水平式炬管电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪的应用

本文阐述了电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪中,炬管放置方式对光谱仪性能的影响。讨论了水平式炬管应用在等离子体发射光谱仪后,与传统的垂直式炬管光谱仪相比较,其分析性能得到大大改善,分析灵敏度显著提高,检测下限明显降低。     

水平式炬管电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪的应用

本文阐述了电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪中，炬管放置方式对光谱仪性能的影响。讨论了水平式炬管应用在等离子体发射光谱仪后，与传统的垂直式炬管光谱仪相比较，其分析性能得到大大改善，分析灵敏度显著提高，检测下限明显降低。     

简易可拆式等离子炬管的研制

等离子炬管是形成ICP的核心部件,炬管的几何形状、尺寸和工作参数等,对等离子体的形成、稳定,是否节省氩气都具有重要意义。目前,国内使用最多的炬管,是烧结成的三轴同心石英炬管(即常规炬管)。等离子炬管在使用过程中,由于等离子焰炬的高温(7000～10000K)不可避免地会受到损坏(石英熔点约1600℃),而常规炬管必需具有玻工技术的人才能制作,这就给ICP—AES分析工作带来极大不便。     

微波等离子体炬结构的改进

本文介绍了对微波等离子体炬(MPT)所作的改进。说明了改进后微波等离子体炬的结构、分析性能及应用情况。证明微波等离子体炬是一种激发能力强、分析性能良好、使用方便的光源。     

ICP-OES在分析有机样品中金属元素常见故障排除及注意事项

使用合适的有机溶剂将有机样品稀释后直接导入电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪（ICP-OES）测定有机物中金属元素的方法,前处理简单,测定速度快,但由于ICP-OES直接分析有机物时常出现点炬困难、容易熄炬、炬管断裂等问题,此方法未得到广泛应用。本文以美国Perkin Elmer公司Optima 7000DV型ICP-OES为例,对ICP-OES在分析易挥发有机样品过程中出现的常见故障及排除方法进行探讨,并介绍了分析有机物的注意事项。     

再制造发动机积碳形成机理研究

针对汽车发动机再制造过程中积碳清洗方法效率低,质量差的问题,从微观角度对积碳形成过程进行分析,从而针对其特点探究合适的清洗方法。通过扫描电镜对积碳的表面和剖面形貌进行观察,分析积碳的分层结构特点和积碳粒子结合的结构特点;利用红外光谱和拉曼光谱对积碳中粒子结合键能进行分析;同时结合能谱分析积碳的组成成分。并且对积碳形成过程中的化学反应和粘附过程进行分析,进而通过熔盐清洗积碳的试验过程,进一步对积碳的形成过程进行验证说明。从微观角度分析了积碳形成的主要过程,得出了积碳形成过程中积碳颗粒的形成原因以及积碳颗粒在高温高压下的成长过程,进而阐述了胶质层和沥青质层的形成过程,并对积碳较难清洗的原因进行了分析,对于合适清洗方法的选择提供了依据。     

二维电荷注入检测器—端视等离子体光谱仪工作参数的研究

以Ｃｄ、Ｖ为例，对一种新型原子发射光谱仪的分析参数进行试验。该仪器具有电荷注入检测器和端视等离子体炬管。研究了高频功率和载气压力的影响，探讨了标准曲线的线性动态范围。     

微波消解微波等离子体炬原子发射光谱法测定芦荟中Fe和Pb的含量

用微波等离子体炬(MPT)为激发光源,氩气为等离子体工作气体,用气动雾化进样,采用标准加入法研究微波等离于体炬原于发射光谱法(MPTAES)测定芦荟中Fe和Pb的方法。详细考察溶液硝酸浓度、微波前向功率、载气流量、工作气流量、氧屏蔽气流量等实验参数对测定的影响,还考察共存离子对测定的影响。同时,还通过常规消解方法与微波消解方法相比较,得出微波消解微波等离子体炬原子发射光谱法具有简单、快速、准确、待测元素不受污染等特点。结果表明,微波消解微波等离子体炬原子发射光谱法可以作为研究芦荟中微量元素的含量的一种行之有效的方法。     

ICP炬管三维移动平台及控制系统设计

介绍了ICP炬管三维移动平台的研究意义,对移动平台的机械结构和控制系统进行了设计.移动平台能够实现精确移动定位、位置检测与调控、安全预警与防护功能.     

浅谈积炭对车辆的影响及预防与清除

积碳是燃料和润滑油的混合气体经不完全燃烧而产生的沉积物。有效解决发动机的积碳问题,是延长发动机的使用寿命保证车辆正常行驶的必要前提。文章分析了积碳形成的原因,探讨了积碳对车辆造成的影响,并对如何预防与清除积碳提出了建议。     

新型换热器管子管板焊接工艺的研究

管板堆焊镍基合金，换热管为铁素体钢管，管子管板接头为平齐式的换热器是一种新型结构的换热器。管子管板角焊缝的焊接采用A-GTAW焊接方法。通过实验发现，为了得到质量稳定、焊缝尺寸和形状能够满足设计和相关技术条件要求的焊接接头，在严格限制镍基合金和换热管杂质元素含量、合理选择焊接工艺参数、控制焊枪钨极与管壁相对位置的同时，应采取以下两方面工艺措施：一是焊前对待焊区进行严格的清理，去除油、锈等杂质污物；二是在焊接过程中对管板进行低温预热。     

