Estimated daily intakes of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) antioxidants in Korea.

The study was conducted to establish the estimated daily intake (EDI) of antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) in Korea. The EDIs were obtained from two sources. One of the estimations was based on the analytical determination of BHA, BHT and TBHQ in 12 food categories (ten food categories for TBHQ) and on individual dietary intake data obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Survey in 1998 (n=11 525, age > 1 year). The other EDIs of BHA, BHT and TBHQ were based on the maximum permitted levels specified in national food standards in Korea and on individual dietary intake data obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Survey in 1998 (n=11 525, age > 1 year). To establish the EDIs based on the analytical determination and on individual dietary intake data, 133 food samples in 12 food categories were selected from the foods considered to be representative sources of BHA, BHT and TBHQ in the Korean diet. Selected samples were analysed by GC with FID. BHA was not detected in any of the samples analysed. BHT and TBHQ were detected in the samples, but the levels were significantly lower than their maximum limits. The EDIs1 of BHT, and TBHQ for average consumers were 0.0156(-3), and 0.0012(-3) mg kg(-1) body weight bw day(-1) and as a proportion of the ADI were 0.0052 and 0.0002%, respectively. For 95th percentile consumers, the EDIs of BHT and TBHQ were 0.0080 and 0.0006 mg kg(-1) bw day(-1), and as a proportion of the ADI were 2.67 and 0.09%, respectively. EDIs for BHA, BHT and TBHQ based on the maximum permitted levels and on individual dietary intake data were 0.04, 0.04 and 0.04 mg kg(-1) bw day(-1), respectively. The EDIs of BHA, BHT and TBHQ for average consumers ranged from 6.00 to 14.42% of the ADI of each antioxidant. According to these results, the EDIs of BHA, BHT and TBHQ in Korea were significantly lower than ADI of these antioxidants established by the JECFA.     

Assessment of Korean consumer exposure to sodium saccharin,aspartame and stevioside

The dietary intakes of sodium saccharin, aspartame and stevioside were estimated on the basis of food consumption data of the Korean consumer and the concentration of sweeteners in processed foods. Results were compared with the acceptable daily intake (ADI) of sweeteners. Among the 28 food categories for which the application of sodium saccharin, aspartame and stevioside is permitted in Korea, they were detected in 5, 12 and 13 categories, respectively. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of sodium saccharin and aspartame were high in infants and children, whereas the EDI of stevioside was high in adolescents and adults. The most highly consumed sweetener was aspartame, and the highest EDI/ADI ratio was found for sodium saccharin. The main food categories contributing to sweetener consumption were beverages, including alcoholic beverages. For most Korean consumers, the EDIs were no greater than 20% of their corresponding ADI; however, the EDI of sodium saccharin for conservative consumers aged 1–2 years reached 60% of their ADI.     

Intake of saccharin, aspartame, acesulfame K and cyclamate in Italian teenagers: present levels and projections

The intake of saccharin, aspartame, acesulfame K and cyclamate was assessed in 212 Italian teenagers aged 13-19 in 1996. Total daily intake of intense sweeteners was assessed on the basis of dietary records (14 consecutive days). The sweetener content of sugar-free products (soft drinks, candies, chewing gums, yoghurts, jam and table-top sweeteners) was provided by manufacturers. Sugar-free products were consumed by 77% of the subjects. Mean daily intake among consumers was 0.24mg/kg body weight (bw) for cyclamate (13 subjects), 0.21mg/kg bw for saccharin (9 subjects), 0.03mg/kg bw for aspartame (162 subjects), and 0.02mg/kg bw for acesulfame K (56 subjects). No subject exceeded the ADI (Acceptable Daily Intake) of an intense sweetener. Projections based on the present levels of use of intense sweeteners in sugar-free products and on the dietary pattern observed in the sample suggest that approaching the ADI could be possible only if subjects with high intakes of both soft drinks and table-top sugar substituted these items with respectively sugar-free beverages and table-top sweeteners containing either saccharin or cyclamate.     

