益生元在体重管理领域的应用

<正>有研究表明,肠道微生物结构的改变会影响消化率和代谢产物的种类,从而使机体发生变化。因此,通过干扰肠道内微生物菌群可以实现调节机体健康的目的。益生元具有稳定性好、热量低、服用量小、配伍性好等优点,其通过促进有益菌的繁殖来抑制有害细菌的生长,从而达到调整肠道菌群,保持机体健康的目的。     

膳食主成分对肠道微生物的影响研究进展

饮食是影响肠道菌群组成和代谢的重要因素之一,更是最容易控制或改变的因素。饮食中大量营养成分的类型、数量及平衡状态会影响肠道微生物的组成和数量;同样,微生物会影响食物消化效率,并根据膳食底物产生特定的代谢产物,从而影响其他微生物及宿主健康。本文综述膳食主要成分对肠道微生物组成及代谢的影响,旨在为肠道菌群研究及其饮食调控提供一定的思路和参考。     

膳食多酚与肠道微生物相互作用研究进展

近年来膳食多酚与肠道微生物的相互作用逐渐成为食品科学、营养学和生物学的研究热点。多酚的抗衰老、抗肿瘤、预防心脑血管疾病的功能发挥主要依赖于肠道微生物对其的代谢;多酚的肠道微生物代谢产物又会通过影响肠道微生物菌相进而影响人体健康。本文在广泛查阅文献的基础上,综述肠道微生物对膳食结合态多酚的释放、代谢和影响因素以及多酚及其代谢产物对肠道微生物菌相和酶的影响,以期为膳食多酚和肠道菌群相互作用的深入研究提供一定参考依据。     

基于肠道菌群的黄酮类化合物生理功能研究进展

黄酮类化合物是一类具有2-苯基色原酮结构的多酚化合物,广泛存在于水果、蔬菜、茶叶中,具有抗氧化、降血脂、调节血糖和抑制炎症等功效。大量研究证实黄酮类化合物在体内的代谢吸收和生理功能的发挥与肠道菌群密切相关。本文从肠道菌群的结构和功能,参与代谢的微生物种类及产物,代谢酶的种类和活性等方面阐述黄酮化合物与肠道菌群间的相互作用,总结黄酮类化合物通过调节肠道菌群预防肥胖、糖尿病、肠易激综合症、心血管疾病和阿尔兹海默症等多种疾病的机制,为黄酮类化合物在功能食品上的应用提供理论依据。     

益生菌通过肠道菌群控制肥胖机制的研究进展

肥胖是由于新陈代谢功能失调而引起的体内脂肪过量堆积,可能会导致机体动脉粥样硬化、胰岛素抵抗和血脂异常等各种代谢综合征的出现。肥胖是威胁现代社会健康与经济发展的一个重要因素,预防与治疗肥胖一直以来都是研究热点。目前,已经有一些肠道菌群抑制肥胖症的机制被报道。然而,由于肠道微生物组成的复杂性,哪一种微生物群落与肥胖直接相关仍然是有待研究的。本综述中,以肥胖患者肠道菌群结构组成的改变为切入点,进一步阐述肠道菌群的生理功能与肥胖发生机制的密切联系。对国内外相关研究进展归纳,总结得出益生菌可直接影响肥胖患者肠道中炎症细胞因子水平与代谢产物,或调节肠道菌群平衡达到重塑肥胖宿主代谢的目的。因此,采用益生菌与益生元治疗将成为预防与治疗肥胖的新方向。     

几类不同食物对肠道菌群调节作用的研究进展

肠道菌群是机体的重要组成部分，肠道菌群能在一定程度上影响宿主的营养代谢和健康。肠道菌群的组成与功能受宿主生理状态、遗传、饮食习惯、年龄和环境等多重因素的影响。其中，膳食是影响肠道菌群结构和功能最为重要且较为迅速的因素。作为日常生活中常见的食物资源，杂粮、杂豆和果蔬等食物含有的膳食纤维和多酚等物质已经被证明具有调节肠道菌群的作用。肠道菌群能够发酵膳食纤维，代谢后释放维生素以及短链脂肪酸等代谢产物，并选择性地促进一些肠道有益菌的增殖，进而在一定程度上促进宿主健康。此外，大部分酚类物质也在肠道中被肠道菌群代谢分解后进一步提高酚类物质的生物利用率，从而改善宿主生理状态。本文围绕日常生活中常见的食物资源如杂粮杂豆以及水果蔬菜等对肠道菌群的调节作用进行综述，展望以肠道菌群为靶点的代谢性疾病预防与治疗或膳食干预的前景。     

