不同方法处理的芝麻粕营养价值评定

选用5头健康、体重35 kg左右,在回肠末端安装简单“T”型瘘管的杂交阉公猪(杜×长×大),采用有重复5×5拉丁方设计,测定经不同方法处理的4种芝麻粕(发酵芝麻粕+赖氨酸(FSML),酶解芝麻粕(ESM),发酵芝麻粕(FSM)和普通芝麻粕(SM))饲喂生长猪的消化能、代谢能,粗蛋白表观消化率及真消化率、磷消化率和氨基酸回肠末端表观消化率及真消化率.结果表明:不同处理方法显著影响芝麻粕能量、磷和粗蛋白的利用率,并且改善了部分氨基酸回肠末端表观消化率及真消化率.FSM和FSML的粗蛋白表观消化率、粗蛋白真消化率和磷消化率均显著高于SM和ESM (P ＜0.05).相对于ESM,FSM和FSML的消化能均提高了6.29％,代谢能均提高了7.85％ (P ＜0.05).FSML的苏氨酸、苯丙氨酸、赖氨酸和丝氨酸的回肠末端表观消化率相对于SM分别提高了4.42个百分点、9.30个百分点、7.28个百分点和4.12个百分点(P＜0.05);FSM和FSML的苯丙氨酸回肠末端表观消化率与真消化率均显著高于SM和ESM (P ＜0.05);但SM的丙氨酸回肠末端表观消化率较FSM提高了3.74个百分点(P＜0.05).FSM的脯氨酸回肠末端真消化率相对于ESM和SM分别提高了9.06个百分点和9.86个百分点(P＜0.05).结果显示,芝麻粕发酵后可以提高芝麻粕能量、粗蛋白、磷和部分氨基酸的利用率.     

含水量对不同原料发酵参数的影响

试验旨在研究含水量对不同饲料原料发酵品质的影响，采用分组对照实验设计，以乳酸菌、酵母菌、枯草芽孢杆菌分别固态发酵玉米、豆粕和棉籽粕，设30%、40%、50%、60%四个含水量，以感官评价、pH和发酵后益生存留量为发酵品质评定指标。结果表明：随发酵时间延长，pH表现二次曲线的规律（P<0.01）；含水量显著影响玉米、豆粕和棉籽粕的发酵（P<0.05），不影响原料初始pH（P>0.05）；pH达到稳定时，50%含水量的玉米、豆粕和棉籽粕的乳酸菌、枯草芽孢杆菌数量高于其它处理（P<0.05）。本试验条件下，乳酸菌、酵母菌、枯草芽孢杆菌分别发酵玉米，最佳含水量为50%；乳酸菌、枯草芽孢杆菌分别发酵豆粕和棉籽粕，最佳含水量为60%；酵母菌发酵豆粕和棉籽粕，最佳含水量为50%。     

产朊假丝酵母固态发酵麻疯树饼粕产菌体蛋白的研究

利用产朊假丝酵母作为发酵菌株,以提油后的麻疯树饼粕作为培养基,采用固态发酵方式生产菌体蛋白.控制培养基湿度在75%的条件下发酵3d,饼粕中的粗蛋白含量达到最大值35.26%.与未发酵麻疯树饼粕相比.发酵后饼粕的粗蛋白含量提高了48.65%;总氨基酸和必需氨基酸分别提高了17.60%和18.73%,特别是缬氨酸和赖氨酸提高非常明显;饼粕中的粗蛋白体外消化率由3.08%增加到38.91%.发酵后麻疯树饼粕的营养效价得到了较大幅度的提高.     

假丝酵母ZD-3与黑曲霉ZD-8复合固体发酵对棉籽饼脱毒及营养价值的影响研究

研究目的为研究热带假丝酵母ZD-3与黑曲霉ZD-8复合固体发酵对棉籽饼粕脱毒效果、蛋白质营养价值及显微形态结构等的影响。利用热带假丝酵母ZD-3和黑曲霉ZD-8对棉籽饼进行单菌及复合固体发酵，然后测定发酵底物中游离棉酚（FG）、氨基酸含量，体外法测定饲料蛋白质氨基酸消失率，用环境扫描电镜拍摄底物发酵后的显微形态结构变化等。试验结果：复合发酵可极显著（P〈0．01）地降低棉籽饼底物游离棉酚含量，脱毒率为91．64％；棉籽饼底物粗蛋白、总氨基酸、必需氨基酸含量分别提高27．83％、18．15％、19、18％；提高粗蛋白、总氨基酸及必需氨基酸体外消化率分别为20．90％、26．16％、24．47％，赖氨酸和蛋氨酸分别增加20．24％、66．29％。环境扫描电镜图片表明，复合发酵处理棉籽饼底物后，黑曲霉形态结构发生变化，其菌丝变细，未观察到抱子头，只见光秃秃的顶囊。酵母菌形态未发现有明显变化。试验结果表明，复合发酵效果明显优于单菌发酵棉籽饼底物的效果，不但达到棉酚脱毒的目的，而且发酵饲料营养价值显著提高。复合发酵时，热带假丝酵母ZD-3对黑曲霉ZD-8的形态变化有显著影响。     

