基于MSP430的微弱信号检测装置的设计

系统以MSP430为主控制芯片,实施对微弱信号输出的AD采样,并借助1602液晶将结果显示以提高人性化的操作。对于微弱信号及噪声源的处理,主要是使用反相求和比例运算器、Ⅱ型纯电阻衰减网络、射极跟随器、选频放大网络及精密整流路来组成信号检测电路,从而将稳定的直流信号输出给MSP430主控芯片。当输入正弦波信号VS的频率在100Hz-10kHz范围内、幅度峰峰值在20mV-200mV范围内时,以上模块可检测并显示正弦波信号的幅度值,且误差不超过5%。     

VIBRATION MEASUREMENT OF DOUBLE-ENDED TUNING FORKS RESONATOR

To enhance the coherence and reliability of the double-ended tuning fork (DETF) resonator, a measurement system of resonator vibration is presented to check its dynamic characteristics. Laser Doppler techniques are utilized and the relation between DETF vibration velocity and output current of photodetector is obtained. Resonator vibration equation is also analyzed and its driving power only depends on the direct current bias voltage and the amplitude of alternative voltage. Furthermore, a special resonator driving control circuit based on measurement is designed. The amplitude and frequency of circuit is controlled by a computer so that highly stable and strong driving signal can be output. Experiments on driving and measuring double-ended tuning fork have been done. The frequency of driving signal is 8 kHz and the peak-to-peak value of driving voltage is 140 V. Experimental results indicate resonator can be drived stably by driving control circuit and dynamic characteristics of DETF may be measured in real time.     

A low-frequency high-power arbitrary-shape voltage pulse generator

A circuit diagram and design of the arbitrary-shape bipolar voltage pulse generator with amplitudes up to 800 V and a peak output on a matched load of 400 kW are described. The generator is based on car rechargeable batteries and power insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs). Results of the experiments aimed at producing high-power harmonic signals with frequencies of 50 Hz and 1 kHz are presented.     

A Functional Generator

A synchronizing generator of triangular, sine-wave, and rectangular signals with variable frequencies and amplitudes is described. The main generator of triangular signals is complemented with a functional converter to obtain a sine function using the piecewise-linear approximation. The frequency of generated signals is continuously regulated within the bands of 10–100 Hz, 100–1000 Hz, 1–10 kHz, and 10–100 kHz. The signal amplitudes are continuously varied between 0 and 10 V. The nonlinear distortion factor of the sine signal is within 0.5%.     

A Digital Gate for Isolating the First and Second Waveforms in Cyclic Voltammetry

ABSTRACT

A circuit for gating the first one or two voltage waveforms passed to an electrochemical cell was designed, built, and tested. The device is independent of the voltage program stage and the potential or current control unit. Signals up to 1 kHz in frequency may be gated to the control amplifier stage and recording device. The voltage waveform can be initiated at any desired potential and in either the positive or negative direction. The response time of the switch is limited only by that of the mechanical relay used. Increased frequency response may easily be realized by replacing the mechanical relay with a FET controlled follower gate. The impedance of the device is essentially nil (0.150 ω) and it can gate any periodic or aperiodic voltage program up to 20 V peak-to-peak. The output current capacity is limited by the relay specifications; the current limit of the device described is 300 mA.     

Adjustable phase device for low-frequency NMR experiments

In order to detect low-level NMR signals by bridge methods, a phase displacing device based on principle of voltage addition has been developed allowing the precise bridge balancing over a one decade frequency range. Using analogous multiplier devices for control and adjust circuit the phase adjustment of the output voltage is within +/-3 degrees over a frequency range from 10 to 100 kHz. For input peak-to-peak voltage levels from 0.1 to 1 V the output level is amplitude-stabilized to within 2% for all phase displacements.     

A novel compact repetitive frequency voltage booster based on magnetic switches and Fitch generator

In this paper, a novel repetitive frequency voltage booster (named repetitive Fitch booster by the authors) based on magnetic switches and Fitch generators is proposed. The principle of operation is to charge capacitors in parallel when magnetic switches (MSs) are unsaturated and reverse voltage polarity of every other capacitor when MSs saturate. With the principle, circuit topology of a 4-stage repetitive Fitch booster (RFB) is presented. Simulation as well as experiment shows its feasibility in boosting voltage and compressing rise-time. In simulation, the input voltage of 100 V is boosted to 372 V, while test stand yields output voltage with frequency of 1 kHz, amplitude of 19 kV with each capacitor charged to about 5.6 kV, and rise-time compression from 7.3 μs to 700 ns. Meanwhile, calculations show that the 4-stage RFB effectively reduces core volume by about half, from 1093.5 cm(3) to 585.2 cm(3). Furthermore, design rules are proposed so that topologies of RFBs with stages other than four can be conveniently derived. As an example, an 8-stage RFB is proposed and verified with circuit simulation, which shows an output voltage of 759 V with the input voltage of 100 V.     