肠道菌群代谢产物短链脂肪酸与抑郁症关系的研究进展

随着生物医学的快速发展,系列研究表明抑郁症与肠道微生物间存在密切联系,抑郁症患者通常伴随着肠道菌群种类、相对丰度及其代谢产物的改变。肠道菌群代谢产物短链脂肪酸（short-chain fatty acids,SCFA）是联系宿主和肠道菌群的重要中介物质,具有生物学效应,对宿主的生理功能产生影响。近年来,基于短链脂肪酸防治抑郁症的研究一直是该领域的研究热点,短链脂肪酸在肠道中的含量变化影响着抑郁症的发生发展。本文主要综述了SCFA对抑郁症的可能作用机制（调节下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴、影响色氨酸代谢以及减轻炎症反应）和外源干预抑郁症治疗的可能途径（食用益生菌、益生元和粪便菌群移植）,以期为开发新型抑郁症治疗药物提供理论参考。     

膳食营养与宿主遗传通过肠道菌群调节能量代谢研究进展

文章从膳食营养、宿主遗传两方面阐述了肠道菌群对宿主能量代谢的调节作用,着重叙述了肠道菌群代谢产物调节宿主代谢的机制,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望。     

植物多酚与肠道微生物群的相互作用及其对代谢性疾病影响的研究进展

肠道微生物群参与由胰岛素抵抗、高血糖、血脂异常、中心性肥胖和高血压等组成的代谢综合征的发展,进一步导致代谢性疾病的发生。而植物多酚可以促进肠道微生物群中有益菌的生长,间接减少致病菌的数量。并且肠道微生物群能够将高分子质量的植物多酚代谢为更具生物活性的代谢物以提高其生物利用度。本文综述了植物多酚与肠道微生物群两者之间的相互作用及它们对代谢性疾病的影响,为植物多酚的利用提供参考。     

益生乳酸菌与肠道菌群稳态

肠道是个复杂的微生态系统，不仅包含宿主细胞和各种营养物质，还包含数以万计的微生物。这些肠道微生物与宿主健康息息相关，对宿主营养、代谢、生理和免疫均有影响，肠道菌群发生紊乱还会引起各种疾病。大量临床试验表明，益生乳酸菌可通过调节宿主肠道菌群稳态治疗或缓解多种疾病。本文作者描述了失衡指数（DI）、微生物平衡指数（MBI）和微生物失衡指数（MDI）这3种量化肠道菌群稳态的计算方法及其应用，阐述了益生乳酸菌对肥胖和健康宿主肠道菌群稳态的影响，指出益生乳酸菌可能通过与肠道中病原菌竞争结合位点或分泌物质抑制病原菌，分泌代谢物为肠道中有益共生菌提供适宜生长繁殖的环境和制造“假想敌”刺激宿主免疫系统应答等方式维持宿主肠道菌群稳态，并讨论了维持宿主肠道菌群稳态的重要性。同时还综述了益生乳酸菌研究现状，指出益生乳酸菌的研究要做到个性化，不仅要考虑研究人群个体差异，还要考虑菌株之间的差异。     

Interactions of tea polyphenols with intestinal microbiota and their implication for anti-obesity

Tea polyphenols (TP) are the main components in tea. Studies in vitro have shown they have significant biological activity; however, the results are inconsistent with experiments in vivo. For the low bioavailability, most TP are thought to remain in the gut and metabolized by intestinal bacteria. In the gut, the unabsorbed TP are metabolized to a variety of derivative products by intestinal flora, which may accumulate to exert beneficial effects. Numerous studies have shown that TP can inhibit obesity and its related metabolism disorders effectively. Meanwhile, it has demonstrated that TP and their derivatives may modulate intestinal micro-ecology. The understanding of the interaction between TP and intestinal microbiota will allow us to better evaluate the contribution of microbial metabolites of TP to anti-obesity activity. This review showed implications for the use of TP as functional food with potential therapeutic utility against obesity by modulating intestinal microbiota, contributing to the improvement of human health. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry     

Dietary Polyphenols and Human Gut Microbiota: a Review

Dietary polyphenols are substrates for colonic microbiota. They and their metabolites contribute to the maintenance of gastrointestinal health by interacting with epithelial cells, and largely by modulating the gut microbial composition. Polyphenols may act as promoting factors of growth, proliferation, or survival for beneficial gut bacteria—mainly Lactobacillus strains—and thus, exerting prebiotic actions and inhibiting the proliferation of some pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella and Helicobacter pylori species. To date the interactions affecting metabolic pathways and numerous metabolites of dietary polyphenols have been widely documented. However, the effects of dietary polyphenols on the modulation of the intestinal ecology and on the growth of gut microbial species are still poorly understood. This paper summarizes data on the influence of dietary polyphenols on gut microbiota and the main interactions between dietary polyphenols and beneficial and pathogenic intestinal bacteria.     

