基于小波包和细化包络分析的滚动轴承故障诊断方法研究

滚动轴承故障是旋转机械常见的故障之一,针对传统包络解调分析方法需要人为选定共振频带的缺陷,首先采用小波包变换滤波的方法提取滚动轴承固有频率共振频带的信号,并对提取的信号进行重构,滤除了其他信号的干扰．然后用Hilbert变换检波的方法对提取的重构信号实现包络解调,去除高频固有振动成分,诊断轴承的缺陷信息．为了进一步提高包络谱的分辨率,最后采用快速傅立叶变换-傅立叶级数（FFT—FS）方法细化频谱．并在ADBE-56-N4型交流电机上实测了6350型滚动轴承故障模拟信号,与理论分析基本吻合．     

基于平方包络谱相关峭度的最优共振解调诊断滚动轴承故障

利用峭度指标识别滚动轴承共振频带,结合包络分析解调故障特征,是滚动轴承故障诊断的常用方法。峭度指标虽然能够表征瞬态冲击特征的强弱,却无法利用瞬态冲击特征循环发生的特点,导致其难以区分脉冲噪声和循环瞬态冲击,无法准确识别共振频带,进而容易导致错误的故障诊断结果。受峭度和信号自相关的启发,重新定义相关峭度,提出平方包络谱相关峭度新指标;并结合Morlet小波滤波和粒子群优化算法,提出一种滚动轴承最优共振解调方法。通过与峭度、谱峭度等进行对比,仿真和试验分析结果表明平方包络谱相关峭度能够准确识别循环瞬态冲击;最优共振解调能够稳健确定共振频带的最优中心频率和带宽,准确解调诊断滚动轴承故障,验证了平方包络谱相关峭度在检测循环瞬态冲击和识别最优共振频带中的有效性和优越性。     

滚动轴承故障诊断的自适应包络谱谱峰因子算法

表征滚动轴承故障特征的周期性冲击,特别是在故障早期阶段,常常被噪声和其它结构振动所淹没,从而难以辨别。共振解调被广泛用于滚动轴承故障冲击特征提取,但其滤波频带的参数选择常需要一定的先验知识。针对现有的频带优化方法的不足,本文提出一种基于包络谱谱峰因子和复平移Morlet小波滤波的自适应共振解调方法-自适应包络谱谱峰因子算法。包络谱谱峰因子(Crest factor of envelope spectrum,CE)定义为包络谱在一定范围内的最大值和有效值之比,能有效度量信号中周期性冲击强弱,结合粒子群优化算法的寻优特性,对Morlet小波滤波器中心频率和带宽参数进行优化。将包络谱谱峰因子作为适应度函数来比较不同参数组合下的滤波效果,根据适应度函数值最大原则选取Morlet小波滤波器参数。仿真信号、实验信号以及工程实际信号分析验证了该方法在共振解调最优频带选取中的有效性和优越性。     

细化包络分析在滚动轴承缺陷诊断中的应用

为了克服传统包络解调方法存在需要人为选定共振频带的缺陷，采用小波变换滤波和Hilbert变换检波的方法对轴承的缺陷信号实现解调。为了进一步提高包络谱的频率分辨率，采用相位补偿方法对包络谱进行细化，从而进一步提高了诊断的准确率。     

基于包络解调分析的滚动轴承故障诊断研究

利用包络解调分析方法对滚动轴承的各种故障进行了模拟和诊断研究。总结了滚动轴承的故障诊断机理,介绍了包络解调分析方法的基本原理,论述了将包络解调分析用于滚动轴承故障诊断的基本思想,通过对QPZZ—II．旋转机械故障试验系统进行滚动轴承各种故障的实例验证分析,验证了将包络解调分析方法运用于滚动轴承的故障诊断的实际效果。     

复小波共振解调频带优化方法和新指标

滚动轴承发生局部故障时,其振动信号中将出现周期性发生的脉冲响应。共振解调被广泛用于从振动信号中提取此类冲击响应特征,但其首要问题是确定带通滤波器的中心频率和带宽。现有的频带优化方法存在计算量大且优化指标只考虑信号中冲击成分的强弱、而未考虑脉冲发生的周期性特征等缺点。针对不足,确定了以中心频率为主带宽为辅的频带参数优化方法,并提出了一个既能反映信号中冲击成分的存在及强弱又能突出冲击发生的周期性特点的频带优化新指标——包络谱峰值因子,该因子定义为包络谱最大值与有效值之比。将此方法和新指标应用于复平移Morlet小波共振解调的频带优化,通过轴承疲劳试验数据分析及工程实际应用并与峭度、平滑度指标和山农熵进行比较,验证了该方法和指标在最优频带确定中的有效性和优越性。     

