高压均质对二十二碳六烯酸功能因子输送体系稳定性影响

以酪蛋白酸钠-葡萄糖美拉德反应产物（Millard reaction products,MRPs）作为乳化剂,在不同的均质条件下制备O/W型二十二碳六烯酸（docosahexaenoic acid,DHA）藻油乳状液,以相同条件下单独的酪蛋白酸钠作为对比,利用稳定性分析仪分析、贮藏期间的氧化程度分析和激光共聚焦显微镜观察对DHA藻油乳状液的物理稳定性、氧化稳定性和微观结构进行评价。结果显示：利用酪蛋白酸钠-葡萄糖MRPs制备的DHA藻油乳状液的物理稳定性和氧化稳定性远优于同等条件下单独的酪蛋白酸钠,说明酪蛋白酸钠经美拉德反应改性后具有优良的乳化性和抗氧化活性;同时,均质压力和次数对乳状液的稳定性和微观结构具有明显的影响。较优的工艺条件为均质压力95 MPa、均质3 次,此时酪蛋白酸钠-葡萄糖MRPs制备的DHA藻油乳状液的状态较好,Turbiscan稳定性分析仪对其扫描结果显示,乳状液只有轻微的顶部脂肪上浮和底部澄清,稳定性系数为1.55,小于其他各组;室温（25 ℃）贮藏28 d期间的总氧化值处于同期的最低水平;激光共聚焦显微镜下乳状液中油滴的粒径较小,主要分布在0.47～0.59 μm之间,且形态完整、较为均一。     

DHA乳状液制备工艺优化及氧化稳定性的研究

以二十二碳六烯酸(Docose Hexaenoie Acid, DHA)微藻油微胶囊化过程中形成的乳状液为研究对象,研究乳状液制备工艺条件及氧化稳定性。利用透射光浊度法和电导率法测定乳状液的稳定性,研究预乳化时间、乳化温度、均质压力、均质级数对乳状液稳定性的影响。以乳状液稳定性和表面张力为评价指标,在单因素试验基础上采用正交试验对乳状液制备工艺进行优化,制备后进行微胶囊包埋,分析了DHA微藻油微胶囊的氧化稳定性。结果表明,乳状液制备的最佳工艺为乳化温度50℃、均质压力30 MPa、预乳化时间3 min,2级均质,在此条件下,透射光浊度法测定得到乳状液稳定性为8.75%,表面张力为20.5 mN/m。乳状液制备工艺优化后得到的DHA微胶囊氧化稳定性得到显著提高。     

不同均质压力处理对UHT灭菌乳在储藏期内脂肪上浮的影响

3组分别经过10,20和30MPa均质处理的超高温(Ultra Head Treated,UHT)灭菌乳,在25℃条件下储藏6个月(180 d);通过测定均质后粒径的大小,以及在储藏期内UHT奶上、中、下不同部位的脂肪质量分数及脂肪上浮高度.结果表明,均质压力越高,脂肪球直径越小,上层脂肪质量分数越低、脂肪上浮高度越低;均质压力越高,UHT奶稳定性越好.     

棕榈仁油干法分提工艺实践

为开发代可可脂系列产品,介绍了采用油盘冷房结晶-高压膜压滤机过滤的精炼棕榈仁油干法分提生产棕榈仁硬脂工艺。对该工艺操作控制要点进行了说明,并对生产中的一些问题进行了讨论,将该工艺制备的棕榈仁硬脂及其氢化硬脂与天然可可脂和商业氢化棕榈仁硬脂代可可脂产品质量进行了对比。原料油主要质量指标为酸值(KOH)≤0.3 mg/g、碘值(I)16～19 g/100 g、熔点25～28℃和固体脂肪含量(25℃)≥18%。适合的工艺条件为预冷温度29～30℃,预冷时间3 h,冷房温度17～19℃,冷房结晶时间6～8 h,油结晶温度25～27℃,过滤压力0～0.3 MPa、挤压压力1.6～1.8 MPa。产品主要质量指标为酸值(KOH)≤0.3 mg/g、碘值(I)5.6～7.5 g/100 g、熔点30～34℃、固体脂肪含量(30℃) 34%～44%。采用该工艺所得棕榈仁硬脂的熔点和固体脂肪含量与天然可可脂相当,氢化后产品在25～30℃的固体脂肪含量高于商业氢化棕榈仁硬脂代可可脂。     

