低比转速离心泵叶轮内三维流场PIV试验及数值仿真

为研究低比转速离心泵内部流场分布情况，借助于PIV试验，结合数值仿真方法对一台叶轮直径为187 mm、比转速为70的离心泵叶轮通道流场进行了测量及数值模拟计算。为对比不同湍流模型计算结果的可信度，分别采用Standard k-ε模型、RNG k-ε模型、SST k-ω模型进行计算，并将流场计算结果与PIV试验结果进行了对比。研究结果表明：在小流量工况下，叶轮通道内速度分布较不均匀，在通道后半区域靠近叶片工作面存在明显的低速区，叶片背面的中前部区域附近出现高速区；随着流量增大，叶轮通道内部速度分布渐趋均匀，水流出口角增加。三个湍流模型计算结果与试验结果吻合较好，尤其是对低速区的模拟较好。对比三个不同的湍流模型，在小流量工况及设计流量工况下，RNG k-ε模型计算结果与试验值更为接近；在大流量工况下，Standard k-ε模型计算结果与试验值吻合更好。对比离心泵整体性能表现，扬程、效率计算结果均远高于试验测量值。     

含油污水分离动态旋流器湍流流场特性研究

采用DSM湍流模型对含油污水分离动态旋流器的湍流流场进行了数值模拟。模拟结果表明油污水分离动态旋流器内的流场是三维非对称分布的,分析了湍流流场速度的分布规律,轴向和切向速度的模拟结果和实验结果基本吻合,径向速度的模拟将有助于动态旋流器结构及性能的分析,压力降与入口压力对分离效率的影响都是单独通过转速或流量的变化间接体现的。深入研究动态旋流器湍流流场特性及分离机理,对提高分离效率和结构优化提供了参考。     

基于改进的低雷诺数湍流模型的软性磨粒流加工仿真与实验

针对模具结构化表面软性磨粒流精密加工中壁面特性求解困难的问题,基于改进的低雷诺数湍流模型提出了一种对软性磨粒流壁面特性进行分析的方法。该模型仿真的湍流可以从充分发展的高雷诺数湍流到低雷诺数湍流,所以,对于壁面区域的求解精度更高。以机械加工中常见的U形沟槽为仿真对象,数值模拟了其内部流场,尤其是壁面区的流场特征参数。分析结果表明:当初始压力p0在2.5～4.5MPa之间时,流道的内部流动是不完全发展的湍流,详细分析了p0为4.5MPa时渐变截面流道的内部流动,压力与速度分布均是中心高、两侧低,而且越靠近U形底部,压力值和速度值越高;磨粒流速度一直增大,磨粒受到的驱动力增大,使得单位时间内颗粒与壁面的碰撞增加。通过碰撞观测实验发现磨粒对壁面的碰撞速度与仿真结果相符,加工实验进一步验证了仿真结果。     

离心压缩机两类湍流模型计算对比分析

应用数值计算软件NUMECA,详细分析两类湍流模型在离心压缩机模型级模拟当中流场分布情况,并与实验结果相对比。研究结果表明,在小流量工况下,两方程模型在流场细节捕捉上更为细致,而大流量工况下,而两方程模型计算偏大,一方程则计算稳定,适应性好。     

微型涡轮的旋转盘腔内流场二维与三维数值模拟的比较

用FLUENT软件对带有微型涡轮的旋转盘腔内部流场进行了二维和三维的数值模拟。在数值计算中应用标准K—epsilon双方程湍流模型，通过计算研究发现：二维和三维数值计算在低旋转雷诺数时趋于一致，随着旋转雷诺数增加三维效应增强计算结果差距增大。研究结果显示：涡轮内部螺栓和微型涡轮的不同处理方式是导致二者数值模拟差异的主要原因。     

叶片空间型面造型对离心泵性能的影响研究

为了研究叶片空间型面造型对离心泵外特性、内部流场的影响,以一台普通离心泵为研究模型,利用Cfturbo软件设计了两种相同设计参数,不同叶片型面造型的叶轮模型,采用标准k-ε湍流模型对两种模型叶轮离心泵内部流场进行单相定常数值模拟,并采用RNGk-ε湍流模型对两种叶轮模型离心泵空化性能进行数值模拟,得到内部流场特征、水力性能。并通过离心泵性能试验对数值模拟结果进行验证。研究结果表明:设计工况下,自由曲面叶片叶轮离心泵的扬程比倾斜直纹面叶片叶轮离心泵高0.45 m,NPSHR相同;通过优化倾斜直纹面叶片叶轮完全可以代替自由曲面叶片叶轮,降低企业的生产成本。     

