体积力模型在模拟轴流压气机进气畸变中的应用

该文推导了跨声速轴流式压气机的周向平均体积力模型，并在商用软件Ansys CFX上搭建了数值计算平台。该平台将代替叶片对流体作用力和做功量的周向体积力模型以源项的形式添加到Ansys CFX的三维控制方程中，发展形成了一种更加高速有效的压气机进气畸变数值计算方法。采用该计算方法进行NASA Stage 37单级跨声速压气机全流道模拟，计算了在70%设计转速、均匀进气工况下的压气机性能特性和流场分布，并与实验结果进行对比分析。结果表明，两者能很好地吻合一致，验证了计算方法的可行性和计算结果的准确性。在此基础上，采用该计算方法对该压气机在周向进气畸变条件下的性能和流场进行了预测，模拟结果也很好地反映了畸变来流对压气机特性的影响。     

进气畸变对发动机压缩系统稳定性影响的数值模拟

介绍了一种在发动机环境下评定航空燃气涡轮发动机压缩系统稳定工作边界的数学物理模型。研究了进气畸变对航空燃气涡轮发动机压缩系统稳定工作边界的影响。对总压畸变进气条件下压气机稳定工作边界的变化进行了计算分析，结果表明进气总压畸变对发动机稳定性有很大的影响，使得压气机稳定工作边界在压气机的特性图中向右下方移动，降低了发动机的喘振裕度。主要数学物理模型可以正确地反映发动机压缩系统的工作状况，用它判断发动机不稳定工作点的重复性和灵敏度都比较好。     

整体涡旋流畸变对轴流-离心组合式压气机喘振特性影响的数值研究

为研究整体涡旋流畸变对轴流-离心组合式压气机喘振特性的影响，本文采用气腔模型来研究压气机出口的容腔效应，分别模拟了均匀进气以及不同旋流强度的正向及负向整体涡旋流畸变作用下，组合式压气机的喘振过程。研究发现，正向整体涡旋流畸变作用下，离心叶轮进口截面近盘侧存在强度较大、范围较广的正向旋流，一定程度上抑制了叶轮内的流动分离；相反地，负向整体涡旋流畸变作用下，离心叶轮进口截面近盘侧存在强度较大、范围较广的负向旋流，使叶轮内的流动分离加剧甚至引发回流，使得压气机系统进入深度喘振工况。正向整体涡旋流畸变的旋流强度越大，组合式压气机的喘振圈及喘振频率越小；负向整体涡旋流畸变作用下，旋流强度越大，喘振圈越大、喘振频率越高。     

某型十级高压压气机进口总压周向畸变试验研究

以某型高压压气机为试验对象,研究了进口总压180°周向畸变对该压气机性能的影响。开展进口均匀进气和总压周向畸变条件下的压气机特性录取试验,并对试验结果进行了对比分析。结果表明:进气周向畸变导致压气机性能恶化,流量、效率均有一定程度的下降;周向畸变对高转速影响较大,随着转速降低影响逐渐减弱。     

轴流压气机进气旋流畸变实验与仿真研究

为深入分析旋流畸变问题,发现叶片式旋流畸变发生器产生旋流流场的机理和旋流畸变对压气机稳定性的影响机制,本文开展了旋流畸变发生器与压气机的耦合数值仿真。分析计算结果,认为叶尖脱落涡的叠加效应是产生旋流的主要机理,旋流结构对转子叶尖区域的扰流作用是造成转子提前失速的重要原因。建立了S弯进气道仿真模型,通过对S弯进气道与高亚声速压气机进行耦合仿真计算,研究了S弯进气道出口旋流流场的形成机制,初步探讨了S弯进气道出口旋流流场对压气机稳定性的影响。S弯进气道出口形成的对涡结构靠近压气机机匣,这种局部的涡结构会影响部分转子叶片叶顶区域的流动结构,从而导致压气机失速边界右移。     