微射流均质改善热压榨花生粕分离蛋白乳化特性的研究

以热压榨花生粕中提取的花生分离蛋白为原料,采用微射流高压均质进行改性处理,以乳化活性、乳化稳定性、粒度分布和离心乳析率为评价指标,系统研究了不同微射流均质压力对花生分离蛋白乳化特性的影响,并初步探讨了乳状液微观聚集状态和花生分离蛋白宏观乳化特性的相互关系.结果表明:随着均质压力增大,乳化活性和乳化稳定性均呈现先增大后减小趋势;乳化活性和乳化稳定性增大,相应乳状液粒径变小,离心乳析率下降;120MPa是改善花生分离蛋白乳化特性的优选条件.显微镜观察发现,宏观乳化特性改善时,体系微观聚集体减少,120MPa改性的花生分离蛋白制备的乳状液没有发生明显聚集.     

二段均质压力对黄油基搅打稀奶油品质的影响

该文在黄油基搅打稀奶油经高压均质、热处理后分别使用1.0~5.0 MPa压力进行二段均质处理,并以未经二段均质处理的产品为对照,比较经不同二段均质压力处理后产品稳定性及搅打品质的变化。实验发现,对照产品脂肪球粒度分布出现明显双峰现象,乳液稳定性差,搅打时间为372.00 s,起泡率仅193.70%,并且在光学显微镜下观察到大量絮凝的脂肪球簇;当二段均质压力在1.0~ 3.0 MPa范围内增大,产品脂肪球平均粒径减小,产品稳定性增强,搅打时间缩短,打发率上升,絮凝的脂肪球簇的数量明显减少;当二段均质压力达到3.0 MPa,产品粒度分布趋于稳定,搅打时间仅需306.50 s,起泡率达235.10%,光学显微镜下未观察到明显絮凝现象。相比对照组,经3.0 MPa压力处理后的产品稳定性更好,搅打成型时间由372.00 s缩短至306.50 s,起泡率由193.70%提高至235.10%,实验结果表明,在搅打稀奶油生产中使用3.0 MPa压力进行二段均质可有效阻止乳液脂肪球絮凝,提高产品的稳定性及搅打品质,可满足工业生产高品质搅打稀奶油的要求。     

褐色调制乳的研制

为了研究褐色调制乳生产工艺参数,本试验以离心沉淀率和感官品质评定为指标,对食用葡萄糖的添加量、褐变时间、蛋白质含量和均质压力及次数进行了筛选优化,并进行实际应用观察产品的稳定性和感官品质。结果表明,最佳工艺参数:葡萄糖添加量为6%;褐变时间为95℃(2 h);蛋白质含量为3.0%;均质条件为65℃,20 MPa,均质2次。产品常温(25℃)时放置30 d时无脂肪上浮及沉淀,组织状态良好。     