超临界高压锅炉给水泵首级叶轮性能的数值模拟研究

本文对超临界高压锅炉给水泵首级双吸叶轮内部流场进行了数值模拟,分别从外特性及内部流场结构两方面对叶轮性能进行了分析和研究;采用雷诺时均方程和RNG k-ε湍流模型、SIMPLEC速度与压力耦合算法,计算了设计工况、小流量及大流量工况下双吸叶轮的内部流场。计算结果表明,采用CFD技术可以较为准确地模拟出双吸叶轮内部流场速度和压力分布,从而完成首级双吸叶轮外特性的预测,所设计的首级双吸叶轮达到设计要求。     

矩形通道空芯冷板的换热特性研究

采用实验和数值模拟的方法研究了电子设备冷却用矩形通道空芯冷板的换热特性。数值计算中，采用了同位网格上的SIMPLE算法和低雷诺数湍流模型，温度场计算中采用整场离散求解的方法。数值模拟结果与实验结果吻合良好。     

混流泵内部流动的三维数值分析

以某型号混流泵为研究对象,基于三维不可压缩流体的N—S方程和标准k—ε湍流模型,采用Fluent6.3软件对在不同工况下的内部流场进行了三维定常湍流数值模拟。分析了变工况下混流泵内部流场的压力、速度分布,获得了其内部流动特性的主要特征,预测了泵的水力性能。结果表明,基于CFD的数值模拟计算模型能够很好地预测混流泵的特性,数值模拟结果为混流泵的优化设计提供了数值依据。     

基于CFX的离心泵全流场数值模拟研究

基于雷诺时均Navier-Stockes方程和标准k-ε双方程湍流模型,利用CFD软件（ANSYS CFX 11.0）对一台离心泵进行全流场定常数值模拟计算,对比分析数值模拟计算和性能试验测得的流量-扬程、流量-效率及流量-功率等特性曲线;对小流量、设计流量和大流量3种工况下的数值模拟计算获得的中间截面流线的结果进行分析研究,揭示了其内部流动的主要特征;同时预测了泵的水力性能,并与性能试验结果进行了对比分析,结果表明数值模拟计算预测趋势与试验结果吻合较理想,满足工程实际的需要。     

Comparison of DNS and Reynolds stress modelling of flow around a rotating cylinder

The low Reynolds number stress-omega model is applied to flow associated with a rotating cylinder operating in a larger, stationary cylinder. The working fluid fills the gap between the cylinders. Direct numerical simulation data are used to test the predictions by this turbulence model. Previous work has shown that simpler models are unable to predict with reasonable accuracy the wall shear stress experienced by the rotating cylinder. The present study with a more complex turbulence model shows that the wall shear stress on the rotating cylinder is underestimated significantly. Examination of turbulence velocity fluctuation intensity distributions points to underprediction of the streamwise turbulence level and excessive values of the wall normal turbulence level. Results are given for no shear and a wall shear at the outer cylinder surface but no effect on the inner cylinder statistics was found. An examination of the Reynolds stress anisotropy tensor components highlights a significant deficiency in this parameter which is an essential component of the pressure-strain modelling of Reynolds stress models. The most significant aspect is a rapid decrease of the streamwise component of the Reynolds stress anisotropy tensor relative to the direct numerical simulation results and values which are too low for the other two components.     

