质子型离子液体水溶液对GCr15轴承钢的摩擦学性能研究

以质子型离子液体:二羟乙基胺正辛酸(Bis[(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium] caprylate,BOEAC)作为添加剂,配置了不同质量浓度的BOEAC水溶液,使用MS-10A摩擦试验机对质子离子液体水溶液的减摩抗磨性能、极压性能和润滑稳定性能进行试验研究。试验结果表明:BOEAC离子液体水溶液具有显著的减摩抗磨性能,其中10%BOEAC离子液体水溶液的最大无卡咬负荷高达847N,相比于纯水(98N)减摩抗磨性能显著,甚至高于普通基础油,可作为水基润滑液的极压添加剂。BOEAC离子液体能够显著改善其水溶液的成膜性能,这是由于BOEAL分子能够在摩擦副表面迅速形成吸附膜和化学反应膜,使摩擦副表面的摩擦系数降低,抗磨性能提升。作为一种不含卤素等有毒元素的新型绿色离子润滑剂,可通过调节BOEAC浓度配比,替代传统润滑剂,在各种工况中应用。     

离子液体改性环氧树脂复合材料摩擦学性能研究

为探讨离子液体的加入对环氧树脂固化过程及摩擦学性能的影响,制备离子液体(1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐)改性环氧树脂复合材料,并通过红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱、扫描电镜元素分析等考察离子液体在环氧树脂中的存在及分散状态,分析离子液体含量对复合材料动态热力学性能及减摩抗磨性能的影响.结果表明:离子液体与环氧树脂本体及固化剂...     

磷酸酯离子液体润滑脂的摩擦学性能研究

用腐蚀性较低、简单易合成的磷酸酯离子液体为基础油,聚四氟乙烯微粉为稠化剂制备一种新型的离子液体润滑脂,在Optimol SRV摩擦试验机上考察其对钢/钢摩擦副的摩擦学性能。结果表明,磷酸酯离子液体润滑脂在室温和高温(100℃)下都表现出优异的减摩抗磨性,并且其减摩抗磨性与离子液体阳离子和阴离子的烷基链长密切相关。磨斑表面扫描电镜和XPS的分析结果表明:摩擦表面既存在离子液体润滑脂与摩擦表面发生摩擦化学反应生成的含有Fe F2、Fe PO4和氮的氧化物的化学反应膜,又存在稠化剂聚四氟乙烯的物理吸附膜。     

系列磷酸酯水溶性离子液体在水中摩擦学行为研究

基于分子设计的理念,将辛醇、十二醇、十八醇分别与五氧化二磷反应得到不同链长的磷酸酯,再与二乙醇胺反应制备出3种水溶性离子液体润滑添加剂。采用红外光谱分析定性确认添加剂的结构,并应用热重分析3种添加剂的热稳定性。通过四球摩擦磨损试验机评价3种添加剂在水体系中的摩擦学性能。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对磨损表面进行表征分析,探讨其摩擦化学机制。结果表明:3种添加剂的热分解温度较高,分别为130、165、178℃;3种添加剂均能显著提高水体系的减摩抗磨和耐极压性能,且其抗磨和耐极压性能随着链长的增加而增强,这可能与添加剂的吸附能力和反应活性有关,烷基链较长的添加剂更容易吸附在金属表面,高载荷下能更快地与金属发生反应形成边界润滑膜;添加剂在表面形成的反应膜主要由铁氧化物,磷酸铁构成;边界润滑膜的存在提高了水体系的摩擦学性能,丰富了水作为润滑介质的使用场合。     