基于进气道总压畸变试验的插板数值模拟研究

通过数值计算方法研究了进气道插板式总压畸变试验技术。在已有试验数据的基础上,应用数值仿真的手段模拟了插板扰流后的流场特性,分析了插板后不同位置的流场结构和畸变度。通过和试验数据对比,得出计算结果在AIP截面和试验结果在趋势上吻合良好,数值上则存在较大差异。在插板后异于AIP截面,存在能满足周向总压畸变指数与试验值相当的截面,从而可通过插值处理,计算出不同进口马赫数对应的计算截面,对试验进行初步预估。     

进气畸变条件下低速轴流风机噪声的试验研究

根据噪声测量试验结果，分析了径向进气畸变和周向进气畸变对轴流冷却风扇气动噪声的影响。     

压缩系统对动态温度畸变的非定常响应

基于多级轴流压气机的级特性,建立了用于分析轴流压缩系统对压力和温度畸变动态响应的一维,时间推进的数学模型.求解整个压缩系统包括进气道,压气机和出口管道的连续方程,动量方程和能量方程都加入描述压气机动态响应的一阶时间滞后方程.并给出了基于特性线和MacCormack两步插分法的数值分析方法.模型对一台三级实验压气机进行了数值模拟,给出了进口动态温度畸变与稳定裕度损失及与不稳定发生时间之间的定量关联关系.     

轴流式压气机特性线外推方法

针对现有轴流式压气机特性线雷诺相似外推方法的不足,提出划分虚拟微元级分段计算压气机特性的方法,将工质压缩过程分解成若干微元压缩段的叠加,使工况变化时微元压缩段进出口相似条件能够得到保证。在雷诺相似的基础上,将每一个微元压缩段外推,得到各微元压缩段特性图,并重构出压气机整机特性图。实例分析表明,新方法可以明显减小现有雷诺外推方法产生的误差,由于虚拟微元级概念的引入,拓宽了压气机特性线获取的途径,提高了获取特性线的可靠性。     

45°周向压力畸变对轴流压气机流动影响的试验研究

借助于某高速轴流压气机试验台,研究了45°周向总压畸变对轴流压气机转子绝对流动角的影响,初步探索了周向压力畸变引起的转子进口/出口绝对流动角变化的规律.结果表明,在45°周向总压畸变情况下,压气机转子的进口绝对流动角在周向受到影响的范围大约为90°(即畸变扰动区),转子出口的气流绝对流动角的畸变扰动区沿着周向大约为75°.气流绝对流动角在沿转动方向进入畸变扰动区时开始增加,在畸变网边缘达到正向最大值(与转动方向同为正);然后逐渐减小,在跨出畸变网的边缘得到负的最大值;随后又慢慢增加,跨出畸变扰动区.并且,随着换算质量流量的减少,转子进口绝对流动角变化不明显,而转子出口的绝对流动角则明显增加.     

双螺杆制冷压缩机工作过程的数值模拟

双螺杆制冷压缩机由于其独特的优势已被广泛应用,但由于其复杂的转子结构及型线设计,对该类压缩机的整体性能的预测一般采用一维数值模拟或经验方式得到,但是该类方法无法获得压缩机内部流体压力场和温度场的分布情况。根据试验用螺杆压缩机建立了三维模型,利用结构化动网格技术,通过CFD软件对双螺杆压缩机的内部流场进行了三维数值模拟,分析了流体在压缩机内部的流动及热力学参数分布状况,得到了压缩机内部压力场、温度场和速度场的分布规律。将三维数值模拟得到的P-V指示图及压缩机宏观性能参数与试验结果进行对比分析,发现模拟结果与试验数据基本一致,部分负荷时误差较大,误差最大的是绝热效率,为2.58%。数值模拟能够准确预测双螺杆压缩机的性能,并为压缩机设计提供了新的方法。     

Analysis and measurement of the impact of diffuser width on rotating stall in centrifugal compressors

