肠道菌群对婴儿免疫影响的相关性研究进展

婴儿时期肠道菌群开始定殖,初期定殖情况并不稳定,随着婴儿的生长,肠道菌群趋于稳定。在定殖过程中,婴儿肠道菌群的不同与婴儿免疫系统发育有着密切的关系。文章综述了婴儿免疫系统形成过程及其肠道免疫;肠道菌群如何促进免疫系统发育,对婴儿自然杀伤T细胞及免疫因子的影响;肠道菌群对婴儿免疫系统疾病的影响,主要包括湿疹、过敏性皮炎及哮喘等疾病;最后阐述了肠道菌群对婴儿免疫作用机制,对双歧杆菌、乳杆菌如何促进婴儿免疫系统发育进行了简单阐述。为提高婴儿免疫力,确保婴儿健康成长提供科学依据。     

母乳脂质对婴儿肠道功能影响研究进展

婴幼儿出生后免疫系统不成熟,依赖先天免疫系统进行保护,肠道是先天免疫的重要执行者。母乳提供了婴幼儿足够数量的脂质和最适宜消化吸收的脂质结构,脂质以乳脂肪球的形式存在并被乳脂肪球膜所包裹。母乳脂质的结构、组成也直接影响对婴幼儿肠道功能的调节。本文对母乳中饱和脂肪酸、长链多不饱和脂肪酸和脂肪球膜以及复合脂质在婴儿肠道发育和免疫调节方面的作用做一综述。为婴幼儿配方奶粉母乳化的应用以及婴儿肠道疾病的治疗提供新的理论支撑。     

母乳脂中微量成分的研究进展

母乳脂是母乳的重要组成部分,除提供婴儿生长发育所需一半以上的能量来源外,还含有多种生物活性成分。目前的研究主要聚焦于母乳脂中脂肪酸、甘油三酯等主要成分,对母乳脂的微量成分研究较少。为深化对母乳脂中微量成分及其功能的认识,为纯母乳喂养婴儿提供更为全面的营养建议,并为婴儿配方奶粉的升级制造提供更多参考,综述了母乳脂中磷脂、脂溶性维生素、胆固醇等微量成分的种类、含量和营养学功能。母乳脂对婴儿的发育有着重要的生物学功能,包括帮助婴儿建立免疫功能,维持大脑和骨骼发育等。     

母乳对婴儿肠道菌群及免疫系统影响的研究进展

近年来的研究发现肠道菌群与疾病有很大关联,婴幼儿的免疫系统尚未成熟,肠道菌群的建立还未完善,极易受到疾病的感染。母乳因其含有丰富的营养元素和免疫元素作为婴幼儿饮食首选。本文综述了母乳中微生物、营养物质、免疫细胞和免疫分子对婴儿肠道菌群的建立及免疫系统的影响,并简单介绍了婴儿肠道菌群与过敏症的关系,为降低婴儿感染疾病的风险以及预防疾病提供科学依据,同时为如何改善婴幼儿奶粉配方提供可靠的理论参考。     

母乳成分影响婴儿肠道屏障功能的研究进展

新生儿出生后处于易感免疫状态,适应性免疫系统不成熟,依赖先天免疫系统进行保护。肠道屏障是先天免疫的重要组成部分,主要由黏膜层、肠上皮细胞层和固有层构成。母乳是婴儿最完美的营养来源,还含有丰富的生物活性因子,对新生儿的肠道屏障功能的建立和成熟有至关重要的作用。本文对母乳中低聚糖、磷脂、长链多不饱和脂肪酸、部分活性蛋白及miRNA在婴儿肠道屏障功能方面的作用进行综述。     

研究揭示母乳独特生物学特性

正在所有哺乳动物中,人类的母乳可能是最复杂的。例如,人类母乳中包含200多种不同的糖分子,比老鼠或牛乳汁中糖分子的平均数30~50高得多。不过,每种糖的作用和它们在哺乳期成分变化的原因仍是一个未解之谜,但这似乎与婴儿的免疫系统和发育中的肠道微生物有关。近日,研究人员在《生物化学趋势》上解读了有关母乳的秘密。通常,母乳是一个婴儿的第一餐,但其中的许多糖分子并非为了喂饱宝宝。婴儿出生时,肠     

母乳成分对婴幼儿健康影响的研究进展

母乳(人乳)是人类母亲用于哺喂婴儿的乳腺分泌液,它既是婴儿出生后能量和营养的来源,更是母体为新生婴儿提供的全方面延伸保护.母乳作为一种自然演化的产物,其成分复杂,构成物质种类繁多,包括支持婴儿物质代谢的营养物质和帮助婴儿功能发育的生物活性物质.这些母乳成分在含量、亚组分构成及化学和生物学状态等方面,能完美地吻合婴儿解剖...     