二次均质工艺中一次均质压力对黄油基搅打稀奶油品质的影响

以无盐黄油和脱脂乳为原料制备黄油基搅打稀奶油,采用二次均质工艺,研究了一次均质压力（二次均质压力不变）对黄油基搅打稀奶油的粒径、脂肪部分聚结率、流变学特性、搅打性能的影响,分析了各评价指标之间的相关性。结果表明,黄油基搅打稀奶油的一次均质压力在10.0~15.0 MPa时,随着均质压力的增大,脂肪球粒径D4,3由1.85 μm逐渐减小到1.57 μm,且在15.0 MPa时脂肪球粒径D4,3达到最小为1.57 μm;黄油基搅打稀奶油的脂肪部分聚结率随着一次均质压力的增大逐渐增大,由13.74%增大到17.53%;搅打时间随着均质压力的增大逐渐由314 s减小到265 s且一次均质压力在15.0 MPa时搅打时间最少为265 s;泡沫稳定性由78.09%逐渐增加到87.26%,且泡沫稳定性在15.0 MPa时泡沫稳定性达到最大87.26%。因此将黄油基搅打稀奶油的一次均质压力控制在10.0~15.0 MPa范围内较适宜。     

均质对毛酸浆果汁稳定性的影响及其粒径形态表征

研究均质条件对毛酸浆果汁粒径分布及果汁稳定性的影响。在均质压力、温度、次数对果汁稳定系数、离心沉淀率影响的单因素试验基础上,采用正交试验对高压均质条件进行优化。结果表明：均质压力20 MPa、均质温度45 ℃、均质2 次时,毛酸浆果汁稳定系数为0.798,离心沉淀率为2.10%。在该工艺条件下,利用纳米粒度仪对毛酸浆果汁均质前后粒径大小分布进行比对,均质前果汁粒径分布在0.260 1～4.96 μm范围,含量为100%,平均粒径为4.561 μm;均质后粒径分布则为1.018～4.548 μm（含量为96.5%）和0.138 7～0.793 5 μm（含量为3.5%）,平均粒径为1.963 μm。同时,对均质前后果汁颗粒形态进行扫描电镜观察,可见均质后果汁细胞碎片明显增多,呈分散状态。     

Turbiscan分析仪快速评价β-胡萝卜素乳状液的稳定性

本实验研究Turbiscan分析仪评价β-胡萝卜素乳状液的稳定性,制备β-胡萝卜素乳状液所用的乳化剂有Tween-80、聚甘油酯、蔗糖酯,并采用不同的均质条件.结果表明;与传统方法相比,采用Turbiscan稳定性分析仪能快速准确确定Tween-80、三次均质(第一次30MPa、第二次50MPa、第三次45MPa)、β-胡萝卜素含量为2%的β-胡萝卜素乳状液稳定性最佳.     

复合脂肪替代物乳化稳定性工艺优化

研制低热值脂肪替代物,寻找到一种即可降低脂肪含量、有益健康,又能保证风味、口感、质地等感官特性需求的新型肉类制品.利用油脂、乳化剂、蛋白质等添加剂,以油水相比、均质时间、油温和水温4个试验因素做L9(34)正交试验及二次通用旋转组合设计,确定制备复合脂肪替代物的最优工艺组合.最优组合为油水料液比35:65、均质时间30...     

Emulsifying Properties of Bovine Milk Fat Globule Membrane in Milk Fat Emulsion: Conditions for the Reconstitution of Milk Fat Globules

A procedure for the reconstitution of milk fat globules (MFG) stabilized with milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) was developed. MFG was reconstituted by homogenizing a mixture of 1% MFGM and 25% milk fat at 45°C and at pH 7.0 for 1 min. The emulsifying properties of MFGM were evaluated by emulsifying activity (EA), emulsion stability (ES), whippability and foam stability. Of the variables affecting the reconstitution of MFG, prolonged homogenization decreased EA and ES. About 25% milk fat gave maximal EA and ES, increasing the MFGM concentration increased both EA and ES, which were also influenced by the pH level. Foam disappeared at >30°C.     