Exposure assessment of synthetic colours approved in Korea

The dietary intakes of nine synthetic food colours – amaranth, erythrosine, Allura Red, Ponceau 4R, tartrazine, Sunset Yellow FCF, Fast Green FCF, Brilliant Blue FCF and indigo carmine – permitted in Korea were estimated based on food consumption data for consumers and their concentrations in processed foods. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) by Korean consumers were compared with the acceptable daily intakes (ADIs) of the colours. Among 704 foods sampled, 471 contained synthetic colours. The most highly consumed synthetic colours were Allura Red and tartrazine; the highest EDI/ADI ratios were found for amaranth, erythrosine and Allura Red. The EDIs of infants and children were higher than those of adults. The main food categories containing colours were beverages and liquor for adults, and beverages, chocolate and ice cream for infants and children. For average Korean consumers, the EDIs were not greater than 2.5% of their corresponding ADIs, although the EDI of a conservative consumer in the upper 95th percentile reached 37% of the ADI.     

Average daily nitrate and nitrite intake in the Belgian population older than 15 years

The aim of this study was to assess the dietary intake of nitrate and nitrite in Belgium. The nitrate content of processed vegetables, cheeses and meat products was analysed. These data were completed by data from non-targeted official control and from the literature. In addition, the nitrite content of meat products was measured. Concentration data for nitrate and nitrite were linked to food consumption data of the Belgian Food Consumption Survey. This study included 3245 respondents, aged 15 years and older. Food intakes were estimated by a repeated 24-h recall using EPIC-SOFT. Only respondents with two completed 24-h recalls (n=3083) were included in the analysis. For the intake assessment, average concentration data and individual consumption data were combined. Usual intake of nitrate/nitrite was calculated using the Nusser method. The mean usual daily intake of nitrate was 1.38 mg kg(-1) bodyweight (bw) day(-1) and the usual daily intake at the 97.5 percentile was 2.76 mg kg(-1) bw day(-1). Exposure of the Belgian population to nitrate at a mean intake corresponded to 38% of the ADI (while 76% at the 97.5 percentile). For the average consumer, half of the intake was derived from vegetables (especially lettuce) and 20% from water and water-based drinks. The average daily intake of nitrate and nitrite from cheese and meat products was low (0.2% and 6% of the ADI at average intake, respectively). Scenario analyses with a higher consumption of vegetables or a higher nitrate concentration in tap water showed a significant higher intake of nitrate. Whether this is beneficial or harmful must be further assessed.     

Quantitative Risk Assessment for Formalin Treatment in Fish Preservation: Food Safety Concern in Local Market of Bangladesh

In Bangladesh, fishes are adulterated by hazardous chemicals at different steps from farm to consumers. Formalin (FA) is reported to be frequently added as preservative either by dipping or spraying to the fresh fishes by the fish traders while transporting to domestic marketing chain to prevent spoilage and extend shelf life. Thus, the objective of the present study was toconduct quantitative risk assessment (QRA) for formalin treated fish in Bangladesh. The probabilistic QRA of formalin treated fish was performed based on available secondary data. Available data on concentration of formalin in fish, daily fish consumption by the consumer and their body weight were used to estimate the risk of residual formalin to the consumers. Based on the data, three different scenarios (average consumption, two and four times of average consumption considered as scenarios 1, 2 and 3, respectively) were used for exposure analysis using @Risk program version 6.0.FA concentration in consumedfresh and cooked (boiling) fish was 5.34x10^-02 and 2.340x10^-02 (mg/kg bw/day), respectively and national average fish consumption was 200 g/day. QRA reveals that FA intake under scenario1 and 2 was lower than acceptable daily intake (ADI 0.2 mg/kg bw/day set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency) thus lower risk observed for both fresh and cooked fish. However, scenario 3 revealed that 0.01% population was at risk (FA intake 0.21 mg/kg bw/day higher than ADI) upon the fresh fish consumption, where cooked fish (FA 9.38x10^-02 mg/kg bw/day) consumer remains safe at the same scenario. The result confirmed that cooking has significant effect to reduction of formalin. Therefore, probabilistic quantitative risk assessment of formalin treated fish could provide important risk information to the risk manager (government), whether the population is at risk or not? The result could be applied to establish effective risk management strategy in Bangladesh.     