花生粕饲用品质改善的研究

用植物乳杆菌结合蛋白酶和植酸酶对花生粕进行固态发酵,通过比较发酵前后花生粕中黄曲霉毒素B1、植酸、无机磷、粗蛋白、多肽、总酸(以乳酸计)含量以及氨基酸组成、蛋白质体外消化率等指标的变化来综合考察生物技术处理对花生粕品质的改善.研究发现,发酵后黄曲霉毒素B1的去除率为44.61％,植酸含量由1.36％降低到0.23％,无机磷含量由0.11％提高到0.40％,粗蛋白含量由51.83％提高到53.39％.大分子蛋白明显降解为多肽,多肽含量由3.34％提高到11.36％,必需氨基酸总量提高了16.43％,蛋白质的体外消化率由57.45％提高到68.36％,总酸含量达到4.99％.经过生物技术处理,花生粕的品质得到了明显提高.     

棉仁生坯低温压榨和浸出过程中组分含量的变化

为评估一种脱酚棉籽粕新工艺技术的可行性,对工艺过程中各阶段产品的关键成分(粗蛋白质、游离棉酚、赖氨酸和蛋氨酸等)进行了测定。以脱壳棉仁为原料,经低温压榨和己烷浸出制得脱脂粕,再经甲醇浸出制得脱酚棉籽粕。结果表明,脱酚棉籽粕保留了大部分赖氨酸和蛋氨酸,而粗蛋白质和游离棉酚含量分别为50.15%和0.008 2%;棉仁低温压榨结合己烷及甲醇浸出工艺是一种很有前景的优质脱酚棉籽粕生产技术。     

多菌种分步发酵提高辣木籽粕蛋白含量及酶活

以辣木籽粕为底物，探究使用屎肠球菌（Enterococcus faecium）、米根霉（Rhizopus oryzae）和黑曲霉（Aspergillus niger）联合发酵辣木籽粕改善其粗蛋白、酸溶蛋白含量及蛋白酶活性的最优条件。结果表明，接种顺序对发酵效果有显著影响，最优条件为先接种黑曲霉和米根霉，发酵36 h后，再接种屎肠球菌，在培养基含水量50%，总接种量20%的条件下30 ℃发酵3 d。在此优化条件下，发酵辣木籽粕的粗蛋白含量、酸溶蛋白含量、酸性蛋白酶活性和中性蛋白酶活性分别达到46.78%、11.30%、77.06 U/g和711.93 U/g，粗蛋白和酸溶蛋白比发酵前分别提高了32.22%和121.57%，该方法可提高辣木籽粕的营养价值和消化性能。研究结果将为辣木籽粕的深加工开发提供参考依据。     

复合发酵棉籽粕菌种筛选、鉴定及其发酵工艺参数优化研究

通过对发酵棉籽粕效果优良菌株的筛选、鉴定及其复合发酵最适工艺条件的研究,探讨发酵对棉籽粕脱毒效果及粗蛋白(crude protein,CP)含量等的影响.筛选并利用三株发酵效果优良的菌株(两株酵母和一株霉菌)对棉籽粕底物进行发酵,结果表明:与发酵前相比,底物中游离棉酚(free gossypol,FG)含量显著降低(P<0.05),并显著提高了CP含量(P<0.05).经工艺优化试验研究,得到较为理想的发酵工艺条件:底物组成为棉籽粕70%、玉米20%、糖蜜10%,添加3%硫酸铵,底物与水比例为1:0.6,三菌种(S1:S3:S6)接种比例为3:3:2,接种量为5%,自然pH.     

微生物发酵提高花生粕营养价值的初步研究

通过蛋白浓缩、氨基酸平衡、大分子蛋白的降解和有益代谢物的积累等指标考察微生物发酵对花生粕营养价值的改善情况。研究发现,采用干酪乳杆菌JD-17和马克斯克鲁维酵母JD-16进行花生粕的生物技术处理,发酵后的花生粕气味酸甜芳香,具有良好的适口性,粗蛋白从48.2%提高到52.8%,赖氨酸、蛋氨酸和总氨基酸的含量也相应提高,分别提高了15.6%、28.2%和18.3%,大分子蛋白明显降解成小分子蛋白,并积累了有益的代谢产物(乳酸含量达到了2.3%)。     

