基于倒谱预白化和随机共振的轴承故障增强检测

轴承损伤引起的冲击受到离散频率分量和噪声干扰,使轴承故障检测面临困难。结合基于倒谱编辑(Cepstrum editing procedure, CEP)的信号预白化和随机共振(Stochastic resonance, SR)微弱信号检测技术,提出一种轴承故障增强检测的新方法。信号预白化能够提升轴承振动信号的冲击特性,产生包含白噪声和轴承局部故障信号的白化信号。在未知最优共振频带的情况下,对白化后的轴承振动信号进行包络分析,增强故障特征分量的同时引入了较多噪声。通过随机共振的归一化尺度变换,将轴承包络信号作为检测模型的输入,增强轴承故障特征频率分量。提出将轴承故障特征频率处的局部谱峭度和局部信噪比作为对照指标。实测正常和外环植入故障轴承的诊断结果表明,提出的方法优于基于谱峭度优化的包络分析和单纯的信号预白化方法。     

Fault diagnosis of rolling element bearing using a new optimal scale morphology analysis method

Periodic transient impulses are key indicators of rolling element bearing defects. Efficient acquisition of impact impulses concerned with the defects is of much concern to the precise detection of bearing defects. However, transient features of rolling element bearing are generally immersed in stochastic noise and harmonic interference. Therefore, in this paper, a new optimal scale morphology analysis method, named adaptive multiscale combination morphological filter-hat transform (AMCMFH), is proposed for rolling element bearing fault diagnosis, which can both reduce stochastic noise and reserve signal details. In this method, firstly, an adaptive selection strategy based on the feature energy factor (FEF) is introduced to determine the optimal structuring element (SE) scale of multiscale combination morphological filter-hat transform (MCMFH). Subsequently, MCMFH containing the optimal SE scale is applied to obtain the impulse components from the bearing vibration signal. Finally, fault types of bearing are confirmed by extracting the defective frequency from envelope spectrum of the impulse components. The validity of the proposed method is verified through the simulated analysis and bearing vibration data derived from the laboratory bench. Results indicate that the proposed method has a good capability to recognize localized faults appeared on rolling element bearing from vibration signal. The study supplies a novel technique for the detection of faulty bearing.     

变风速条件下风力机轴承故障特征提取

针对风速变化条件下风力发电机轴承故障特征的检测问题,提出了一种基于灰狼优化( GWO )和双稳态杜芬振荡器的随机共振( SR )的故障特征提取方法.首先,根据风速估计故障特征信号的频率,通过合适的采样频率采集风力发电机的振动信号并对采集的信号做归一化处理.随后,根据风速尺度引入变换系数对频率 时间尺度进行变换.此外,利用灰狼算法方法将杜芬振子的阻尼比和系统参数调整到最优值.最后,通过杜芬系统和尺度恢复获得可识别信号.结果表明,所提出的方法能提取原始信号中的故障特征信号.     

A weighted multi-scale morphological gradient filter for rolling element bearing fault detection

This paper presents a novel signal processing scheme, named the weighted multi-scale morphological gradient filter (WMMG), for rolling element bearing fault detection. The WMMG can depress the noise at large scale and preserve the impulsive shape details at small scale. Both a simulated signal and vibration signals from a bearing test rig are employed to evaluate the performance of the proposed technique. The traditional envelope analysis and a multi-scale enveloping spectrogram algorithm combining continuous wavelet transform and envelope analysis (WT-EA) are also studied and compared with the presented WMMG. Experimental results have demonstrated the effectiveness of the WMMG to extract the impulsive components from the raw vibration signal with strong background noise. We also investigated the classification performance on identifying bearing faults based on the WMMG and statistical parameters with varied noise levels. Application results reveal that the WMMG achieves the same or better performance as EA and WT-EA. Meanwhile, the WMMG requires low computation cost and is very suitable for on-line condition monitoring of bearing operating states.     

