy and nitrogen use were significantly reduced in the DEHP-fed rat. These alterations were reflected by a reduction of 31% on carcass energy retention and a decrease of 26% on cumulative nitrogen balance, without changes in the body composition. The increase of urinary nitrogen excretion, mainly as urea compound, is the major contributing factor to the lower nitrogen retention. These results indicate that DEHP decreases energy efficiency and nitrogen utilization, leading to a pronounced reduction in body weight gain. In addition, this study provides a possible conceptual framework that could explain the metabolic changes induced by DEHP and related compounds in experimental animals.