锂离子电池热物性参数测量方法综述

锂离子电池的比热容和导热系数是电池热管理系统建模、仿真与控制的必要的热物性参数,是决定模型性能的关键因素。采用参数集总平均方法计算的电池热物性参数依赖电池的化学物理成份、机械结构、材料尺寸和制造工艺等,其准确性和适应性存在问题。通过文献调查,归纳总结锂离子电池的比热容和导热系数的测量方法及其影响因素。分析表明,电池比热容和导热系数常采用独立的试验进行测量,可分为标准仪器(程序)法和自制测量装置法,成本、复杂性、测量误差存在差异。电池比热容和导热系数受到包括电芯材料、形状、容量、SOC、SOH和温度等的影响,比热容与电池形状密切相关,而导热系数受到SOH的影响更严重。测量锂离子电池的热物性参数的方法应具有可重复标定、低成本、装置体积小、结构简单和影响因素充分考虑的特点。     

复合润滑结构表面在油润滑下的减摩性能*

为研究不同表面处理方式对巴氏合金/45钢配副表面减摩性能的影响,采用热压固化工艺将六方氮化硼封装于表面织构内,制备复合润滑结构表面;在油润滑下进行销-盘磨损试验,使用递归定量分析（Recurrence quantification analysis,RQA）参数划分磨损过程;研究复合润滑结构表面在磨合期和正常磨损期的减摩性能,并与纯织构表面减摩性能进行对比。结果表明：复合润滑结构表面拥有较低摩擦因数和显著减摩效果,其减摩性能优于纯织构表面;相比无织构表面,复合润滑结构表面在磨合期内的平均摩擦因数下降77.9%,在正常磨损期内的平均摩擦因数下降73.5%且磨合期的时长缩减75.0%;较大织构孔径的复合润滑结构表面的减摩效果更好且磨合期更短;纯织构和复合润滑结构表面的减摩效果均在较高速度和载荷下更显著;各试样表面在磨合期的摩擦因数越低,对应进入正常磨损期后就越低。     

离子液体修饰的碳纳米管在脂中的摩擦学性能研究*

以聚α烯烃(PAO40)为基础油,锂钙皂为稠化剂,离子液体修饰碳纳米管为添加剂制备复合锂-钙脂,并对其滴点、抗腐蚀性、导电性进行测试。用FT-R400高速往复摩擦磨损试验机考察该润滑脂的摩擦磨损性能。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察磨斑表面形貌。结果表明:离子液体修饰碳纳米管提高了润滑脂的导电和摩擦学性能;低碳链的离子液体修饰剂对提高润滑脂的导电性效果明显,而长碳链的离子液体修饰剂对提高润滑脂的减摩抗磨性能更有效,这些归因于碳纳米管与离子液体极性的相互作用提高了润滑脂的导电和摩擦学性能。     

计入变密度和变比热容的倾斜轴颈粗糙表面轴承润滑性能分析

计入变密度、变比热容以及轴颈倾斜等因素,对滑动轴承的热弹性流体动力润滑性能进行研究,深入分析变密度和变比热容对粗糙表面倾斜轴颈轴承热弹性流体动力润滑性能的影响。计算中,基于平均流量模型的广义Reynolds方程进行轴承的润滑分析,采用能量方程和热传导方程计算润滑油的温度场。结果表明,偏心率较大时,变密度和变比热容效应对轴颈倾斜轴承的承载力和最大油膜压力有较明显影响;计入变密度时,轴承最高油膜温度增加,摩擦功耗减小;计入变比热容时,轴承最高油膜温度减小,摩擦功耗增加;转速越高,变密度和变比热容对浮环轴承润滑性能的影响越显著;同时计入变比热容和变密度的轴承润滑参数与仅计入变比热容或仅计入变密度的润滑参数均有明显不同;间隙越小,变密度和变比热容对轴承润滑性能的影响越显著;为准确预测轴承的润滑性能,需同时考虑密度变化和比热容变化的影响。     

不同离子液体润滑条件下BCN薄膜摩擦学性能研究

利用中频磁控溅射技术,分别溅射硼靶和石墨靶,在单晶硅衬底上制备BCN薄膜;采用原子力显微镜(AFM)对薄膜的表面形貌进行分析;在1-正丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐(L104)和1-正己基-3-乙基咪唑六氟磷酸盐(L-P206)离子液体润滑条件下,利用CSM摩擦磨损试验机考察BCN薄膜/钢球摩擦副的摩擦磨损性能;利用电化学腐蚀方法考察薄膜在离子液中的耐腐蚀性能.实验结果表明:所制备的BCN薄膜均匀、致密,表面粗糙度小;在离子液体润滑剂润滑下,BCN薄膜表现出良好的抗磨减摩性能和抗腐蚀性能;与L-P206离子液润滑剂相比,BCN薄膜在L104离子液体润滑剂润滑下的摩擦学性能更好,这可能与L104离子液体自身的分子结构及其腐蚀性弱有关.     