Estimated intake of the sweeteners,acesulfame-K and aspartame,from soft drinks,soft drinks based on mineral waters and nectars for a group of Portuguese teenage students

In a survey of levels of acesulfame-K and aspartame in soft drinks and in light nectars, the intake of these intense sweeteners was estimated for a group of teenage students. Acesulfame-K was detected in 72% of the soft drinks, with a mean concentration of 72 mg l^?1 and aspartame was found in 92% of the samples with a mean concentration of 89 mg l^?1. When data on the content of these sweeteners in soft drinks were analysed according to flavour, cola drinks had the highest mean levels for both sweeteners with 98 and 103 mg l^?1 for acesulfame-K and aspartame, respectively. For soft drinks based on mineral water, aspartame was found in 62% of the samples, with a mean concentration of 82 mg l^?1 and acesulfame-K was found in 77%, with a mean level of 48 mg l^?1. All samples of nectars contained acesulfame-K, with a mean concentration of 128 mg l^?1 and aspartame was detected in 80% of the samples with a mean concentration of 73 mg l^?1. A frequency questionnaire, designed to identify adolescents having high consumption of these drinks, was completed by a randomly selected sample of teenagers (n = 65) living in the city of Coimbra, in 2007. The estimated daily intakes (EDI) of acesulfame-K and aspartame for the average consumer were below the acceptable daily intakes (ADIs). For acesulfame-K, the EDI was 0.7 mg kg^?1 bw day^?1 for soft drinks, 0.2 mg kg^?1 bw day^?1 for soft drinks based on mineral waters, and 0.5 mg kg^?1 bw day^?1 for nectars, representing 8.0%, 2.2%, and 5.8% of the ADI, respectively. A similar situation was observed for aspartame. In this way, the EDI for soft drinks was 1.1 mg kg^?1 day^?1, representing only 2.9% of the ADI. In respect of nectars, the EDI was 0.2 mg kg^?1 bw day^?1, representing 0.5% of the ADI. Soft drinks based on mineral waters showed the lowest EDI values of 0.3 mg kg^?1 bw day^?1, accounting for 0.7% of the ADI.     

Daily intakes of nitrate and nitrite in middle-aged men by the duplicate portion method

Daily intakes of nitrate and nitrite of middle-aged men (30-59 years of age, n = 100) in Hiroshima Prefecture were estimated directly by the duplicate portion method. The daily intake of nitrate was 190.8 +/- 128.5 mg. The daily intake of nitrate/kg body weight was 2.87 +/- 2.00 mg, which is about 78% of the acceptable daily intake (ADI). The daily intake of nitrate tended to increase with increasing age. The daily intake of nitrite was 3.837 +/- 3.647 mg. The daily intake of nitrite/kg body weight was 0.057 +/- 0.050 mg, which is about 95% of the ADI. In the case of nitrite, there was no age-related difference. The proportions of men, whose daily intakes of nitrate and nitrite were above the ADI, were 27% and 34%, respectively. The proportion of men above the ADI of both nitrate and nitrite was 10%.     

Dietary exposure of Hong Kong adults to nitrate and nitrite from vegetable intake

The aim of this study was to assess the dietary exposure of adults in Hong Kong to nitrate and nitrite from vegetables. If all vegetables consumed were raw, the dietary exposure to nitrate for average consumers was estimated to be 4.4?mg?kg^?1 body weight (bw)?day^?1 and, for high consumers, was estimated to be 13?mg?kg^?1?bw?day^?1, which is about 120 and 350% of acceptable daily intake (ADI), respectively. If all vegetables consumed were cooked, the dietary exposure to nitrate from vegetables for the average adult consumer was estimated to be 3.5?mg?kg^?1?bw?day^?1 and, for high consumer, was estimated to be 10?mg?kg^?1?bw?day^?1, which is about 95 and 270% of ADI, respectively. On the other hand, the dietary exposure to nitrite from vegetables for average and high consumers were well below the ADI.     

Estimate of intake of sulfites in the Belgian adult population

An exposure assessment was performed to estimate the usual daily intake of sulfites in the Belgian adult population. Food consumption data were retrieved from the national food consumption survey. In a first step, individual food consumption data were multiplied with the maximum permitted use levels for sulfites, expressed as sulphur dioxide, per food group (Tier 2). In a second step, on the basis of a literature review of the occurrence of sulfites in different foods, the results of the Tier 2 exposure assessment and available occurrence data from the control programme of the competent authority, a refined list of foods was drafted for the quantification of sulphite. Quantification of sulphite was performed by a high-performance ion chromatography method with eluent conductivity detector in beers and potato products. Individual food consumption data were then multiplied with the actual average concentrations of sulfite per food group, or the maximum permitted levels in case actual levels were not available (partial Tier 3). Usual intakes were calculated using the Nusser method. The mean intake of sulfites was 0.34 mg kg^?1 bw day^?1 (Tier 2), corresponding to 49% of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) and 0.19 mg kg^?1 bw day^?1, corresponding to 27% of the ADI (partial Tier 3). The food group contributing most to the intake of sulfites was wines. The results showed that the intake of sulfites is likely to be below the ADI in Belgium. However, there are indications that high consumers of wine have an intake around the ADI.     