The effect of cooling conditions on convective heat transfer and flow in a steam-cooled ribbed duct

This work presents a numerical and experimental investigation on the heat transfer and turbulent flow of cooling steam in a rectangular duct with 90° ribs and studies the effect of cooling conditions on the heat transfer augmentation of steam. In the calculation, the variation range of Reynolds is from 10,000 to 190,000, the inlet temperature varies from 300°C to 500°C and the outlet pressure is from 0.5MPa to 6MPa. The aforementioned wide ranges of flow parameters cover the actual operating condition of coolant used in the gas turbine blades. The computations are carried with four turbulence models (the standard k-?, the renormalized group (RNG) k-?, the Launder-Reece-Rodi (LRR) and the Speziale-Sarkar-Gatski (SSG) turbulence models). The comparison of numerical and experimental results reveals that the SSG turbulence model is suitable for steam flow in the ribbed duct. Therefore, adopting the conjugate calculation technique, further study on the steam heat transfer and flow characteristics is performed with SSG turbulence model. The results show that the variation of cooling condition strongly impacts the forced convection heat transfer of steam in the ribbed duct. The cooling supply condition of a relative low temperature and medium pressure could bring a considerable advantage on steam thermal enhancement. In addition, comparing the heat transfer level between steam flow and air flow, the performance advantage of using steam is also influenced by the cooling supply condition. Changing Reynolds number has little effect on the performance superiority of steam cooling. Increasing pressure would strengthen the advantage, but increasing temperature gives an opposite result.     

Numerical analysis of turbulent flow and heat transfer in a square sectioned U-bend duct by elliptic-blending second moment closure

A second moment turbulence closure using the elliptic-blending equation is introduced to analyze the turbulence and heat transfer in a square sectioned U-bend duct flow. The turbulent heat flux model based on the elliptic concept satisfies the near-wall balance between viscous diffusion, viscous dissipation and temperature-pressure gradient correlation, and also has the characteristics of approaching its respective conventional high Reynolds number model far away from the wall. Also, the traditional GGDH heat flux model is compared with the present elliptic concept-based heat flux model. The turbulent heat flux models are closely linked to the ellipticblending second moment closure which is used for the prediction of Reynolds stresses. The predicted results show their reasonable agreement with experimental data for a square sectioned U-bend duct flow field adopted in the present study.     

叶片式水力旋流器操作参数优选

采用CFD软件中基于各相异性的雷诺应力湍流模型,应用PC-SIMPLEC算法,对叶片式旋流分离器内部流场进行了全面深入的三维数值模拟,得到了旋流器内部流场的压力分布特性和油相体积分数分布特性。通过数值模拟和试验研究,对旋流器的操作参数进行了优化,分析了不同分流比和流量对分离效率的影响,并最终优选出最佳分流比和最佳操作流量。     

Analysis of the Pump-turbine S Characteristics Using the Detached Eddy Simulation Method

Current research on pump-turbine units is focused on the unstable operation at off-design conditions, with the characteristic curves in generating mode being S-shaped. Unlike in the traditional water turbines, pump-turbine operation along the S-shaped curve can lead to difficulties during load rejection with unusual increases in the water pressure, which leads to machine vibrations. This paper describes both model tests and numerical simulations. A reduced scale model of a low specific speed pump-turbine was used for the performance tests, with comparisons to computational fluid dynamics(CFD) results. Predictions using the detached eddy simulation(DES) turbulence model, which is a combined Reynolds averaged Naviers-Stokes(RANS) and large eddy simulation(LES) model, are compared with the two-equation turbulence mode results. The external characteristics as well as the internal flow are for various guide vane openings to understand the unsteady flow along the so called S characteristics of a pump-turbine. Comparison of the experimental data with the CFD results for various conditions and times shows that DES model gives better agreement with experimental data than the two-equation turbulence model. For low flow conditions, the centrifugal forces and the large incident angle create large vortices between the guide vanes and the runner inlet in the runner passage, which is the main factor leading to the S-shaped characteristics. The turbulence model used here gives more accurate simulations of the internal flow characteristics of the pump-turbine and a more detailed force analysis which shows the mechanisms controlling of the S characteristics.     

伺服阀前置级流场气穴现象的仿真及试验研究

针对液压阀中的气穴现象会引起液压阀的噪音、性能恶化,甚至导致液压阀失效等问题,对伺服阀前置级喷嘴和挡板之间流场中的气穴现象进行了研究.利用Pro/E软件对流场进行了三维建模,用前处理软件Gambit对三维模型进行了网格划分及边界条件设置,利用标准k-ε模型和混合气穴模型建立流场的数学模型,运用FLUENT软件对不同喷嘴入口流速下流场的分布特性及气穴特征进行了仿真分析;同时利用高速摄像机对喷嘴挡板之间的流场分布进行了观测和记录.研究结果表明,在低雷诺数流动条件下,气穴开始在喷嘴外壁和挡板前端的边缘形成;随着雷诺数的增大,在挡板弯曲的附体气穴逐渐长大并随着射流流速的增加出现云状的气穴.将不同流动条件下流场结构和气穴分布的数值计算结果与试验观测结果进行比较,两者基本吻合,说明伺服阀前置级流场气穴仿真模型和数值计算方法是可靠的.     