母乳中有益微生物的益生作用

母乳是新生儿的最佳食品。母乳提供的蛋白质、碳水化合物、脂质、矿物质和维生素的含量和比例最为适宜,能够确保婴幼儿的正确成长和发育。此外,母乳中还含有生物活性物质,具有多种益生作用,例如促进免疫系统成熟,防止感染。最近研究表明,人乳中已经成功分离出益生菌。综述了这些益生菌在动物模型和临床试验中的有益效果。促进免疫系统成熟、抗感染以及抗炎是这些益生细菌的主要健康作用。这些益生菌的成功分离,为婴儿配方奶粉中补充此类有益菌提供了科学参考,可以使婴幼儿配方奶粉更好的模拟母乳的营养和功能效果。     

婴儿配方乳粉脂质母乳化的研究进展

人乳脂肪是最复杂的天然脂质混合物之一,具有独特的脂肪酸组成、分布和许多复杂脂质。乳脂肪几乎提供着新生婴儿所需的一半能量,同时还会影响婴儿日后的代谢方式和整体发育。因此,随着对母乳脂肪及婴儿生长需求研究的深入,以母乳脂质组成为模板,对婴儿配方乳粉脂质进行母乳化模拟,可以缩小母乳与婴儿配方乳粉喂养婴儿之间的差异。目前,婴儿配方乳粉脂质母乳化主要集中在脂肪酸组成模拟、sn-2棕榈酸结构脂的应用以及乳脂肪球膜成分的添加方面。另外,利用乳脂肪球膜包裹脂滴实现脂肪球结构模拟的相关研究也在逐步开展。本文着重对这几个方面的研究进展进行总结,在关注婴儿营养需求的同时,为婴儿配方乳粉的研发提供理论依据。     

优良母乳代乳品—婴儿配方乳粉

随着我国食品工业和乳品工业的发展,优良的母乳代乳品——婴儿配方乳粉Ⅰ和婴儿配方乳粉Ⅱ于七十年代末和八十年代初相继在我国问世,这两种产品的原名分别称为婴儿奶粉和母乳化奶粉。牛乳(包括羊乳)及乳粉虽为极好的营养食品,但因其蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物的组成及质量与人乳不同,因而在作为母乳代乳品喂养婴儿时出现了这样或那样的缺陷。过量的酪蛋白和不足的乳糖引起了严重的消化问题,维生素、微量元素和亚油酸的不足对婴儿身体及智力发育的影响难以估量,免疫性物质的匮乏引起婴儿的患病率上升,等等弊端,驱使人们去考虑制造与母乳成分     

Symposium review: The relevance of bovine milk phospholipids in human nutrition—Evidence of the effect on infant gut and brain development

This paper reflects the concepts reviewed during the presentation in the Joint MILK/Lactation Biology Symposium at the ADSA 2018 Annual Meeting. Our intention is to update the concepts and advances in the area of research regarding milk phospholipids or polar lipid fraction as part of a dairy ingredient used today in nutritional studies that focus on gut health as well as brain development of infants. Although processing advances have allowed the production of novel ingredients rich in milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) components, mostly monitored by phospholipid concentration and presence of membrane proteins, there is wide variability in their composition and structure. Furthermore, we aimed to include in the phospholipid fraction of milk nanovesicles designated as milk exosomes, which are secreted into milk by different secretion mechanisms than those of the fat globules but are also made up of a unique mixture of polar lipids. We consider imperative the study of polar lipid-derived structures from milk regarding composition and structure to gain insights into their biological effect in human health. Nevertheless, and tolerating the differences in composition and concentration of their components, studies supplementing the diet of infants with polar lipids (i.e., MFGM components) have shown significant advances in several areas of human health and well-being. Here we present a summary of the important components of MFGM and milk exosomes as well as an overview of the effects on gut health and brain and cognitive development when added to the diet of infants.     