广东省居民面制食品中铝的暴露评估研究

目的：了解广东省面制食品中铝污染的状况,并对居民来源于面制食品的铝摄入状况进行暴露评估。方法：2009年从广东省21个地市的超市、食杂店、集贸市场等随机采集面包、馒头、包子以及油饼油条类食品共840份,按照国家标准GB/T5009.182—2003《面制食品中铝的测定》方法测定其中的铝含量。将2002年广东省居民膳食营养与健康状况监测的调查人群按照不同的年龄、性别分成10组,分别计算面制食品消费量平均值和第97.5百分位数（P97.5）情况下各组人群铝的摄入情况。结果：面制食品中铝平均含量为210.30mg/kg,调查人群来自面制食品的平均铝摄入量0.10mg/（d.bw）,为每日可耐受摄入量（Acceptable Daily Intake,ADI）的0.73倍,从总体上看,2002年广东省营养与健康状况监测调查人群来源于面制食品的铝摄入水平是安全的。面制食品消费量为第97.5百分位数的情况下,调查人群总的铝摄入量为0.61mg/（d.bw）,为ADI的4.35倍,各组的铝摄入量平均值和第97.5百分位数铝摄入量分别为ADI的0.61—2.49倍、3.05—14.78倍,超出ADI倍数最高者为组1的2—7岁少年儿童。结论：需要关注广东省居民膳食铝食用安全情况,尤其是对生长发育阶段的少年儿童。在此基础上,尚需要纳入其它含铝高的食物调研,进行更加精细和全面的膳食铝健康危害风险评估。     

Estimates of the mean per capita daily intake of benzoic and sorbic acids in Brazil.

The daily intakes of benzoates and sorbates from selected food categories were estimated in Brazil in 1999. The Budget method was used as a first screening procedure for the estimation of the safety aspects of the maximum permitted levels of benzoates and sorbates established by the Brazilian food legislation. This screening indicated that benzoates should be further investigated. In a second step, the daily intakes of these preservatives were assessed by combining measured levels of these additives with national food consumption data derived from a household economic survey and a packaged good market survey. Benzoate and sorbate levels in soft drinks, fruit juices, margarine, yoghurt and cheese were determined by HPLC with a photodiode array detector (detection at 228 nm for benzoic acid, 260 nm for sorbic acid). The estimated intakes of benzoates and sorbates for the average consumer were below the ADIs, ranging from 0.3 to 0.9 and 0.2 to 0.3 mg kg(-1) body weight, respectively. Soft drinks were identified as the main source of benzoates representing >80% of the estimated intake.     

2012~2019年云南省蔬菜中毒死蜱膳食摄入风险评估

摘 要: 目的 了解云南省蔬菜中毒死蜱残留水平, 评估蔬菜中毒死蜱膳食暴露风险。方法 2012~2019年采集云南省市售蔬菜进行毒死蜱测定, 结合我国食物消费量数据, 采用点评估方法对毒死蜱进行急、慢性膳食暴露评估, 评估结果与急性参考剂量(acute reference dose, ARfD)、每日允许摄入量(acceptable daily intake, ADI)进行比较, 从而评价蔬菜中毒死蜱的暴露风险。结果 1~4岁人群的急性暴露量大于ARfD(0.1 mg/kg bw), 其余年龄组的急性暴露量均小于ARfD(0.1 mg/kg bw); 各年龄组平均暴露量低于ADI(0.01 mg/kg bw)。结论 蔬菜中毒死蜱的慢性暴露风险低, 但需关注急性暴露风险。     