弧焊机器人焊枪姿态的简便示教

弧焊机器人焊接空间搭接焊缝时,对于焊枪姿态的示教往往占据了大量的示教时间。为此,提出一种焊枪姿态的简便示教方法。该方法采用根据几何约束计算焊接时焊枪姿态的思路完成焊枪姿态的示教。先以任意焊枪姿态对焊缝进行位置示教,然后根据焊缝的切向矢量和焊接工艺要求的焊枪角度计算出焊接时的焊枪姿态。对于三维曲线焊缝,只有当局部焊接平面与基坐标系的Oyz平面不垂直时,需要进行简单的焊枪姿态示教,示教时只须调整机器人绕工具坐标系一个轴转动的角度即可完成。使用该方法可以显著地减少示教难度和示教时间,提高姿态示教的精度。详细介绍焊枪姿态的描述方法、焊接方向角的计算方法和焊枪姿态的调整方法等关键技术。使用搭接曲线焊缝进行试验验证,证明了该方法的可行性。     

焊接位置与焊丝方位定义的讨论及几何建模研究

分析了现有焊接位置和焊丝方位定义的不足,通过建立世界坐标系、焊缝坐标系和焊枪坐标系实现了焊接位置和焊丝方位的几何建模,给出了焊缝倾角、焊缝转角、工作角和行走角的严格定义。     

弧焊机器人在汽车转向器焊接中的应用

对弧焊机器人在汽车转向器底托管和伸缩管柱焊接中的应用进行了阐述，对机器人工作站中的主要组成部件，工装夹具，送丝机、焊枪把持器、机器人焊枪、防飞溅喷净器、焊枪清理器、剪丝器的应用提出了一些看法。     

弧焊机器人焊炬姿态规划系统的研究

为提高弧焊机器人的适应性和自动规划功能，研究了一种空间全位置焊接条件下的焊炬姿态自动规划系统。该系统借助于相应的摄像机标定软件，计算测试软件和焊炬姿态规划软件，协调计算机视觉，信号采集，图像处理等模块检测焊缝的空间信息，然4后查询焊炬姿态优化数据库，运行离线偏程等离子模块，实现自动规划弧焊机器人的焊炬姿态，采用研制的爆炬姿态规划系统在空间全位置条件下进行焊接实验，结果表明，该系统能保证爆接中焊缝的成形良好。     

Compact visual control system for aligning and tracking narrow butt seams with CO2 gas-shielded arc welding

In this paper, a visual control system is proposed to locate the start welding position and track the narrow butt welding seam in container manufacturing. It estimates the error between the welding torch and the welding seam with a camera and a panel computer. It adjusts the torch’s position via a stepper motor to eliminate the error. A decision controller with three gates is designed to decide the working procedure. Feature extraction algorithms are designed according to the seams and pre-weld spots. The seam line and the position of the pre-weld spot are detected to locate the start welding position in initial aligning. Then the torch is aligned to the seam. In the welding stage, the reference feature is determined with many frames of images based on their statistical property. The current estimated feature is checked to ensure only normal features to be used for welding seam tracking. Experiments are well conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed system and methods.     

Accelerometer-based position and speed sensing for manual pipe welding process

For manual pipe welding process, welding position and speed are two of the most important welding parameters. Highly skilled pipe welders can well adjust their operation to produce high-quality welds. However, even experienced welders may sometimes have defected welds due to improper welding speed. The weld quality will be better guaranteed if the welding position and speed can be measured and other welding parameters can be changed accordingly. This paper introduced the development and experiment results on a practical accelerometer-based torch sensor to measure torch position and speed. Based on the measured acceleration data, the two important welding parameters were calculated with moderate computing load by an embedded control system. For future work, the welding position and speed calculation with sufficient accuracy can help the design of advanced control algorithm to various pipe welding processes.     

Investigations of some aspects of the spray process in a single wire arc plasma spray system using high speed camera

A high speed camera has been used to record and analyze the evolution as well as particle behavior in a single wire arc plasma spray torch. Commercially available systems (spray watch, DPV 2000, etc.) focus onto a small area in the spray jet. They are not designed for tracking a single particle from the torch to the substrate. Using high speed camera, individual particles were tracked and their velocities were measured at various distances from the spray torch. Particle velocity information at different distances from the nozzle of the torch is very important to decide correct substrate position for the good quality of coating. The analysis of the images has revealed the details of the process of arc attachment to wire, melting of the wire, and detachment of the molten mass from the tip. Images of the wire and the arc have been recorded for different wire feed rates, gas flow rates, and torch powers, to determine compatible wire feed rates. High speed imaging of particle trajectories has been used for particle velocity determination using time of flight method. It was observed that the ripple in the power supply of the torch leads to large variation of instantaneous power fed to the torch. This affects the velocity of the spray particles generated at different times within one cycle of the ripple. It is shown that the velocity of a spray particle depends on the instantaneous torch power at the time of its generation. This correlation was established by experimental evidence in this paper. Once the particles leave the plasma jet, their forward speeds were found to be more or less invariant beyond 40 mm up to 500 mm from the nozzle exit.     

The decoupling visual feature extraction of dynamic three-dimensional V-type seam for gantry welding robot

The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology - During the welding manufacturing of a circular pressure vessel, the V-type seam’s position relative to welding torch varies...     

金属罐体自动焊机径向自动跟踪装置设计

本装置利用物体重力,使自动焊机机头在垂直方向能随工件表面的起伏而位移,并使体表面保持固定距离,从而保证了焊接质量.本文研究了金属容器的焊接原理和方法,针对容器几何尺寸较大,难于手工焊接的情况,提出了用埋弧焊自动焊机代替手工焊的方案.通过进一步研究埋孤焊工艺要求和工件结构特点,设计了自动跟踪装置,其使焊枪和送料管与工件表面保持固定高度,并配有气压系统辅助,以保证该装置的可靠性与可调性.通过样机的试机,证明该方案能满足加工要求,安全可靠、设计合理.