N-甲基-N-苄基吗啉盐酸盐离子液体的合成及性能

采用价格比较低廉的N-甲基吗啉为原料,合成了N-甲基-N-苄基吗啉盐酸盐离子液体.研究结果表明:该离子液体易溶于极性溶剂而难溶于非极性溶剂中;在水中和无水乙醇中的电导率随浓度的增大而增大并且在水中的电导率大于无水乙醇中的电导率;红外光谱分析表明合成的产物与目标产物结构相符;DSC分析表明该离子液体的熔融温度为116℃,低于150℃.属于离子液体范畴.通过对该离子液体的物理、化学性质进行测定,为该离子液体的应用提供依据.     

Halogen-free borate ionic liquids as novel lubricants for tribological applications

The unique properties of ionic liquids favour their applications in diverse fields, such as synthesis, catalysis, electrochemistry and nanotechnology. Their application as lubricants in several systems has found that these substances are able to provide remarkable protection against wear and significantly reduce friction whether they are used as additives or in the neat form. Therefore, in the present work, a further approach to provide halogen-free ionic liquids as lubricants for steel–steel contacts is discussed. The special chemical compositions of two imidazolium borane ionic liquids selected allowed the replacement of hetero-elements such as fluorine and sulphur that are usually found in ionic liquids. Their tribological properties were evaluated with a Schwing–Reib–Verschleiss (SRV) tribometer using an oscillating steel–steel contact with ball-on-disc geometry under boundary conditions. The addition of a phosphate based ionic liquid significantly improved the tribological properties of the imidazolium borane ionic liquids in comparison to a reference halogen containing ionic liquid (used as neat and lubricant additive). XPS analyses of the wear scars confirmed the formation of a phosphate based tribofilm that significantly improved the friction reducing properties and anti-wear performance of the lubricants.     

Tribological performance of phosphonium based ionic liquids for an aluminum-on-steel system and opinions on lubrication mechanism

A series of asymmetrical tetraalkylphosphonium ionic liquids were synthesized and evaluated as a new kind of lubricant for the contacts of steel/Al using an Optimol SRV oscillating friction and wear tester in ambient condition. The phosphonium ionic liquid shows excellent tribological performance and is superior to the conventional ionic liquids 1-ethy-3-hexylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (P206) in terms of anti-wear performance and load-carrying capacity. The chemical compositions of the boundary film generated on different contact surfaces were analyzed on a scanning electron microscope with a Kevex energy dispersive X-ray analyzer attachment (SEM/EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS). The friction-reduction and anti-wear mechanism were proposed to originate from the layered structure of ionic liquid under boundary lubrication and the tribochemical reaction of anions with the fresh surface, respectively.     

Frictional behaviour of imidazolium sulfate ionic liquid additives under mixed slide‐to‐roll conditions: Part 1 — Variation of mixtures with identical weight ratio of ionic liquid additive

Ionic liquids are getting increased attention due to their potential use as additives or lubricants. One of parameters that influence their performance is anion alkyl chain length. Three chain lengths in imidazolium sulfate ionic liquids were varied in three different types of tests in order to study the friction performance in all lubrication regimes at different shear rates. Results show significant effect of alkyl chain length on friction behaviour and surface topography. The shortest chain length ionic liquid had the poorest friction performance whilst longer alkyl chain lengths performed significantly better, which was evidenced by the electrical contact resistance. Although friction behaviour was not generally reduced with ionic liquid mixtures, clear tribological improvement was observed in high shear conditions depending on alkyl chain length. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis revealed correlation between ionic liquid chemistry and surface topography of samples after the experiments, with significantly increased roughness for short chain ionic liquid mixture. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