Risk assessment of Belgian adults for furan contamination through the food chain

Risk assessment is an interdisciplinary process used to quantify the risk linked to a hazard. In the present paper it is applied to quantify the risk linked to furan ingestion through the food chain for the Belgian adult population. Two approaches, deterministic and probabilistic, were carried out in parallel. The deterministic method relied on a case study, whereas the probabilistic approach involved statistical distributions of contamination and consumption data to calculate a statistical distribution of the daily intake. First, the deterministic method revealed a low estimated daily intake (EDI) for the average population (380?ng*(kg(bw)*day)?1) and a huge contribution of coffee consumption to the EDI (55%). Increasing or decreasing the daily coffee consumption by one cup can affect the EDI by about 22%. Afterwards, the probabilistic approach showed that the average population has a low EDI (494?ng*(kg(bw)*day)?1), and that high contamination levels were only registered in a small proportion of the population. Finally, a comparison of the RfD(chronic oral) showed that less than 10% of the Belgian population had an EDI above the reference dose proposed by the USEPA; the majority of the population had an EDI 20% below the reference dose. The margin of exposure (MoE) approach indicated that the level of risk related to furan intake through ingestion is low, with a MoE?>?10,000 for more than 10% of the population and no result?相似文献   

Estimate of dietary exposure to sulphites using Brazilian students as a sample population.

In Brazil, there is neither a register of the use of sulphites by the food industry nor is research being undertaken on their dietary exposure to the population. The objective of the work reported here was to estimate the dietary exposure to sulphites in two different groups of high school students, a fee-paying school group and a state school group. The data were collected through a 24-hour dietary recall, which provided estimates of sulphited foods and beverages in the diet. The Maximum Permitted Level (MPL), established by the Brazilian legislation for each of the sulphited food and beverages, was used to measure the dietary exposure to this additive. On this basis none of the students could have exceeded the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of 0.70 mg SO2/kg bw/day, with a average dietary exposure of 0.07 mg SO2/kg bw/day (p<0.001), with no significant statistical difference (p=0.643) between fee-paying and state school students. Highly exposed consumers (dietary exposure to more than 50% of the ADI, or either, 0.35 mg SO2/kg bw/day, to the maximum of 0.52 mg SO2/kg bw/dia) represented 4.5% of the researched samples and reached these levels of intake due to a consumption beyond 500 ml/day of industrialized packaged fruit juices, and, in the fee-paying school, for associating its consumption with alcoholic beverages like beer and wine.     

Usage of saccharin in food products and its intake by the population of Lucknow, India

A survey of the usage patterns of the artificial sweetener, saccharin, in edible products and a study of its intake pattern in different population groups has been carried out. Of the different edible commodities, ice candy (87 samples) and crushed ice (14 samples), commonly consumed by children, and pan masala (16 samples) and pan flavourings (10 samples), consumed by the habitual population, were collected from different areas of Lucknow, India. Saccharin was extracted from the samples according to an AOAC method and analysed by HPLC. The consumption pattern of ice candy and crushed ice was determined for 6-20 year olds from a household dietary survey using the food frequency recall method (414 families having 1039 subjects). The consumption of pan masala and pan was assessed by a survey of habitual adult consumers comprising 782 and 1141 subjects, respectively. The average and maximum amounts of saccharin in pan masala samples were 12 750 and 24 300 mg kg^-1, respectively, which are 1.6- and 3-fold higher than the maximum permitted levels allowed under Prevention of Food Adulteration (PFA) Act of India. In pan flavourings, the average and maximum amount of saccharin was 12.2 and 20.1%, i.e. 1.52- and 2.5-fold higher than the permissible limits of the PFA Act. The samples of ice candy and crushed ice showed average and maximum levels of 200 and 700 mg kg^-1 and 280 and 460 mg kg^-1, respectively. The average intake of saccharin through ice candy and crushed ice was less than 21% of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) (5 mg kg^-1 body weight (bw) day^-1). However, the maximum intake of saccharin, especially in the 6-10-year age group, contributed 57 and 68% of the ADI through ice candy and crushed ice, respectively. Maximum consumption of saccharin in all the age groups, if consuming both ice candy and crushed ice, results in exceeding the ADI by 54% for subjects in the 6-10-year age group. Hence, the 6-10-year age group population may be at risk of exceeding the ADI for saccharin. The average and maximum theoretical daily intake of saccharin through pan masala alone was 1.84 and 13.33 mg kg^-1 bw day^-1, contributing 37 and 267% of the ADI, whereas the estimated (maximum) daily intake was 810% of the ADI. The estimated maximum daily intake (EDI) of saccharin through pan was 6.87 mg kg^-1 bw day^-1, which was 137% of the ADI. Thus, individuals in the maximum consumption group for pan masala or pan may be susceptible to toxic effects of saccharin, including bladder distention, elevated urine osmolality and bladder cancer.     