In compression systems, instability has long been an important issue. However, compared to axial machines, relatively little work has been done on the stability of centrifugal machines. Especially, many analytical models of stabilities have been developed to predict and control rotating stall, using compressor characteristic. However, stability models for centrifugal compressors are not scarce. Much research on compressor stability has focused on stalling flow coefficient and rotating stall phenomenon at the stalling flow coefficient. Given this situation, this paper presents a stability analysis of centrifugal compressors to predict rotating stall inception as well as the speed and number of cells. This analysis involves the use of compressor geometries, a steady compressor characteristic, and threedimensional flow analysis in the diffuser. The flow field perturbations at the axial inlet duct, impeller, and radial exit duct are determined via an eigenvalue analysis. The predictions are validated against experimental results from compressors with three different diffuser widths. The model accurately predicts the rotating stall inception flow coefficient. As the compressor characteristic becomes less steep with increasing diffuser width, the stalling flow coefficient increases. Also, experiment validates the model prediction that, depending on the dominant mode of flow perturbation, the number of rotating stall cells can be changed from three to two cells in the tested configurations. Furthermore, the cell speed increases as the flow coefficient decreases for a given number of stall cells. However, when the stall cell number is reduced, the cell speed decreases.     

进口速度畸变对轴流风机性能影响的全周数值研究

采用全通道数值模拟方法,通过设置周向角度相同、径向位置不同的速度畸变区域,分析了畸变条件下低压轴流风机性能及流场的变化规律。计算结果表明,该方法可以清晰描述流场参数的分布情况,设置的进口速度畸变方式会使风机效率降低,静压升变大,转子进口相对气流角分布与叶型极不匹配,造成进口冲角绝对值较大,叶栅通道内的流动恶化,流动损失增加,并且风机出口的压力沿周向分布的不均匀性增强。     

Experimental and Computational Analysis of the Unstable Flow Structure in a Centrifugal Compressor with a Vaneless Diffuse

The unstable flow phenomena in compressors, such as stall and surge, are closely related to the e ciency and the operating region. It is indispensable to capture the unstable flow structure in compressors and understand the mechanism of flow instability at low flow rates. Cooperated with the manufacturer, an industrial centrifugal compressor with a vaneless di user is tested by its performance test rig and our multi-phase dynamic measurement system. Many dynamic pressure transducers are circumferentially mounted on the casing surface at seven radial locations, spanning the impeller region and the di user inlet region. The pressure fields from the design condition to surge are measured in details. Based on the multi-phase dynamic signals, the original location of stall occurring can be determined. Meanwhile, the information of the unstable flow structure is obtained, such as the circumferential mode and the propagating speed of stall cells. To get more details of the vortex structure, an unsteady simulation of this tested compressor is carried out. The computational result is well matched with the experimental result and further illustrates how the unstable flow structure in the impeller region gradually a ects the stability of the total machine at low flow rates. The dynamic mode decomposition(DMD) method is applied to get the specific flow pattern corresponding to the stall frequency. Both experimental and computational analysis show that the flow structure at a particular radial location in the impeller region has a great impact on the stall and surge. Some di erences between the computational and experimental result are also discussed. Through these two main analytical methods, an insight into the unstable flow structure in an industrial compressor is gained. The result also plays a crucial role in the guidance of the compressor stabilization techniques.     

Study on flow fields in high specific speed centrifugal compressor with unpinched vaneless diffuser

Performance of centrifugal compressors strongly depends on their internal flow fields. CFD has become indispensable tool for getting the information about flow fields in centrifugal compressors. CFD codes are usually validated by some representative data or compared with calculated results by other CFD codes, in order to ensure their accuracies. However, learning their accuracies for all types of centrifugal compressor’s specifications requires continuous works that compare experimental data obtained in developmental processes of various types of centrifugal compressors with CFD results. A prediction of a performance and a flow field of a centrifugal compressor by CFD is relatively accurate when the impact of separation and secondary flow on that flow field is weak, i.e. near design condition. Centrifugal compressors are deemed to have a wide operating range alongside high efficiencies at design points. Hence the prediction accuracy of CFD at off design conditions, where the impacts of separation and secondary flow on the flow field are strong, is critical for the design of the centrifugal compressors. This study therefore investigated the prediction accuracy of CFD using a centrifugal compressor whose geometry was intentionally changed to have a distorted flow field over a whole operating range, i.e. from choke to surge.     