Comparison of flow in numerical and physical models of a ventricular assist device using low- and high-viscosity fluids

The flows in a model of a ventricular assist device (VAD) were investigated numerically and experimentally for two different Newtonian test fluids. These were a blood analogue fluid and a much higher viscosity fluid. A finite volume method was employed to solve the governing equations for a three-dimensional unsteady laminar flow on a transient grid. The numerical solutions were compared with experimental results from an identical physical model. The experimental flows were investigated by flow visualization and by laser Doppler velocity measurements at selected points in the flow field. The validation was based on comparisons of flow patterns and of non-component velocity-time histories. The maximum Reynolds numbers in the inflow tube of the model VAD were approximately 460 and 3300 using the high- and low-viscosity fluids respectively. The investigation showed that the flow patterns were better predicted for the high-viscosity fluid. However, the agreement between the velocity-time histories was found to be slightly better for the low-viscosity fluid. The discrepancies in the flow patterns may be due to intermittent turbulence with a further contribution from numerical diffusion.     

Numerical studies on two turbulence models and a laminar model for aerodynamics of a vertical-axis wind turbine

The purpose of this study is the analysis of flow around a one-bladed Darrieus-type wind turbine using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The rotor geometry consists of a NACA 0015 airfoil with chord length of 0.15 m. Numerical simulations are performed using ANSYS Fluent, employing laminar model and two turbulence models: SST k-ω and RNG k-ε. The obtained numerical results of unsteady aerodynamic blade loads are compared with available experimental results from literature. Computed aerodynamic characteristics of normal and tangential forces comply with the experiment results. The RNG k-ε turbulence model has a good accuracy in determining aerodynamic blade loads for the upwind and downwind parts of the rotor. The laminar model and the SST k-ω turbulence model slightly overestimate the tangential aerodynamic blade loads at the downwind part of the rotor. An averaged wind turbine velocity profile computed at one rotor radius downstream of the rotor has a Gaussian shape. The steady-state airfoil characteristics are computed for the Reynolds number comparable to the Reynolds number of a moving blade employing the SST k-ω and RNG k-ε turbulence models and using the same computational grid as for unsteady simulations of the rotor.     

对旋式轴流风机全角度整机数值模拟及试验验证

通过对对旋式轴流风机采用不同的湍流模型进行多角度和多工况点整机数值模拟,并对比试制样机试验数据,探索湍流模型的规律性,为对旋式轴流风机全角度整机数值模拟下湍流模型的合理选择,提供了一定的依据;通过全角度整机数值模拟,有效地验证了全角度下风机的气动性能特性和设计工况点的合理性,并对I、II级叶轮叶片安装角进行正交数值模拟试验,筛选出I、II级叶轮叶片最佳匹配角度,通过进一步分析最佳匹配角度的气动性能,探索了两级叶轮功率最佳匹配关系。     

Numerical investigation on the transient characteristics of sediment-laden two-phase flow in a centrifugal pump

The objective of this work was to determine pressure fluctuation and transient flow characteristics, which aims to provide references to improve noise and vibration performance for the pump design and optimization when delivering sediment-laden flow. The three-dimensional (3D) transient simulations were simulated by SST k-ω turbulence model combined with Homogeneous equilibrium model (HEM). The experimental and numerical data was compared to validate the numerical accuracy. The simulation results predicted that the concentration shows strong effects on the external performance, velocity, pressure, turbulent kinetic energy distribution and peak amplitude of pulsation frequency, which all perform increasing trend with the rise of concentration. Meanwhile, the effect of the diameter size of particles on the flow field was relatively minor, which can also evidently influence the internal flow, but the effect is not simply proportional to the diameter size. The effect of diameter size on silt flow needs to be taken into account associated with the concentration distribution. The dominant frequency of solid-liquid approximately equals 0.8 times that of pure water, and the transient characteristics of sediment-laden flow perform low frequency with high amplitude features.