Organochlorine pesticide residues in cow's milk from a tropical region of Mexico

A monitoring study was conducted to assess the magnitude of DDT [(1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis( p -chlorophenyl)ethane)] and HCH (hexachlorocyclohexane) contamination of bovine milk from the central tropical region of Mexico as the chemicals are extensively used in livestock and public-health programmes. Among pesticide residues analysed, the milk samples collected from Tlalixcoyan showed a mean level of γ-HCH (0.128 mg kg -1 ), which was significantly higher than residues in milk samples from Medellin (0.049 mg kg -1 ) and Paso San Juan (0.022 mg kg -1 ). The mean level of pp '-DDE in Medellin samples (0.039 mg kg -1 ) was significantly higher than in Paso San Juan (0.018 mg kg -1 ) and Tlalixcoyan (0.024 mg kg -1 ) milk samples. The pp '-DDT mean level from Medellin milk samples (0.089 mg kg -1 ) was significantly higher than the levels detected in the other two areas. The highest mean Σ-DDT level detected in Medellin samples (0.146 mg kg -1 ) was three times the FAO/WHO tolerance level. The highest acceptable daily intakes calculated for Σ-DDT were 0.017 μg kg -1 bw day -1 for adults and 0.530 μg kg -1 bw day -1 for infants; for γ-HCH residues, they were 0.021 μg kg -1 bw day -1 for adults and 0.666 μg kg -1 bw day -1 for infants, indicating that infants are more exposed to pesticide residues. Results indicate that cattle exposure to HCH and DDT results in high levels in dairy milk and a potential health risk for consumers.     

Survey of the daily intake of nitrate and nitrite in school children by the duplicate portion method

The daily intake of nitrate and nitrite in school children (n = 100) in Hiroshima Prefecture was estimated directly by the duplicate portion method. The daily intake of nitrate was 68.42 +/- 77.49 mg. The daily intake of nitrate/kg body weight was 2.06 +/- 2.24 mg, which is about 56% of the acceptable daily intake (ADI). The daily intake of nitrite was 0.953 +/- 0.869 mg. The daily intake of nitrite/kg body weight was 0.027 +/- 0.021 mg, which is about 45% of the ADI. The daily intake of nitrite/kg body weight was significantly different between the obese group and the non-obese group in boys (p < 0.05, Mann-Whitney U-test). The rates of children whose daily intakes of nitrate and nitrite were above the ADI were 16% and 7%, respectively.     

Dietary exposure assessment of synthetic food colours using analytical concentrations in Korea

ABSTRACT

The safety of nine synthetic colour additives approved in Korea were assessed through hazard identification, hazard characterisation, exposure assessment, and risk characterisation. Hazard identification and characterisation were conducted using new risk information based on toxicology data. Exposure assessment calculated the estimated daily intake (EDI) of the nine colours. Finally, the risk was evaluated by comparing the EDIs of the colours with the acceptable daily intake (ADI). 1,114 samples (24 food categories) among a total of 1,454 samples contained colour additives either at a level that was not detectable or up to a quantified maximum of 288 mg kg^?1. The likelihood of risk of exposure to all food colours, evaluated by comparing the EDI with the ADI, was less than 0.52% of the ADI for the general population. These results indicate that use of synthetic food colour in Korea is safe and does not result in excessive exposure to any population group.     

Estimated dietary intake of nitrite and nitrate in Swedish children

This study examines the intake of nitrate and nitrite in Swedish children. Daily intake estimates were based on a nationwide food consumption survey (4-day food diary) and nitrite/nitrate content in various foodstuffs. The mean intake of nitrite from cured meat among 2259 children studied was 0.013, 0.010 and 0.007 mg kg(-1) body weight day(-1) in age groups 4, 8-9 and 11-12 years, respectively. Among these age groups, three individuals (0.1% of the studied children) exceeded the acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 0.07 mg nitrite kg(-1) body weight day(-1). The mean intake of nitrate from vegetables, fruit, cured meat and water was 0.84, 0.68 and 0.45 mg kg(-1) body weight day(-1) for children aged 4, 8-9 and 11-12 years, respectively. No individual exceeded the ADI of 3.7 mg nitrate kg(-1) body weight day(-1). However, when the total nitrite intake was estimated, including an estimated 5% endogenous conversion of nitrate to nitrite, approximately 12% of the 4-year-old children exceeded the nitrite ADI. Thus, the intake of nitrite in Swedish children may be a concern for young age groups when endogenous nitrite conversion is included in the intake estimates.