Effect of cooling rate on lipid crystallization in oil-in-water emulsions

The effect of cooling rate on the destabilization of oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions was studied as a function of oil content (20% and 40% o/w), homogenization conditions, and crystallization temperatures (10, 5, 0, ?5 and ?10 °C). The lipid phase was a mixture of anhydrous milk fat and soybean oil, and whey protein was used as the emulsifier. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to analyze the crystallization and melting behaviors; while a vertical scan macroscopic analyzer measured the physicochemical stability. Slow cooling rate increased the stability of emulsions with 20% oil. In addition, slow cooling promoted the onset of crystallization and delayed crystal growth. These effects were more significant in emulsions formulated with 20% oil and formulated under processing conditions that resulted in bigger droplet sizes (～0.9 μm).     

Improved water vapor barrier of whey protein films by addition of an acetylated monoglyceride

This study aimed to determine to what extent the water-vapor barrier of whey protein isolate (WPI) films could be improved by adding a lipid and make laminate and emulsion films. The laminate whey protein–lipid film decreased the water vapor permeability (WVP) 70 times compared with the WPI film. The WVP of the emulsion films was half the value of the WPI film and was not affected by changes in lipid concentration, whereas an increased homogenization led to a slight reduction in WVP. The mechanical properties showed that the lipid functioned as an apparent plasticizer by enhancing the fracture properties of the emulsion films. This effect increased with homogenization. The maximum strain at break was 117% compared with 50% for the less-homogenized emulsion films and 20% for the pure WPI films. Phase-separated emulsion films were produced with a concentration gradient of fat through the films, but pure bilayer films were not formed.     

高压均质对大豆分离蛋白功能特性的影响

研究了高压均质压力(40～160MPa)和均质次数(1次/2次)对大豆分离蛋白(SPI)功能特性的影响。结果表明:均质次数为1次时,40MPa和80MPa可显著提高SPI的溶解性,压力增加至120MPa和160MPa时,溶解性反而明显下降,但持水性提高;1次均质可以显著改善SPI乳化活性,而对其乳化稳定性影响不大;80MPa1次均质和160MPa2次均质能显著提高SPI凝胶性;除160MPa外,均质压力相同时,1次均质比2次均质更有利于改善SPI功能特性(包括溶解性、乳化性、凝胶性和持油性)。     

Effect of Heating and Homogenization on the Stability of Coconut Milk Emulsions

: The effects of homogenization and heat treatment on the colloidal stability of coconut milk were studied. Fresh coconut milk (15% to 17% fat, 1.5% to 2% protein) was extracted and stored at 30 °C before homogenization at 40/4 MPa (stage I/stage II). Both homogenized and non‐homogenized samples were heated at 50 °C, 60 °C, 70 °C, 80 °C, and 90 °C for 1 h. Homogenization reduced the size of the primary emulsion droplets from 10.9 to 3.0 μm, but increased the degree of flocculation, presumably via a bridging mechanism. This flocculation was also responsible for increased viscosity of the homogenized samples. Heating increased the degree of flocculation in both non‐homogenized and homogenized samples. A slight amount of coalescence was also observed after heating above 80 °C. All samples creamed after 24 h of storage, but the heated samples formed a larger cream layer, presumably because the flocculated droplets packed together less efficiently. Optical microscopy was used to confirm the combination of flocculation and creaming responsible for changes in coconut milk quality. The information obtained from this study provides a better understanding of the emulsion science important in controlling coconut milk functionality.     

Nanoemulsions: Techniques for the preparation and the recent advances in their food applications

Nanoemulsions are the transparent or translucent type of emulsion having droplet sizes ranging from 20 to 500 nm. The stability and application of nanoemulsions depend on the droplet and physicochemical characteristics. The droplet characteristics are studied through the droplet size, droplet composition, droplet concentration, zeta potential, polydispersity, and interfacial tension. The physicochemical properties are studied by their optical property, rheological property, gravitational separation, droplet aggregation, Ostwald ripening, and chemical stability. The emulsifiers and surfactants aid in the emulsification process and are selected according to the requirements of emulsification methods and expected nanoemulsion quality. The methods used for nanoemulsion preparation can be broadly classified into high-energy and low-energy methods. The high-energy methods include high-pressure valve homogenization, high-pressure microfluidic homogenization, ultrasonic homogenization, and rotor-stator homogenization. Similarly, the low energy methods are phase inversion temperature, phase inversion composition, spontaneous emulsification, membrane emulsion, and solvent displacement/solvent evaporation method. The high-energy methods are rapid in comparison to low-energy methods and can handle a large volume of liquid. The low energy methods provide better control over droplet size. Nanoemulsions have broad applications in the food industry such as in the quality enhancement and shelf-life improvement of bakery products, dairy products, meat products, fruit and vegetable products, and also in probiotics and nutraceuticals.     

