鲊肉粉的加工工艺研究

以米粉和猪肉为主要原料,加入一定的辅料拌匀后,经自然发酵制作鲊肉粉。通过单因素试验和响应面试验优化鲊肉粉的发酵工艺条件。结果表明,鲊肉粉制作最佳工艺条件为：发酵温度30 ℃,发酵时间10 d,粉肉质量比2.5,米粉粒度20目,在此工艺条件下,发酵所得的鲊肉粉的pH值为（4.61±0.03）,感官评分为（92.24±1.16）分。通过响应面试验能很好的优化鲊肉粉的加工工艺,为鲊肉粉的工业化生产提供技术指导。     

我国传统酸鲊肉制品的研究现状及展望

我国传统酸鲊肉是一种乳酸细菌型发酵肉制品,具有众多营养特点和生理功能。该文对我国传统酸鲊肉的概念、特点、历史、加工工艺等进行概述,同时概括了发酵微生物种类及作用、传统酸鲊肉生产的安全隐患和安全限量标准（或指引）,最后对我国传统酸鲊肉制品的发展进行了展望,以期为我国传统酸鲊肉制品实现工业化、规模化、规范化生产提供理论参考。     

基于电子舌和电子鼻的鲊肉粉风味分析

通过电子舌和电子鼻对鲊肉粉发酵过程中不同发酵时间产品的风味进行测定,对数据进行主成分分析(principal components analysis,PCA)、判别因子分析(discriminant factor analysis,DFA)和雷达图分析。结果表明:不同的发酵时间会对鲊肉粉的风味产生很大的影响,电子舌和电子鼻均能够很好地检测出不同发酵时间下鲊肉粉的风味物质的变化情况,且DFA比PCA能够更好地区分出鲊肉粉风味物质的变化,雷达图能直观地反应风味物质的变化情况。     

鲊肉粉发酵过程中理化指标动态变化

为了研究鲊肉粉发酵过程中理化指标的动态变化情况。本文以不同发酵时间的鲊肉粉为基础,测定了总糖、总酸、蛋白质、非蛋白氮、氨基酸态氮、挥发性盐基氮、脂肪、游离脂肪酸、胆固醇等含量以及酸价、过氧化值和硫代巴比妥酸值,并通过氨基酸自动分析仪测定了氨基酸的种类及含量。结果显示:在发酵过程中,鲊肉粉的总糖含量逐渐降低,总酸含量先增加后降低;蛋白质含量先逐渐降低后趋于平缓,非蛋白氮含量先逐渐升高后趋于平缓,氨基酸态氮含量显著增加,挥发性盐基氮含量逐渐升高;发酵过程中,脂肪含量降低,游离脂肪酸含量升高,胆固醇含量有所降低。氧化指标中酸价、过氧化值、硫代巴比妥酸值在整个发酵过程中都在GB/T 5009.128-2003规定范围内,表明鲊肉粉的安全性有一定的保证。除丝氨酸和组氨酸外,其他氨基酸含量在发酵后期均有提高。从而得出,发酵使鲊肉粉的营养价值得到提高。     

渝东南地区土家特色酸鲊肉纯种发酵前期发酵条件优化

采用响应面法优化渝东南地区土家特色酸鲊肉纯种发酵前期的发酵条件,在单因素试验的基础上,选取发酵时间、发酵温度、菌种接种量及白砂糖添加量为影响因子,以酸鲊肉前期发酵制品的乳酸脱氢酶活力、蛋白酶活力、脂肪酶活力为响应值,应用Box-Behnken试验设计建立数学模型。结果表明,酸鲊肉前期发酵的最优工艺条件为发酵时间30 h、发酵温度34 ℃、菌种接种量8%、白砂糖添加量4%,在此工艺条件下,得到酸鲊肉前期发酵制品的乳酸脱氢酶活力为102.92 U/mL,蛋白酶活力为41.58 U/mL,脂肪酶活力为11.86 U/mL,各评价指标达到相对较高水平。     

青菜渣渣

此菜又称“蒸渣渣”,是重庆丰都县最为流行的一道乡土菜,下酒、佐餐均可。 原料：新鲜青菜500克酸鲊肉100克米面100克姜米2克花椒面2克精盐5克味精2克鸡精5克菜子油3克葱花少许制法：1.青菜切成碎末,入沸水锅里过水后压干水分待用;酸鲊肉切丁。     