基于互相关检测的滚动轴承实时故障诊断方法

提出了一种易于用模拟电路实现的基于互相关检测的滚动轴承实时故障诊断方法,首先,用两个加速度传感器在不同测点采集轴承振动信号,将其分别送入相应通道的高Q带通滤波器来选择最优共振带;然后,将两路带通滤波器的输出信号进行互相关检测,将互相关检测得到的信号经低通滤波器,保留低频故障信号;最后,将低通滤波器输出的时域信号通过频谱分析仪显示滚动轴承故障特征频率的谱线以实现滚动轴承的实时故障诊断。用模拟电路的形式将该方法进行搭建,并在QPZZ-II实测平台完成滚动轴承的实时故障诊断。结果表明:该方法克服了单一信号源的局限性,能利用互相关函数削弱共振带内部噪声,使诊断结果具有更高的频谱辨识率,而且能够用结构简单、易于维护的模拟电路实现,对轴承实时故障诊断方法的应用与普及具有一定的参考价值。     

随机共振消噪和局域均值分解在轴承故障诊断中的应用

针对实际机械故障诊断中强噪声背景下难以提取故障特征的情况,提出了一种基于随机共振消噪(SR)和局域均值分解(LMD)的轴承故障诊断方法。首先,将轴承振动信号进行随机共振消噪,利用噪声增强振动信号的信噪比;然后,将消噪的信号再进行LMD分解,通过求取乘积函数(PF)幅值谱从而发现轴承故障频率。实验结果表明,该方法可以提高信噪比,实现微弱信号的检测,可有效地应用于轴承的故障诊断。
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SINGULARITY ANALYSIS USING CONTINUOUS WAVELET TRANSFORM FOR BEARING FAULT DIAGNOSIS

In this paper, wavelet transform is applied to detect abrupt changes in the vibration signals obtained from operating bearings being monitored. In particular, singularity analysis across all scales of the continuous wavelet transform is performed to identify the location (in time) of defect-induced bursts in the vibration signals. Through modifying the intensity of the wavelet transform modulus maxima, defect-related vibration signature is highlighted and can be easily associated with the bearing defect characteristic frequencies for diagnosis. Due to the fact that vibration characteristics of faulty bearings are complex and defect-related vibration signature is normally buried in the wideband noise and high frequency structural resonance, simple signal processing cannot be used to detect bearing fault. We show, through experimental results, that the proposed method has the ability to discriminate noise from the signal significantly and is robust to bearing operating conditions, such as load and speed, and severity of the bearing damage. These properties are desirable for automatic detection of machine faults.     

Extended stochastic resonance (SR) and its applications in weak mechanical signal processing

To catch symptoms of machine failure as early as possible, one of the most important strategies is to apply more progressive techniques during signal processing. This paper presents a method based on stochastic resonance (SR) to detect weak fault signal. First, a discrete model of a bistable system that can demonstrate SR is researched, and the stability condition for controlling the selection of model parameters of the discrete model and guarantee the solving convergence are established. Then, the frequency range of the weak signals that the SR model can detect is extended through a type of normalized scale transformation. Finally, the method is applied to extract the weak characteristic component from heavy noise to indicate the little crack fault in a bearing outer circle.     

Extended stochastic resonance (SR) and its applications in weak mechanical signal processing

To catch symptoms of machine failure as early as possible, one of the most important strategies is to apply more progressive techniques during signal processing. This paper presents a method based on stochastic resonance (SR) to detect weak fault signal. First, a discrete model of a bistable system that can demonstrate SR is researched, and the stability condition for controlling the selection of model parameters of the discrete model and guarantee the solving convergence are established. Then, the frequency range of the weak signals that the SR model can detect is extended through a type of normalized scale transformation. Finally, the method is applied to extract the weak characteristic component from heavy noise to indicate the little crack fault in a bearing outer circle.     

基于自适应多尺度自互补Top-Hat变换的轴承故障增强检测

针对实际工程中滚动轴承冲击性故障特征难以提取的问题,提出一种自适应多尺度自互补Top-Hat(Adaptive multi-scale self-complementary Top-Hat, AMSTH)变换方法用于轴承故障的增强检测。自互补Top-Hat变换在消除信号中背景噪声的同时,能有效增强故障振动信号的冲击特性,而构造的多尺度自互补Top-Hat变换方法,可以较有效地兼顾抗噪性能和信号的细节保持。在分析形态学滤波的基础上,提出采用特征幅值能量比(Feature amplitude energy radio, FAER)的方法自适应确定最优结构元素的尺度,并应用于轴承的故障增强检测。通过对仿真信号和实测轴承滚动体、内圈故障信号进行分析,结果表明该方法可有效增强滚动轴承的故障检测,并且在运算效率和提取效果方面优于基于信噪比标准的多尺度形态学开-闭和闭-开组合变换方法。     

Weak fault feature extraction of rolling bearing under strong poisson noise and variable speed conditions