Effect of temperature of CO2 injection on the pH and freezing point of milks and creams

The objectives of this study were to measure the impact of CO2 injection temperature (0 degree C and 40 degrees C) on the pH and freezing point (FP) of (a) milks with different fat contents (i.e., 0, 15, 30%) and (b) creams with 15% fat but different fat characteristics. Skim milk and unhomogenized creams containing 15 and 30% fat were prepared from the same batch of whole milk and were carbonated at 0 and 40 degrees C in a continuous flow CO2 injection unit (230 ml/min). At 0 degree C, milk fat was mostly solid; at 40 degrees C, milk fat was liquid. At the same total CO2 concentration with CO2 injection at 0 degree C, milk with a higher fat content had a lower pH and FP, while with CO2 injection at 40 degrees C, milks with 0%, 15%, and 30% fat had the same pH. This indicated that less CO2 was dissolved in the fat portion of the milk when the CO2 was injected at 0 degree C than when it was injected at 40 degrees C. Three creams, 15% unhomogenized cream, 15% butter oil emulsion in skim milk, and 15% vegetable oil emulsion in skim milk were also carbonated and analyzed as described above. Vegetable oil was liquid at both 0 and 40 degrees C. At a CO2 injection temperature of 0 degree C, the 15% vegetable oil emulsion had a slightly higher pH than the 15% butter oil emulsion and the 15% unhomogenized cream, indicating that the liquid vegetable oil dissolved more CO2 than the mostly solid milk fat and butter oil. No difference in the pH or FP of the 15% unhomogenized cream and 15% butter oil emulsion was observed when CO2 was injected at 0 degree C, suggesting that homogenization or physical dispersion of milk fat globules did not influence the amount of CO2 dissolved in milk fat at a CO2 injection temperature of 0 degree C. At a CO2 injection temperature of 40 degrees C and at the same total CO2 concentration, the 15% unhomogenized cream, 15% vegetable oil emulsion, and 15% butter oil emulsion had similar pH. At the same total concentration of CO2 in cream, injection of CO2 at low temperature (i.e., < 4 degrees C) may produce a better antimicrobial effect during refrigerated shelf life due to the higher concentration of CO2 in the skim portion of the cream.     

Effect of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose on the textural and whipping properties of whipped cream

In this work, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) was added into whipped cream for improving its textural and whipping properties. By determination of the particle size distribution, a single peak for the emulsion after homogenization and two distinguishable peaks for the emulsion after whipping for 5 min were observed. With the increase of HPMC level, the average particle size (d_3,2) decreased for the emulsion after homogenization and increased for the emulsion after whipping for 5 min. Both whipping time and HPMC level showed positive effects on the partial coalescence of fat globules. The partial coalescence of whipped cream with 0.125% HPMC after whipping for 5 min reached 56.25%, significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that (4.77%) without whipping treatment. Surface protein concentration was measured to evaluate the change of protein content at the droplet interface. The results indicated that the increase of HPMC level could decrease the surface protein concentration slightly. The overrun of whipped cream slightly increased when the HPMC level increased in the range of 0.025–0.125%. Firmness, cohesiveness, consistency and viscosity of whipped cream were analysed in this work. HPMC showed a positive dose-dependent effect on all these textural properties.