故障程度鲁棒的滚动轴承智能诊断方法

本文中提出了一种基于共振滤波和包络小波包分解的鲁棒故障特征提取方法,首先对信号进行共振频带滤波,再对滤波信号的包络进行小波包分解并提取重构子带信号的标准偏差值作为特征向量。该方法考虑了包络信号能充分描述轴承局部故障引起循环冲击的特点,并利用支持向量机进行轴承故障类型自动识别。实验结果表明,该方法能有效地实现故障程度鲁棒的滚动轴承智能诊断,具有较高的诊断速率,效果优于传统滚动轴承诊断方法。     

基于变分模态分解法和共振解调技术的滚动轴承早期故障检测研究

针对滚动轴承早期故障信号提取困难的问题,基于变分模态分解法和共振解调技术,对滚动轴承早期故障检测进行研究。采用变分模态分解法对滚动轴承振动信号进行分解,计算各分解分量的峭度值,并选取两个最敏感的固有模态分解分量进行重构,然后利用共振解调技术进行解调分析,采用快速傅里叶变换计算出包络谱图。试验结果表明,应用变分模态分解法与共振解调技术更能准确地判断出滚动轴承的早期故障。     

滚动轴承故障特征信息的自动提取方法研究

提出基于小波包分析和包络检测的滚动轴承故障特征信息的自动提取力法。根据滚动轴承的故障冲击能激起轴承座或其他机械零部件产生共振的特性，对轴承振动信号进行快速傅里叶变换FFT分析，在频谱图中自动识别高频共振频带。然后利用小波包分析可以在全频带内把信号分解到相邻的不同频带上的特性，对滚动轴承的振动信号进行小波包分解，自动提取共振频带上的信号并进行重构。最后，对重构后的信号进行包络检波，实现滚动轴承故障特征信息的自动提取。通过对实际滚动轴承振动信号的分析，发现这种方法能非常有效地检测和诊断滚动轴承的故障．     

一种基于时频峭度谱的滚动轴承损伤诊断方法

为了准确地提取滚动轴承损伤特征频率,提出一种基于频率切片小波变换的时频峭度谱分析方法。采用频率切片小波变换对振动信号进行时频分解,求取与各个频率分量对应的幅值峭度,由幅值峭度序列构造信号的时频峭度谱。以时频峭度谱的若干个较大谱峰对应的频率作为中心频率,确定相应的共振频带,并在时频空间选择时频切片,然后采用重构分离出这些信号分量,并用包络解调获取重构信号的包络。在此基础上,通过包络信号的等效功率谱确定滚动轴承的损伤特征频率。试验证明,这种方法可以有效地提取滚动轴承的特征频率,由于采用了多个频带保证了足够多的信号能量可用于包络分析,当轴承存在多种损伤时,也可以有效地鉴别不同损伤特征频率。     

基于时变零相位滤波的变转速滚动轴承故障诊断

针对变转速下齿轮箱中滚动轴承故障调制特征的提取与分离,提出了基于时变零相位滤波的变转速滚动轴承故障诊断方法。该方法先用线调频小波路径追踪(CPP)算法从齿轮箱滚动轴承故障振动信号中估计出齿轮啮合频率,由啮合频率除以齿数得到齿轮箱的转速,同时,采用Hilbert包络解调方法获取轴承故障振动信号的包络信号;然后根据获取的转速信息设计各阶时变零相位滤波器;再采用各时变零相位滤波器对包络信号进行分析,获取各调制信号;最后,利用转速信号对求取的各调制信号进行阶次分析,并根据各阶次谱来诊断滚动轴承故障。算法仿真和应用实例分析表明,该方法可有效提取和分离变速齿轮箱中滚动轴承的各阶故障调制特征。     

An insight concept to select appropriate IMFs for envelope analysis of bearing fault diagnosis

Traditional envelope analysis must examine all the resonant frequency bands during the process of bearing fault detection. To eliminate the above deficiency, this paper presents an insight concept based on the empirical mode decomposition to choose an appropriate resonant frequency band for characterizing feature frequencies of bearing faults by using the envelope analysis subsequently. By the band-pass filtering nature of the empirical mode decomposition, the resonant frequency bands are allocated in a specific intrinsic mode function. The inner or outer ring of bearings scratched intentionally is used to validate the feasibility of the proposed idea, and comparisons with the traditional envelope analysis are addressed. The experimental results show that the proposed insight concept can efficiently and correctly diagnose the bearing fault types.     