益生菌对Ⅱ型糖尿病影响的研究进展

肠道菌群在调节机体新陈代谢、维持人体健康和疾病发生中起着重要作用。近年来随着对肠道微生物研究的深入,人们发现肠道菌群与代谢综合征、过敏、神经退行性疾病等疾病的发生和发展密切相关。目前,肠道菌群与人体健康之间的联系成为研究热点,但肠道菌群与这些疾病的关系以及相应的发病机制尚不清楚。对肠道菌群结构和代谢物的16S rRNA及宏基因组进行分析,揭示了肠道菌群组成与糖尿病之间的相关性。益生菌作为人体肠道共生菌中一类特殊的菌群,可以调节胃肠道稳态、营养物质代谢和能量平衡。因此,以肠道微生物为靶点缓解或治疗糖尿病有其独特的优势。本文总结了益生菌在糖尿病防治中的研究进展,为糖尿病的相关研究提供参考。     

膳食多酚对肠道菌群影响研究进展

人体肠道是一个复杂但稳定的微生态系统,其中肠道菌群对肠道及人体健康起着重要作用。健康的肠道中各菌间保持着微妙的平衡,但诸如膳食、年龄、药物、环境或生活习惯等多种因素均会打破肠道菌群平衡,而肠道菌群失衡是人体多种疾病发生发展的重要诱因。多酚是一类重要的植物次生代谢产物,具有多种生物学活性,如抗氧化、抗病毒、抗肿瘤、抗癌、抗菌、抗炎、预防心脑血管疾病等。大量研究报道证实,通过膳食补充多酚类物质对人类健康具有多种益处,特别是摄入膳食多酚对肠道健康和肠道菌群平衡有着显著的积极影响。本文归纳了近年来膳食多酚对肠道菌群影响相关研究进展,为科学、充分地利用多酚预防和治疗肠道疾病、保护肠道健康提供理论依据与参考。     

植物多酚降血糖机制的研究进展

多酚类化合物是植物的次生代谢产物,广泛存在于自然界中,包括黄酮类化合物、单宁、绿原酸等。研究表明,经常摄入富含多酚类化合物的蔬菜、水果和饮料可以减缓心脑血管疾病、糖尿病、肥胖等慢性代谢疾病甚至癌症的发生和发展。本文从植物多酚可以通过促进胰岛素合成与分泌、抑制葡萄糖转运、调节肠道菌群等方面对血糖起调节作用进行论述,以期为植物多酚降血糖功能提供理论依据。     

The potential influence of fruit polyphenols on colonic microflora and human gut health

The effect of common dietary polyphenols on growth of human gut bacteria and their adhesion to enterocytes was investigated. The influence on the growth of a probiotic (Lactobacillus rhamnosus), a commensal (Escherichia coli) and two pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium) was determined, together with effects on adhesion of pathogenic and probiotic bacteria to cultured Caco-2 cells. All polyphenols, except rutin, were found to affect the viability of representative gut flora in vitro, at doses likely to be present in the gastrointestinal tract, but to differing degrees. Naringenin and quercetin were the most active with the lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations for all the four bacteria tested. The remaining polyphenols had the most marked effect on the Gram positive enteropathogen S. aureus. Naringenin and phloridzin were the most effective inhibitors of S. typhimurium adherence to Caco-2 enterocytes while phloridzin and rutin enhanced the adherence of the probiotic L. rhamnosus. Polyphenols appear to have potential to alter gut microecology and, by affecting the total number of beneficial microflora in the gut, may confer positive gut health benefits.     

Impact of polyphenols from black tea and red wine/grape juice on a gut model microbiome

Food and beverage products derived from fruit and vegetables contain polyphenols, which have been associated with various health benefits. Polyphenols may influence health through direct uptake in the intestine but also upon interaction with the gut microbiota for example by modification of the microbial composition or by conversion of the polyphenols to further bioactive compounds. So far, there are limited studies of complex polyphenols on the human gut microbiota especially using modern molecular technologies. Most studies investigating effects of dietary polyphenols have focused on single molecules or bacterial strains. In the current study, an in vitro gut microbial ecosystem, namely simulator of the intestinal microbial ecosystem (SHIME), was challenged with either a black tea or a red wine grape extract (RWGE), both containing complex dietary polyphenol mixtures. Within the context of the model system, the effects of these interventions on both microbial numbers and composition as well as metabolite levels were assessed. Antimicrobial effects, largely confined to unculturable members of the ecosystem, were revealed by complementary microbiological techniques. Pyrosequencing analysis showed a shift in the Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio for both interventions. Black tea stimulated Klebsiella, enterococci and Akkermansia and reduced bifidobacteria, B. coccoides, Anaeroglobus and Victivallis. RWGE promoted growth of Klebsiella, Alistipes, Cloacibacillus, Victivallis and Akkermansia while bifidobacteria, B. coccoides, Anaeroglobus, Subdoligranulum and Bacteroides were decreased.The study shows that these complex polyphenols in the context of a model system can modulate select members of the human gut microbiota. These members represent novel targets of polyphenol degrading or resistant microbes to be validated under physiological conditions in vivo and further investigated for polyphenol metabolism or resistance mechanisms.