A New Frontier in Soy Bioactive Peptides that May Prevent Age‐related Chronic Diseases

During gastrointestinal digestion or food processing of proteins, small peptides can be released and may act as regulatory compounds with hormone‐like activities. Numerous biologically active peptides (bioactive peptides) have been identified. Most bioactive peptides are derived from milk and dairy products, with the most common being angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory peptides. Soybean protein and soybean derived peptides also play an important role in soybean physiological activities, particularly those related to the prevention of chronic diseases. However, the bioactive potential of soybean derived bioactive peptides is yet to be fully appreciated. After a general introduction of approaches and advances in bioactive peptides from food sources, this review focuses on bioactive peptides derived from soybean proteins and their physiological properties. Technological approaches to generate bioactive peptides, their isolation, purification, characterization, and quantification, and further application in food and drug design are also presented. Safety concerns, such as potential toxicity, allergenicity, and sensory aspect of these peptides are likewise discussed.     

Bioactive peptides: Production and functionality

Milk proteins exert a wide range of nutritional, functional and biological activities. Many milk proteins possess specific biological properties that make these components potential ingredients of health-promoting foods. Increasing attention is being focused on physiologically active peptides derived from milk proteins. These peptides are inactive within the sequence of the parent protein molecule and can be liberated by (1) gastrointestinal digestion of milk, (2) fermentation of milk with proteolytic starter cultures or (3) hydrolysis by proteolytic enzymes. Milk protein derived peptides have been shown in vivo to exert various activities affecting, e.g., the digestive, cardiovascular, immune and nervous systems. Studies have identified a great number of peptide sequences with specific bioactivities in the major milk proteins and also the conditions for their release have been determined. Industrial-scale technologies suitable for the commercial production of bioactive milk peptides have been developed and launched recently. These technologies are based on novel membrane separation and ion exchange chromatographic methods being employed by the emerging dairy ingredient industry. A variety of naturally formed bioactive peptides have been found in fermented dairy products, such as yoghurt, sour milk and cheese. The health benefits attributed to peptides in these traditional products have, so far, not been established, however. On the other hand, there are already a few commercial dairy products supplemented with milk protein-derived bioactive peptides whose health benefits have been documented in clinical human studies. It is envisaged that this trend will expand as more knowledge is gained about the multifunctional properties and physiological functions of milk peptides.     

Milk-derived bioactive peptides: From science to applications

Milk proteins have received increasing attention as potential ingredients of health-promoting functional foods targeted at diet-related chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes type two and obesity. To this end, growing interest has been focused on physiologically active peptides derived from milk proteins. These peptides are inactive within the sequence of the parent protein molecule and can be liberated by gastrointestinal digestion of milk, fermentation of milk with proteolytic starter cultures or hydrolysis by proteolytic enzymes. Milk protein-derived peptides have been shown under in vitro and in vivo conditions to exert a number of activities affecting the digestive, endocrine, cardiovascular, immune and nervous systems. A great variety of naturally formed bioactive peptides have been found in fermented dairy products, such as yoghurt, sour milk and cheese. Recently, industrial-scale technologies suitable for the industrial production of bioactive milk peptides have been developed. In addition, a few commercial food products supplemented with milk protein-derived bioactive peptides have been launched on limited markets. Some of these products carry clinically documented benefits, in particular for reduction of mild hypertension. The multifunctional properties of milk peptides appear to offer considerable potential for the development of many similar products in the near future.     

利用纳米载体口服递送生物活性肽的研究进展

生物活性肽因具有高生理活性和生物相容性已被用于预防或治疗各种疾病。纳米载体在生物活性肽的稳定性方面发挥重要作用,对其穿过胃肠道时提供了强有力的保护作用。口服给药的方式往往会很大程度地降低生物活性肽的生物利用度,制备纳米颗粒作为生物活性肽的口服给药递送系统旨在提高生物活性肽的生物利用度,从而提高治疗的靶向性。因此,本文综述了生物活性肽口服纳米载体给药系统的研究现状,重点介绍了生物活性肽口服给药递送的条件、多功能给药递送系统及其应用,旨在为生物活性肽的最大化利用提供参考。     

Antihypertensive peptides of animal origin: A review

Many bioactive peptides trigger certain useful antihypertensive activities in the living body system and there is a mounting worldwide interest in the therapeutic potential of these bioactive peptides for exploitation in vivo against the hypertension. Studies suggest the antihypertensive properties for many bioactive peptides of animal origin with underlying mechanisms ranging from inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme to additional mechanisms to lower blood pressure such as opioid-like activities and mineral-binding and antithrombotic properties. Antihypertensive peptides are the most extensively studied of all the bioactivities induced by food protein hydrolysates, highlighting their importance in human health and disease prevention and treatment. There exist enormous opportunities for the production of novel peptide-based products in biopharmaceutical manufacturing industries for the treatment, prevention, and mitigation of hypertension. Numerous products have already struck on the global market and many more are in process. This article focuses on antihypertensive peptides identified in the meat, fish, blood, milk, dairy products, and egg and their probable application as novel ingredients in the development of functional food products as dietary treatment of hypertension.     