Identification of faults through wavelet transform vis-à-vis fast Fourier transform of noisy vibration signals emanated from defective rolling element bearings

Fault diagnosis of rolling element bearings requires efficient signal processing techniques. For this purpose, the performances of envelope detection with fast Fourier transform (FFT) and continuous wavelet transform (CWT) of vibration signals produced from a bearing with defects on inner race and rolling element, have been examined at low signal to noise ratio. Both simulated and experimental signals from identical bearings have been considered for the purpose of analysis. The bearings have been modeled as spring-mass-dashpot systems and the simulated signals have been obtained considering transfer functions for the bearing systems subjected to impulsive loads due to the defects. Frequency B spline wavelets have been applied for CWT and a discussion on wavelet selection has been presented for better effectiveness. Results show that use of CWT with the proposed wavelets overcomes the short coming of FFT while processing a noisy vibration signals for defect detection of bearings.     

基于短时傅里叶变换和独立分量分析的滚动轴承包络分析

滚动轴承的早期故障信号能量小,频带分布广泛;而传统包络谱分析技术直接在强干扰影响下对滚动轴承的故障特征提取经常失效.提出一种基于短时傅里叶变换(short time Fourier transform,STFT)的能量谱和独立分量分析( independent component analysis,ICA)的抗干扰滚动轴承包络分析新方法.该方法首先对获取的滚动轴承振动信号进行STFT能量谱分析,获取信号采样频带下的能量分布,采用带通滤波器获得高频带能量信号,并提取该包络波形,再通过ICA实现包络波形按源分离去噪,最后通过比较各独立分量的包络频谱与滚动轴承理论计算故障特征频率的匹配性,实现滚动轴承故障的精确诊断.仿真数据和试验验证该方法的可行性.     

基于谱峭度的滚动轴承包络分析

介绍了一种基于谱峭度和复平移Morlet小波的滚动轴承诊断包络分析法,该方法可根据谱峭度值自适应确定共振解调所用的带通滤波中心频率及带宽,使包络分析得到简化,但存在计算量大的不足.对此提出了一种改进的计算方法,该方法利用相邻不同级滤波器组中具有交叠频带的滤波器滤波和谱峭度计算结果的相关性,有效减少了实际需要构建的小波带通滤波器数量和相应的带通滤波、包络提取及谱峭度计算,降低了计算量,使该方法更适合于工程应用,仿真和实际测试验证了该方法的有效性.     

应用小波包和包络分析的滚动轴承故障诊断

提出了一种基于小波包分析、频带能量分析和包络分析相结合的滚动轴承故障诊断方法.首先利用小波包将滚动轴承振动信号分解到不同的节点上.然后求出各频率段的能量,根据频带能量的变化情况,找出滚动轴承的故障所在的频带.最后对故障频带的重构信号做包络谱,将谱峰处的频率同滚动轴承的故障特征频率进行对比分析,诊断出滚动轴承的故障.通过对试验中采集到的滚动轴承振动信号进行分析,证明了该方法在滚动轴承故障诊断中的有效性.     

Rolling element bearing defect detection using the generalized synchrosqueezing transform guided by time–frequency ridge enhancement

Healthy rolling element bearings are vital guarantees for safe operation of the rotating machinery. Time–frequency (TF) signal analysis is an effective tool to detect bearing defects under time-varying shaft speed condition. However, it is a challenging work dealing with defective characteristic frequency and rotation frequency simultaneously without a tachometer. For this reason, a technique using the generalized synchrosqueezing transform (GST) guided by enhanced TF ridge extraction is suggested to detect the existence of the bearing defects. The low frequency band and the resonance band are first chopped from the Fourier spectrum of the bearing vibration measurements. The TF information of the lower band component and the resonance band envelope are represented using short-time Fourier transform, where the TF ridge are extracted by harmonic summation search and ridge candidate fusion operations. The inverse of the extracted TF ridge is subsequently used to guide the GST mapping the chirped TF representation to the constant one. The rectified TF pictures are then synchrosqueezed as sharper spectra where the rotation frequency and the defective characteristic frequency can be identified, respectively. Both simulated and experimental signals were used to evaluate the present technique. The results validate the effectiveness of the suggested technique for the bearing defect detection.