A 100-Year Review: Advances in goat milk research

In the century of research chronicled between 1917 and 2017, dairy goats have gone from simply serving as surrogates to cows to serving as transgenic carriers of human enzymes. Goat milk has been an important part of human nutrition for millennia, in part because of the greater similarity of goat milk to human milk, softer curd formation, higher proportion of small milk fat globules, and different allergenic properties compared with cow milk; however, key nutritional deficiencies limit its suitability for infants. Great attention has been given not only to protein differences between goat and cow milk, but also to fat and enzyme differences, and their effect on the physical and sensory properties of goat milk and milk products. Physiological differences between the species necessitate different techniques for analysis of somatic cell counts, which are naturally higher in goat milk. The high value of goat milk throughout the world has generated a need for a variety of techniques to detect adulteration of goat milk products with cow milk. Advances in all of these areas have been largely documented in the Journal of Dairy Science (JDS), and this review summarizes such advances.     

Aspects of Infant Food Formulation

ABSTRACT: Milk is a biological fluid of exceptional complexity. It contains the nutrients for the growth and development of the newborn. The compositional structure of milk is, however, dependent on the species and tailored to sustain growth and development of its own offspring. Human milk contains specific proteins, lipids, and other components designed to be easily digestible and which have important roles to play in child development. Human infants should ideally be nursed on mother's milk, which constitutes nature's best food. However, in the event of lactation failure, insufficient milk secretion, and where mothers are suffering from transmittable diseases, human milk substitutes serve as savers of precious life during vulnerable stages of infancy. Bovine milk as such or with certain modifications has been widely used for infant feeding. There has been an ever‐increasing reliance on formula feeding practices both in developed and developing countries. Bovine milk based dried formulations have become a prominent feature of infantile dietetics. Emphasis has been laid on the manufacture of formulations having compositional and biochemical characteristics similar to human milk. The technological advancement for the production of infant formula has come a long way in the manufacture of a variety of infant formulae for the dietary management of infants. This is a comprehensive review providing insight on the detailed compositional differences of various nutrients present in human milk as compared to bovine milk, their makeup, significance, and recommended levels of intake that are best suited for the growth and development of infants fed on modified/prepared infant formulations.     

Human Milk Composition and Preservation: Evaluation of High-pressure Processing as a Nonthermal Pasteurization Technology

Human milk is seen not only as a food, but as a functional and dynamic biologic system. It provides nutrients, bioactive components, and immune factors, promoting adequate and healthy growth of newborn infants. When mothers cannot supply their children, donated breast milk is the nutrition recommended by the World Health Organization, as it is a better alternative than infant formula. However, because of the manner in which donor milk is handled in human milk banks (HMB) many of the properties ascribed to mother's own milk are diminished or destroyed. The major process responsible for these losses is Holder pasteurization. High-pressure processing (HPP) is a novel nonthermal pasteurization technology that is being increasingly applied in food industries worldwide, primarily as an alternative to thermal treatment. This is due to its capacity to inactivate microorganisms while preserving both nutritional and bioactive components of foods. This review describes human milk composition and preservation, and critically discusses HMB importance and practices, highlighting HPP as a potential nonthermal pasteurization technology for human milk preservation. HPP technology is described and the few currently existing studies of its effects in human milk are presented.     

母乳、配方乳渗透压及对婴儿健康影响研究进展

母乳是婴儿的最佳食物,不但能为婴儿提供全面营养,而且其独特的生理特性还有助于婴儿的健康成长。相关研究显示,母乳渗透压一般为300 mOsm/kg H2O,且不受人种、泌乳时间的影响,而目前市售配方乳的渗透压大多高于母乳。婴儿（特别是早产儿）因其自身胃肠道及肾脏发育不成熟,高渗透压喂养（以下简称高渗喂养）一直被认为与婴儿的胃食管反流和坏死性小肠结肠炎的高发生率有关,且不利于其肾脏的健康发育。本文系统分析了高渗喂养与婴儿胃食管反流、坏死性小肠结肠炎和肾脏健康的临床数据,已有数据显示,高渗喂养会延长食物在婴儿胃内的滞留时间,增加婴儿发生胃食管反流的机率;此外,高渗喂养会导致婴儿早期肾小球损伤标志物——微量白蛋白和早期肾小管损伤标志物——视黄醇结合蛋白含量升高,损害婴儿的肾脏健康;但已有数据并不支持高渗喂养与婴儿坏死性小肠结肠炎的发生存在相关性。同时,本文也介绍了母乳、婴儿配方乳渗透压及其影响因素,并基于此提出了婴儿配方乳渗透压的调控方案,展望了未来婴儿配方食品的发展方向。     