Fault feature extraction of the rolling bearing under strong background noise is always a difficult problem in bearing fault diagnosis. At present, most of the research focuses on weak signal extraction under Gaussian white noise and has certain practical significance. However, the noise in engineering is often complex and changeable, Gaussian white noise cannot fully simulate the actual strong background noise. Poisson white noise is a type of typical non-Gaussian noise, which widely exists in complex mechanical impact. It is of great significance to study the weak fault feature extraction of a faulty bearing under this type of noise. At the same time, variable speed conditions occupy most rotating machinery speed conditions. Non-stationary vibration signals make it difficult to extract fault features, and the frequency spectrum ambiguity will occur because of speed fluctuation. To solve the above problems, a method of weak feature extraction of a faulty bearing based on computed order analysis (COA) and adaptive stochastic resonance (SR) is proposed. Firstly, by numerical simulation, the non-stationary fault characteristic signal corrupted with strong Poisson noise is transformed into a stationary signal in the angle domain by COA. Secondly, the influence of the parameters of the pulse arrival rate and noise intensity of Poisson white noise on the optimal SR response in the angle domain are studied, and the influence of the parameters of Poisson white noise on the fault feature extraction is given. Then, adaptive SR method is used to extract and enhance fault feature information. Finally, the effectiveness of this method in weak fault characteristic signal extraction under strong Poisson noise is verified by experiments. Numerical simulation and experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method in bearing fault diagnosis under strong Poisson noise and variable speed conditions.

     

S变换用于滚动轴承故障信号冲击特征提取

为从低信噪比的滚动轴承故障信号中提取出冲击特征,以便于进行轴承故障诊断,引入S变换的信号处理方法。以短时傅里叶变换（short time Fourier transform,简称STFT）以及连续小波变换（continuous wavelet transform,简称CWT）为理论基础,分别推导得出了连续S变换的定义式,并利用快速傅里叶变换（fast Fourier transform,简称FFT）实现S变换离散化计算。S变换克服了STFT时频分辨率固定的缺点,弥补了CWT缺乏相位信息的不足。仿真信号研究表明,S变换在信号整个频带上具有良好的时频分辨率和时频聚集性,能够提取低信噪比信号中的冲击特征,且性能优于STFT和CWT。最后对一组实际的滚动球轴承故障振动信号进行S变换处理,结果表明,S变换能够方便有效地从中提取出周期性的冲击特征,从而指导滚动轴承相关故障的诊断。     

基于双时域微弱故障特征增强的轴承早期故障智能识别*

针对轴承早期微弱故障难以准确识别的问题,提出一种基于双时域微弱故障特征增强的轴承早期故障智能识别方法。利用广义S变换和Fourier逆变换推导出一种双时域变换,将轴承振动信号变换为双时域二维时间序列。根据双时域变换的能量分布特点,提取二维时间序列的主对角元素以构建故障特征增强的时域振动信号。仿真信号和轴承故障信号分析验证了双时域微弱故障特征增强的可行性和有效性。采用脉冲耦合神经网络和支持向量机对增强后的轴承信号进行时频特征参数提取和智能识别,平均识别精度达到了95.4%。试验结果表明所提方法能有效提高轴承早期故障的智能识别精度。     

基于PPCA-EWT的滚动轴承轻微故障诊断

针对经验小波变换(empirical wavelet transform,简称EWT)在强背景噪声下对轴承的轻微故障特征提取不足的问题,提出了概率主成分分析(probabilistic principal component analysis,简称PPCA)结合EWT的滚动轴承轻微故障诊断方法。首先,对信号做PPCA预处理,提取信号主要故障特征成分,去除强背景噪声干扰;然后,采用EWT方法分解轴承故障信号,按相关系数-峭度准则选出故障特征较为明显的分量,并将所选分量重构故障信号;最后,对信号采取包络分析,提取出轴承故障特征。仿真和实验结果表明,该方法能够有效地诊断出轴承故障且效果优于对信号进行EWT包络分析。     

刀具磨损早期故障智能诊断研究

针对刀具的早期故障监测中因存在强烈的背景噪声而难以提取故障特征的问题,提出了基于二次采样随机共振消噪和B样条神经网络智能识别的故障诊断方法。首先利用在随机共振过程中,噪声增强振动信号的信噪比特性,将刀具振动信号进行随机共振输出,提取有效特征,再输入到B样条神经网络进行智能识别,进而获得刀具的磨损值。同时,为了得到与输入信号最佳匹配的随机共振参数,提出了基于遗传算法的多参数同步优化的自适应随机共振算法,克服了传统随机共振系统只实现单参数优化的缺点。实验结果表明,该方法能实现弱信号检测,能有效地应用于刀具磨损故障诊断中。     