含水量对不同饲料原料发酵参数的影响

研究含水量对不同饲料原料发酵品质的影响,采用分组对照试验设计,以乳酸菌、酵母菌、枯草芽孢杆菌分别固态发酵玉米、豆粕和棉籽粕,设30%、40%、50%、60%4个含水量,以感官评价、p H和发酵后益生存留量为发酵品质评定指标。结果表明:随发酵时间延长,p H表现二次曲线的规律(P0.01);含水量显著影响玉米、豆粕和棉籽粕的发酵(P0.05),不影响原料初始p H(P0.05);p H达到稳定时,50%含水量的玉米、豆粕和棉籽粕的乳酸菌、枯草芽孢杆菌数量高于其他处理(P0.05)。本试验条件下,乳酸菌、酵母菌、枯草芽孢杆菌分别发酵玉米,最佳含水量为50%;乳酸菌、枯草芽孢杆菌分别发酵豆粕和棉籽粕,最佳含水量为60%;酵母菌发酵豆粕和棉籽粕,最佳含水量为50%。     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.     

Analysis for organic residues from aids to polymerization used to make plastics intended for food contact

Polymers intended for food contact use have been analysed for organic residues which could be attributed to a range of substances employed as polymerization aids (e.g. initiators and catalysts). A wide range of polymers was extracted with solvents and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The overwhelming majority of substances identified were not derived from aids to polymerization but were oligomers, additives and adventitious contaminants. However, a small number of substances were identified as initiator residues. These included tetramethylsuccinonitrile (TMSN) which was observed in two polymers and it derived from recombination of two azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiator radicals. Methyl benzoate, benzoic acid, biphenyl and phenyl benzoate were detected in one poly(methyl methacrylate) sample and in two polyvinylchlorides and they are thought to be derived from benzoyl peroxide initiator. TMSN was subsequently targeted for analysis of poly-(methyl methacrylate) plastics using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (¹     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part II: Medium molecular weight permeants

Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of different medium molecular weight model permeants: bisphenol A, warfarin and anthracene, from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 microns-thick orientated polypropylene--OPP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. The characterization of permeation kinetics generally observed the permeation models previously reported to explain the experimental permeation results obtained for a low molecular weight group of model permeants. In general, the model permeants exhibited behaviour consistent with their relative molecular weights with respect to (a) the time taken to attain steady-state permeation into the food simulant in which they were more soluble, (b) their subsequent steady-state permeation rates, and (c) their partition between liquid paraffin and the OPP membrane.     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. I: Interlaboratory studies of methods of analysis

This paper describes the first part of a project undertaken to develop mussel reference materials for Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins. Two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin (STX) and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin (dc-STX) in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the second part of the project: the certification exercise. In the first study, 18 laboratories were asked to measure STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and to identify as many other PSP toxins as possible with a method of their choice. In the second interlaboratory study, 15 laboratories were additionally asked to determine quantitatively STX and dc-STX in rehydrated lyophilized mussel and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The first study revealed that three out of four postcolumn derivatization methods and one pre-column derivatization method sufficed in principle to determine STX and dc-STX. Most participants (13 of 18) obtained acceptable calibration curves and recoveries. Saxitoxin was hardly detected in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels and results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 58% at a mass fraction of 1.86 mg/kg. Most participants (14 out of 18) identified gonyautoxin-5 (GTX-5) in a hydrolysed extract provided. The first study led to provisional criteria for linearity, recovery and separation. The second study revealed that 6 out of 15 laboratories were able to meet these criteria. Results obtained for dc-STX yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 3.49mg/kg. Results obtained for STX in the saxitoxin-enriched material yielded a CV of 19% at a mass fraction of 0.34mg/kg. Saxitoxin could not be detected in the PSP-positive material. Hydrolysis was useful to confirm the identity of GTX5 and provided indicative information about C1 and C2 toxins in the PSP-positive material. The methods used in the second interlaboratory study showed sufficiently consistent analysis results to undertake a certification exercise to assign certified values for STX and dc-STX in lyophilized mussel.     

The Ministry of Environmental Protection Issued "Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Control in Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry (Trial)" and Two Other Guiding Technical Documents

On December 27t＂, 2013, the Ministry of Environmenta Protection announced that, in order to implement ＂The Environmental Protection Law of the People＇ s Republic of China＂, improve the working system in environmenta protection technologies, and promote technologica advancement in pollution prevention, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sponsored the formulation of three guiding technical documents including ＂Feasible Technology Guidelines for Pollution Prevention and Contro n Wood Pulping Process of the Paper Industry （Trial）＂     

1~(st) Intelli-Tissue~ EcoEc Tissue Machine Supplied by PMP Group Successfully Put into Operation in China

正On April 29th,2014,Intelli-Tissue EcoEc tissue machine supplied by PMP Group successfully put into operation at Hebei Xuesong Paper Co.,Ltd.,this is the first such kind of paper machine of PMP Group in China.