苦参碱-6、左旋肉碱-柠檬酸离子液体的制备及润滑特性研究

制备苦参碱-6和左旋肉碱-柠檬酸2种离子液体,分析其结构和热稳定性。研究Si_3N_4球与316不锈钢、Al、Cu、Ti 4种金属基体对摩时,2种离子液体作为润滑剂的润滑性能,并与美孚一号润滑油的润滑性能进行比较。结果表明:2种离子液体在不同基体上具有不同的润滑效果,其中左旋肉碱-柠檬酸具有较低的摩擦因数和较高的热稳定性,其润滑下基体表面磨痕较均匀光整且磨损体积小;左旋肉碱-柠檬酸润滑效果较美孚一号润滑油更好,这是因为其在摩擦过程中形成了有效的物理吸附保护膜和摩擦化学反应膜,并生成了更加复杂的含铁化合物润滑涂层,二者共同作用提高了润滑效果。     

Effect of tetraalkylphosphonium based ionic liquids as lubricants on the tribological performance of a steel-on-steel system

A series of asymmetrical tetraalkylphosphonium ionic liquids were synthesized and evaluated as a new kind of lubricant for the contact of steel/steel using an Optimol SRV oscillating friction and wear tester in ambient condition. The phosphonium ionic liquid shows excellent tribological performance when being used as the lubricating oil, and is superior to the conventional high temperature lubricants X-1P and perfluoropolyether (PFPE) in terms of anti-wear performance and load-carrying capacity. The chemical compositions of the boundary film generated on different contact surfaces were analyzed on a scanning electron microscope with a Kevex energy dispersive X-ray analyzer attachment (SEM/EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS). The friction–reduction and anti-wear mechanism of tetraalkylphosphonium as the lubricant were proposed to originate from the active elements P in the tetraalkylphosphonium ionic liquids reacting with the fresh surface to form a reaction film onto specimen surface, an extreme-pressure film with lower shearing strength, which leads to lower friction coefficient, and good wear resistance.     

Tribological behaviour of protic ionic liquids with ammonium salts modified LABSA as lubricants and additives

Two typical protic ionic liquids with ammonium salts modified linear alkylbenzene sulfonic acid (LABSA) were synthesised, and their tribological behaviours used as both lubricants compared with PAO10 and additives in PAO10 were evaluated with an Optimol SRV‐I oscillating reciprocating friction and wear tester. The results show that the two novel protic ionic liquids with ammonium salts modified LABSA exhibited excellent friction‐reducing and anti‐wear properties as lubricants and can also significantly improve the tribological performance of the base fluids as friction modifier additives. The worn surfaces were characterised by scanning electron microscope and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, indicating that the excellent anti‐wear and friction‐reducing performance could attributed to the boundary lubrication films that could contain both the tribochemical film composed of organic amine decomposed from the protic ionic liquids with ammonium salts and the stable chemical absorbed film through the interactions between the sulfonate anions and surface metallic atoms during the sliding process. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Nano/Microtribological Properties of Ultrathin Functionalized Imidazolium Wear-Resistant Ionic Liquid Films on Single Crystal Silicon