Considerable variation in the concentration of osteopontin in human milk, bovine milk, and infant formulas

Osteopontin (OPN) is a multifunctional bioactive protein that is implicated in numerous biological processes such as bone remodeling, inhibition of ectopic calcification, and cellular adhesion and migration, as well as several immune functions. Osteopontin has cytokine-like properties and is a key factor in the initiation of T helper 1 immune responses. Osteopontin is present in most tissues and body fluids, with the highest concentrations being found in milk. In the present study, ELISA for human and bovine milk OPN were developed and OPN concentration in human breast milk, bovine milk, and infant formulas was measured and compared. The OPN concentration in human milk was measured to approximately 138 mg/L, which corresponds to 2.1% (wt/wt) of the total protein in human breast milk. This is considerably higher than the corresponding OPN concentrations in bovine milk (∼18 mg/L) and infant formulas (∼9 mg/L). Moreover, bovine milk OPN is shown to induce the expression of the T helper 1 cytokine IL-12 in cultured human lamina propria mononuclear cells isolated from intestinal biopsies. Finally, the OPN concentration in plasma samples from umbilical cords, 3-mo-old infants, and pregnant and nonpregnant adults was measured. The OPN level in plasma from 3-mo-old infants and umbilical cords was found to be 7 to 10 times higher than in adults. Thus, the high levels of OPN in milk and infant plasma suggest that OPN is important to infants and that ingested milk OPN is likely to induce cytokine production in neonate intestinal immune cells.     

Dietary PUFA for preterm and term infants: review of clinical studies

Human milk contains n-3 and n-6 LCPUFA (long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids), which are absent from many infant formulas. During neonatal life, there is a rapid accretion of AA (arachidonic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) in infant brain, DHA in retina and of AA in the whole body. The DHA status of breast-fed infants is higher than that of formula-fed infants when formulas do not contain LCPUFA. Studies report that visual acuity of breast-fed infants is better than that of formula-fed infants, but other studies do not find a difference. Cognitive development of breast-fed infants is generally better, but many sociocultural confounding factors may also contribute to these differences. The effect of dietary LCPUFA on FA status, immune function, visual, cognitive, and motor functions has been evaluated in preterm and term infants. Plasma and RBC FA status of infants fed formulas supplemented with both n-3 and n-6 LCPUFA was closer to the status of breast-fed infants than to that of infants fed formulas containing no LCPUFA. Adding n-3 LCPUFA to preterm-infant formulas led to initial beneficial effects on visual acuity. Few data are available on cognitive function, but it seems that in preterm infants, feeding n-3 LCPUFA improved visual attention and cognitive development compared with infants receiving no LCPUFA. Term infants need an exogenous supply of AA and DHA to achieve similar accretion of fatty acid in plasma and RBC (red blood cell) in comparison to breast-fed infants. Fewer than half of all studies have found beneficial effects of LCPUFA on visual, mental, or psychomotor functions. Improved developmental scores at 18 mo of age have been reported for infants fed both AA and DHA. Growth, body weight, and anthropometrics of preterm and term infants fed formulas providing both n-3 and n-6 LCPUFA fatty acids is similar in most studies to that of infants fed formulas containing no LCPUFA. A larger double-blind multicenter randomized study has recently demonstrated improved growth and developmental scores in a long-term feeding study of preterm infants. Collectively, the body of literature suggests that LCPUFA is important to the growth and development of infants. Thus, for preterm infants we recommend LCPUFA intakes in the range provided by feeding of human milk typical of mothers in Western countries. This range can be achieved by a combination of AA and DHA, providing an AA to DHA ratio of approximately 1.5 and a DHA content of as much as 0.4%. Preterm infants may benefit from slightly higher levels of these fatty acids than term infants. In long-term studies, feeding more than 0.2% DHA and 0.3% AA improved the status of these fatty acids for many weeks after DHA; AA was no longer present in the formula, enabling a DHA and AA status more similar to that of infants fed human milk. The addition of LCPUFA in infant formulas for term infants, with appropriate regard for quantitative and qualitative qualities, is safe and will enable the formula-fed infant to achieve the same blood LCPUFA status as that of the breast-fed infant.