Performance analysis of the two-stage axial compressor with 90-degree bend inlet conditions

The 90-degree bend is one of the basic connection components applied in industrial flowing systems. This bend influences the aerodynamic performance of the downstream connecting equipment. In this study, the performance of a two-stage axial compressor with a 90-degree bend inlet was numerically and experimentally analyzed under low rotating speed. The testing results show that the outflow of the bend was numerically non-uniform in the circumferential and radial directions. To analyze the performance influence of the bend on the downstream compressor, a full passage compressor model with and without the inlet bend was simulated. The size of the distortion region gradually spread to the entire cascade, and the intensity of the distortion obviously dropped after the first stage as the compressor ran with the bend. The deterioration of the compressor performance, especially in the first stage, was verified numerically and experimentally. The total pressure coefficient and isentropic efficiency decreased by 2.6 % and 1.13 %, respectively. To save simulation cost, a model with a downstream single blade passage and cylindrical inlet was proposed, and the distorted flow was set as the inlet boundary condition. In addition, the unsteady numerical simulation was performed with the rotating inlet distortion region. Compared with the full blade passage model, the unsteady single blade passage model obtained the downstream spread characteristic of the distortion and performance deterioration. The latter can therefore be suggested as a compromised approach for obtaining the propagation characteristics of the inlet distortion with acceptable accuracy and low computational cost.

     

Experimental investigation on aero-acoustic characteristics of a centrifugal compressor for the fuel-cell vehicle

A variety of centrifugal compressors are used in various fields of industry such as aircraft, home appliances, and vehicles. Comfort and quietness are important in these uses. As a result, noise has become an important consideration in compressor design besides the conventional performance parameters such as efficiency and pressure ratio. However, compressor noise has been difficult to understand because of the lack of information. The aim of this paper is to investigate the aero-acoustic characteristics of a centrifugal compressor for the fuelcell vehicle by experiments. The existing compressor system is modified to measure the internal pressure fluctuation at the impeller inlet, the impeller outlet and the diffuser outlet. Four microphone probes are also installed to determine the external noise levels and spectra of the compressor in an airtight room according to the RPM and mass flow rate. The test results show the possibility to tell the relative noise level of a centrifugal compressor with the internal pressure data. The external microphone signals have relation to the internal pressure signals. They have similar patterns and spectra. It is a noteworthy phenomenon because it is easier and inexpensive to predict pressure behaviors than noise characteristics of centrifugal compressors. The dominant noise source is the tonal noise during normal operation. But the broadband noise component due to the turbulent flow in the compressor increases during low flow rate operation. Computational simulations are carried out to describe these phenomena and to identify noise indicators. The turbulence kinetic energy and the pressure distribution obtained from CFD results may be indicative of the relative noise intensity of the compressor. The experimental facility, instrumentation and simulation conditions are described, and the results are presented in this paper.     

浅谈压缩机单台排量的计算

论述了2RDS压缩机组多台同时运行时,在各种进气压力、进气温度以及排气压力不同的情况下,如何计算单台压缩机排量的方法,计算出部分排量数据。经过实践验证,这种计算方法是可行、实用的。     

The effect of inlet pressure distortion on the performance of an axisymmetric compact tube heat exchanger with radial counter flow type for hypersonic pre-cooled aero-engine

The compact tube heat exchanger located behind the air-intake can achieve quick cooling of high-temperature air to ensure the normal operation of the pre-cooled aeroengine. It has great impact on the engine’s performance. The total pressure distribution at the heat exchanger inlet is inevitably uneven due to the influence of the air-intake. This paper studies the effect of three typical inlet distortions with different amplitudes using porous model and dual cell model. The results indicated that the outlet total pressure distortion is not sensitive to the inlet total pressure distortion. However, it affects the total pressure recovery and the total temperature distortion at the outlet by altering the pressure loss in the heat exchanger upstream and the flux distribution at the heat-transfer-zone entrance, respectively. This leads to a reduction of heat transfer. The effect of inlet distortions varies with distortion type. And it becomes more severe with increasing distortion.

     

轴流压气机特性计算模型的研究

提出了一套计算多级轴流压气机变工况的损失模型和落后角模型。用射线误差表示法表示了２台不同设计规律、不同翼型的多级轴流压气机的试验特性与计算特性线之间的误差。比较了１台２级轴流压气机的速度场的试验值与计算值，证明本模型具有较高的精度和较大通用性，所采用的射线误差表示法适用于单级及多级压气机的误差表示