萝卜丝入坛发酵对安岳坛子肉特征风味形成的影响

为了解萝卜丝入坛发酵对安岳坛子肉特征风味的影响,利用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用法对发酵 过程中坛子肉和萝卜丝中的挥发性风味物质进行鉴定及分析。结果表明：萝卜丝和坛子肉中共检出11 类301 种挥发 性物质,萝卜丝与坛子肉中挥发性物质的种类及相对含量差异较大;萝卜丝中共检出醇类物质31 种,坛子肉中共 检出27 种;萝卜丝中共检出酯类物质57 种,坛子肉中共检出14 种;萝卜丝中共检出醛类物质17 种,坛子肉中共 检出5 种;萝卜丝中共检出酸类物质7 种,坛子肉中共检出4 种;萝卜丝中共检出酮类物质13 种,坛子肉中共检出 7 种;萝卜丝中共检出碳氢化合物94 种,坛子肉中共检出20 种;发酵坛子肉中相对含量最高的为醇类,其次为酯 类和碳氢化合物,发酵萝卜丝中相对含量最高的为酯类,其次为醇类和碳氢化合物;发酵坛子肉的特征风味物质主 要包括正己醛、乙醇、1-辛烯-3-醇、3-羟基-2-丁酮、乙酸、乙酸乙酯、丙酸乙酯、正己酸乙酯和2,2,4,6,6-五甲基庚 烷;萝卜丝入坛发酵有助于坛子肉特征风味的形成。     

鲊肉粉中乳酸菌和葡萄球菌的筛选及鉴定

从传统发酵鲊肉粉中分离、筛选发酵性能优良的乳酸菌和葡萄球菌,为鲊肉粉接种发酵提供理论依据。按照肉制品发酵菌株的筛选标准,利用形态学特征和16S rDNA序列分析鉴定菌株,筛选出2株乳酸菌A1、C7和2株葡萄球菌S6、S7。结果表明:乳酸菌菌株A1、C7均为植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum),能快速产酸,具有较好抑菌特性;葡萄球菌菌株S6为沃氏葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus warneri),S7为巴氏葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus pasteuri),能产蛋白酶和脂肪酶,具有良好的耐盐性和耐亚硝酸盐性,对不同抗生素有不同的敏感性。筛选得到的4株菌株具有良好的发酵特性,乳酸菌和葡萄球菌之间无拮抗作用,复配后用可于鲊肉粉接种发酵。     

香辣萝卜丝中辣椒酱色素的护色研究

近年来,天然色素的研制、生产发展很快,已被列入使用卫生标准的就有三十余种,而且新的品种还在不断开发。香辣萝卜丝中的辣椒酱不仅可作为一种调味料、而且其中辣椒红色素也是一种很好的天然色素。但如加工和贮藏不当,则产品中的辣椒红色素很易退去,妨碍了产品的生产和销售,鉴于这种情况,我们对香辣萝卜丝中辣椒酱红色素的稳定性以及护色问题进行了研究。     

萝卜丝入坛发酵对安岳坛子肉发酵过程中微生物演替变化的影响

目的:了解萝卜丝入坛发酵对坛子肉发酵过程中细菌群落多样性及其动态演替变化的影响。方法:利用Illumina MiSeq测序平台,采集4个不同发酵时间阶段的坛子肉、萝卜丝作为样品,对样品中细菌16S rDNA V3-V4区进行测序和系统发育分析。结果:8组样品获得序列数平均为27563条,发酵20 d坛子肉平均OTU数量687、40 d坛子肉654、60 d坛子肉814、75 d 坛子肉507,发酵20 d萝卜丝平均OTU数量380、40 d萝卜丝431、60 d萝卜丝872、75 d萝卜丝452。样品中总体细菌组成较为复杂,含有8个门、39个属。门水平上,各样品中厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)占绝对优势,相对丰度高达88%以上。属水平上,各样品中乳酸杆菌属(Lactobacillus)占绝对优势,相对丰度高达87%以上。不同发酵时间节点的坛子肉及萝卜丝中的优势菌群种类差异较大,60 d坛子肉中色彩值大于1的主要优势菌属有乳酸杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、双歧杆菌属(Bifidobacterium)、螺杆菌属(Helicobacter)。60 d萝卜丝中色彩值大于1的优势菌属有乳酸杆菌属、双歧杆菌属(Bifidobacterium)、链球菌属(Streptococcus)。结论:发酵坛子肉菌群组成与萝卜丝菌群组成密切相关,本研究结果可为发酵坛子肉的工业化生产提供数据参考。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.