QPSO匹配的FIE随机共振轴承故障诊断

针对随机共振(stochastic resonance,简称SR)系统处理复杂信号的局限性以及参数选择的盲目性,提出了一种基于频域信息交换(frequency information exchange,简称FIE)的量子粒子群自适应参数匹配随机共振方法。首先,采用FIE将高频特征信号的频域幅值信息交换到对应的基准低频处;然后,根据基准频率特征采用量子粒子群优化(quantum particle swarm optimization,简称QPSO)算法优化SR系统参数;最后,对振动信号进行随机共振处理。滚动轴承实测信号的分析表明,该方法可以消除随机共振对频段的局限性,避免系统参数选择的盲目性,使随机共振更适用于强噪声背景下较高频段的故障信号检测。     

Iterative HOEO fusion strategy: a promising tool for enhancing bearing fault feature

As parameter independent yet simple techniques, the energy operator (EO) and its variants have received considerable attention in the field of bearing fault feature detection. However, the performances of these improved EO techniques are subjected to the limited number of EOs, and they cannot reflect the non-linearity of the machinery dynamic systems and affect the noise reduction. As a result, the fault-related transients strengthened by these improved EO techniques are still subject to contamination of strong noises. To address these issues, this paper presents a novel EO fusion strategy for enhancing the bearing fault feature nonlinearly and effectively. Specifically, the proposed strategy is conducted through the following three steps. First, a multi-dimensional information matrix (MDIM) is constructed by performing the higher order energy operator (HOEO) on the analysis signal iteratively. MDIM is regarded as the fusion source of the proposed strategy with the properties of improving the signal-to-interference ratio and suppressing the noise in the low-frequency region. Second, an enhanced manifold learning algorithm is performed on the normalized MDIM to extract the intrinsic manifolds correlated with the fault-related impulses. Third, the intrinsic manifolds are weighted to recover the fault-related transients. Simulation studies and experimental verifications confirm that the proposed strategy is more effective for enhancing the bearing fault feature than the existing methods, including HOEOs, the weighting HOEO fusion, the fast Kurtogram, and the empirical mode decomposition.     

基于多尺度Hermitian小波包络谱的轴承故障诊断

提出了一种基于多尺度Hermitian小波包络谱的轴承故障诊断方法。该方法综合利用了Hermitian小波和包络谱分析技术的优点,首先对轴承故障振动信号进行Hermitian连续小波变换,得到小波分解的实部和虚部,然后计算振动信号的多尺度包络谱。对齿轮箱轴承故障振动信号的分析表明,该方法在强噪声环境下能有效识别轴承内圈故障和外圈故障。     

基于自注意力机制的深度学习模拟电路故障诊断

模拟电路是集成电路中的重要组成部分,基于深度学习技术对模拟电路发生的故障进行检测,并精准识别故障的类型是当前集成电路测试领域的研究热点。针对模拟集成电路故障检测存在困难的问题,利用人工智能在图像识别领域、语音分类领域的先进技术,提出了基于自注意力机制检测Sallen-Key型低通滤波电路故障的深度学习模拟电路故障检测方案,将输出信号采样成音频信号,并将其输入到自注意力变换网络的音频分类模型中进行训练、测试和优化。结果表明,通过自注意力变换网络音频分类在9种不同的故障类型诊断中,平均准确率达93.1%,最高准确率达98.1%。该模型收敛速度更快,具有较强的模拟电路故障检测能力。     

基于ITD-形态滤波和Teager能量谱的轴承故障诊断

针对强背景噪声下滚动轴承振动信号故障特征信息难以提取的问题,提出了结合固有时间尺度分解(ITD)-形态滤波和Teager能量谱的滚动轴承故障特征提取与诊断方法。首先对滚动轴承振动信号采用ITD方法分解,得到若干个固有旋转分量;考虑到噪声主要分布在高频段,取前2个高频的固有旋转分量进行形态滤波,并将滤波后的信号与剩余固有旋转分量重构;对重构信号计算Teager能量算子并绘制Teager能量谱,从Teager能量谱中可以识别出故障特征。将本方法应用于滚动轴承的内圈故障和外圈故障诊断,结果表明ITD-形态滤波可以有效去除振动信号中的背景噪声并保留冲击特征,Teager能量谱可以直观并准确显示出故障特征。