Ionic liquids (ILs) are considered as a new kind of lubricant for micro/nanoelectromechanical system (M/NEMS) due to their excellent thermal and electrical conductivity. However, so far, only few reports have investigated the tribological behavior of molecular thin films of various ILs. Evaluating the nanoscale tribological performance of ILs when applied as a few nanometers-thick film on a substrate is a critical step for their application in MEMS/NEMS devices. To this end, four kinds of ionic liquid carrying methyl, hydroxyl, nitrile, and carboxyl group were synthesized and these molecular thin films were prepared on single crystal silicon wafer by dip-coating method. Film thickness was determined by ellipsometric method. The chemical composition and morphology were characterized by the means of multi-technique X-ray photoelectron spectrometric analysis, and atomic force microscopic (AFM) analysis, respectively. The nano- and microtribological properties of the ionic liquid films were investigated. The morphologies of wear tracks of IL films were examined using a 3D non-contact interferometric microscope. The influence of temperature on friction and adhesion behavior at nanoscale, and the effect of sliding frequency and load on friction coefficient, load bearing capacity, and anti-wear durability at microscale were studied. Corresponding tribological mechanisms of IL films were investigated by AFM and ball-on-plane microtribotester. Friction reduction, adhesion resistance, and durability of IL films were dependent on their cation chemical structures, wettability, and ambient environment.     

离子液体在微量润滑磨削界面的摩擦学机理研究

采用电镀CBN砂轮,以镍基合金GH4169为工件材料,实验研究了两种离子液体的微量润滑磨削加工性能,分别是1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐(［BMIM］BF4)和1-己基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐(［HMIM］BF4),并采用分子动力学模拟,揭示了离子液体在磨粒/工件界面物理吸附膜的形成机制,进一步开展了工件已加工表面的X射线光电子能谱（XPS）分析,揭示了离子液体在磨粒/工件界面化学反应膜的形成机制。研究结果表明：上述两种离子液体适合作为磨削液应用于微量润滑磨削加工中,既能较干磨大幅降低磨削比能和磨削力比,提高工件已加工表面质量,又能较干磨大幅降低磨削温度达100 ℃以上,避免磨削烧伤;磨粒磨钝表面由于微破碎所形成的凹槽状断口是离子液体进入磨粒/工件界面的输运通道,离子液体分子通过吸附在凹槽状断口内形成边界润滑膜,通过减小磨粒工件之间的直接接触面积来减小摩擦力;在微量润滑磨削加工过程中,以上两种离子液体均与工件在磨削界面上发生化学反应,形成了氟化物与氧化物共存的化学反应膜。     

Investigation of the Stability and Tribological Performance of Ionic Nanoliquids

In previous studies, nanoparticles and ionic liquids (ILs) have been used separately as oil additives and have been shown to reduce friction and wear. In this study, the stability and tribological performance of ionic nanoliquids (INLs), which combine nanoparticles and miscible ionic liquids together as oil additives, were investigated. Zinc oxide nanoparticles were dispersed in a mixture of polyalphaolefin (PAO) oil and ionic liquid (tetradecyltrihexylphosphonium bis (2,4,4-trimethylpentyl phosphinate)) using an ultrasonic homogenizer. The coefficient of friction was studied using a tribometer with a ball-on-disk configuration. The wear track was measured using a Bruker Contour GT-K Optical Profiler and the wear volume was calculated. The effects of concentration and load on the coefficient of friction and wear were investigated. The effects of ultrasonic mixing time and nanoparticle concentration on the stability of the solutions were also studied.     

烷基咪唑-螯合硼酸离子液体摩擦学性能

以1,3-二癸基咪唑为阳离子,双水杨酸螯合硼酸为阴离子开发一类新型的环境友好螯合硼酸酯-烷基咪唑离子液体n-DICB/i-DICB,采用四球试验机考察2种添加剂在三羟甲基丙烷三油酸酯(PETO)基础中的摩擦学性能,采用SEM、EDX和XANES分析磨损表面的形态和摩擦中形成的摩擦膜的化学成分。结果表明：n-DICB/i-DICB具有优异的综合摩擦学性能,可显著提高可生物降解基础油的减摩、抗磨和极压性能;i-DICB的减摩性能和极压性能优于n-DICB,质量分数2.5%的i-DICB可使PETO的摩擦因数和磨斑直径分别降低33.0%和22.1%,最大无卡咬负荷提高66.6%。摩擦过程中,n-DICB/i-DICB形成了由B₂O₃、Na₂B₄O₇、NaBO₃和BN等混合物组成的致密摩擦膜,这是离子液体具有优异的摩擦性能根本原因。