Enzymatic Production,Bioactivity, and Bitterness of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) Peptides

Chickpeas are inexpensive, protein rich (approximately 20% dry mass) pulses available worldwide whose consumption has been correlated with positive health outcomes. Dietary peptides are important molecules derived from dietary proteins, but a comprehensive analysis of the peptides that can be produced from chickpea proteins is missing in the literature. This review provides information from the past 20 years on the enzymatic production of peptides from chickpea proteins, the reported bioactivities of chickpea protein hydrolysates and peptides, and the potential bitterness of chickpea peptides in food products. Chickpea peptides have been enzymatically produced with pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, alcalase, flavorzyme, and papain either alone or in combination, but the sequences of many of the peptides in chickpea protein hydrolysates remain unknown. In addition, a theoretical hydrolysis of chickpea legumin by stem bromelain and ficin was performed by the authors to highlight the potential use of these enzymes to produce bioactive chickpea peptides. Antioxidant activity, hypocholesterolemic, and angiotensin 1‐converting enzyme inhibition are the most studied bioactivities of chickpea protein hydrolysates and peptides, but anticarcinogenic, antimicrobial, and anti‐inflammatory effects have also been reported for chickpea protein hydrolysates and peptides. Chickpea bioactive peptides are not currently commercialized, but their bitterness could be a major impediment to their incorporation in food products. Use of flavorzyme in the production of chickpea protein hydrolysates has been proposed to decrease their bitterness. Future research should focus on the optimization of chickpea bioactive peptide enzymatic production, studying the bioactivity of chickpea peptides in humans, and systematically analyzing chickpea peptide bitterness.     

Strategies for designing novel functional meat products

In recent years, much attention has been paid to physiological functions of foods due to increasing concerns for health. Although there has been limited information of physiological functions of meat until recently, several attractive meat-based bioactive compounds, such as carnosine, anserine, l-carnitine, conjugated linoleic acid, have been studied. Emphasizing these activities is one possible approach for improving the health image of meat and developing functional meat products. This article provides potential benefits of representative meat-based bioactive compounds on human health and an overview of meat-based functional products. Strategies for designing novel functional meat products utilizing bioactive peptides and/or probiotic bacteria, is also discussed. This article focuses particularly on the possibility of meat protein-derived bioactive peptides, such as antihypertensive peptides. There are still some hurdles in developing and marketing novel functional meat products since such products are unconventional and consumers in many countries recognize meat and meat products to be bad for health. Along with accumulation of scientific data, there is an urgent need to inform consumers of the exact functional value of meat and meat products including novel functional foods.     

改善心血管健康的食源性生物活性肽构效关系研究进展

食物源生物活性肽作为可改善健康状况的营养成分可由动植物食品在人体内消化或加工过程中产生,并表现出抗氧化、免疫调节、调节阿片样受体及抗菌、降压、降血脂、抗血栓等多种生理活性。通过调节和改善人体生理功能,生物活性肽可用于预防和治疗心血管疾病等慢性病。活性肽的来源、结构对其功能性质有重要影响。本文综述了与心血管健康有关的活性肽的构效关系研究进展,并对其研究前景进行展望。     

鹿源生物活性肽的研究进展

生物活性肽在食品和医药领域的广泛应用为鹿产品的深加工提供了新思路、新挑战,如何从鹿茸及鹿副产品中提取分离纯化出具有生物活性的鹿源活性肽并转化为具有高附加值的产品已成为当前亟需解决的问题。该文综述了鹿源生物活性肽的制备分离、纯化及鉴定等研究方法,阐述了鹿源生物活性肽的抗氧化、增强免疫调节、抗炎、抗菌、抗癌、降低高血压、治疗骨质疏松等多种功能活性的研究进展,最后对目前鹿源生物活性肽研究中发现的问题进行总结并提出展望。该文旨在为鹿源生物活性肽的功能活性研究和产品开发提供参考。     

生物活性肽功能及制备技术研究进展

生物活性肽具有抗氧化、降血压、抑菌、抗肿瘤、免疫调节等多种生物学功能,还有安全性高、价格低廉、特异性强的特点,在 食品和医药行业有着广阔的应用前景。 文中对生物活性肽的种类和生物功能、生物活性肽的制备技术和分离纯化方法进行了概述, 重点阐述了酶解法、微生物发酵法制备生物活性肽的技术方法。最后,对生物活性肽在大规模应用方面的挑战进行分析,为生物活性 肽进一步的开发与利用提供参考。