LLLC谐振拓扑线路的研究

针对LLC谐振拓扑在宽范围输出应用领域存在的开关频率过宽问题,提出了一种新的拓扑-LLLC谐振拓扑。通过增加一颗电感,实现了在同样的输出电压范围内,工作频率范围缩窄,并维持在可控范围内的效果;另外,由于该电感的加入使得谐振元件变成4颗,即LLLC,但设计方法上与LLC基本类似。为充分理解该线路的工作原理,给出了较为完整的工作过程分析;随后给出了关键参数的计算,重点是对比分析了该拓扑降低工作频率的机理;最后,设计了一款功率为1500W,输出电压为43v～58v的样机。实际测算结果显示,其工作频率范围为110kHz-270kHz,基本满足设计要求,同时也验证了该线路的可行性。     

A novel approach for realization of primary vibration calibration standard by homodyne laser interferometer in frequency range of 0.1 Hz to 20 kHz

The paper discusses the primary vibration calibration standard of NPL, India capable of calibrating the reference accelerometers in frequency range from 0.1 Hz to 20 kHz as per ISO 16063-11. The excitation subsystem produces constant vibration at a specified amplitude and frequency, while the measurement system uses NI interface for measuring the quadrature output. The acceleration level and voltage level at the calibration frequency f is determined by applying a Discrete Fourier Transform to the voltage and displacement signals, and then examining the spectral component at frequency f. A PC-based data acquisition system acquires the accelerometer voltage signal and analog quadrature interferometer photodetector signal pair as well as a digital quadrature pair whereby the software processes the demodulated photodetector signals to reconstruct the armature displacement. The validation of the calibration results for standard reference accelerometers with manufacturer results and uncertainty in calibration in entire frequency range 0.1 Hz to 20 kHz is reported in the present work.     

A nanosecond SOS generator with a peak power of 4 GW

A high-current nanosecond generator with a peak power of up to 4 GW, an output voltage of 0.4–1 MV, a pulse duration of 8–10 ns, and pulse repetition rates of 300 Hz in a continuous mode and up to 1 kHz in the burst mode is described. The average output power at a pulse repetition rate of 1 kHz reaches 30 kW. The generator has an all-solid-state energy-switching system. A semiconductor opening switch on SOS diodes forms output pulses. The electric circuit and design of the generator are described, and the experimental results are presented. A device for eliminating prepulses across the load is proposed. The results of its testing and numerical simulation are presented.     

Stable, inexpensive, low-frequency sine wave generator using digital techniques

Presented is a circuit for the generation of low-frequency (0.001 Hz to 63 kHz) sine waves possessing stable amplitude and frequency characteristics using digital techniques. The circuit produces a 32-step approximation to a sine wave at a frequency 1/32nd of the selected digital time-base frequency. Also presented are a crystal-controlled time base to drive the generator, and an active filter for removing the high-order harmonics produced by the generator. Advantages of the digital sine wave generator over analog oscillator techniques are described.     

Tunable sonar transducer

Abstract

A prototype of a tunable sonar transducer has been successfully tested in the transmit/receive mode. It employs a tunable sandwich transducer which is a high-Q transmitter with resonance frequency that can be shifted continuously over a wide frequency range between the fundamental harmonic at 27?kHz and the first overtone at 73?kHz of the whole structure. The tunable sandwich transducer divides the active piezoelectric layer to two sets. The first is the control ceramic whose function is to vary the resonance frequency of the overall structure by using various values of inductor across its terminals. The control ceramic is mechanically coupled to the drive ceramic which provides the acoustic power during transmission and alternately acts as a receiver. From the transmit/receive measurements within the tunable frequency range, the receiving sensitivity of the tunable transducer may be varied between 0 and 9?μV/Pa. Generally, the receiving sensitivity is higher at the mechanical resonance frequencies and lower in the mid-frequency range. The receiving sensitivity of the tunable transducer at the fundamental harmonic is 9?μV/Pa (?221?dB re 1?V/μPa) which is similar to 11?μV/Pa (?219?dB re 1?V/μPa) for the sensitivity when driven as a conventional sandwich transducer.     

电场能量采集器的最大输出功率追踪电路设计*

本文采用频率变换原理采集输电线周围电场能量,设计了一种能量采集电路,对超级电容充电。负载阻抗呈电容性,为非线性负载,充电过程中阻抗不断变化。为实现最大输出功率传输,设计了低功耗的最大输出功率追踪(MPPT)电路,采用频率值为32.768 k Hz石英晶体构成方波振荡电路,因电容电压不能突变,通过充电电流控制开关导通时间,构成电流反馈最大输出功率点追踪系统。最大输出功率追踪电路的工作电流为1.2 u A,工作电压为5 V,功耗为6 u W。实验结果表明,在充电36min时达到最大功率输出,储能电容电压的大小为0.32 V,输出功率最大为18 u W。相比于直接充电电路,最大输出功率电路的能量采集效率提高了50%。     

新型液体中双调制式石英晶体传感器系统的研制

传统的调频式石英晶体传感器无法区分引起频率变化的两种不同负载效应，介绍一种新型液体中双调制式石英晶体传感器系统，讨论了传感器谐振电路、液体测头结构及采集系统的设计。实验表明，该传感器在液体中３个小时频率稳定度达到±５Ｈｚ，幅值达到±２．５ｍＶ，液体的高度对传感器输出基本没有影响。     

A power supply for a technological installation

A voltage changer for the power supply of an ultrasonic piezoelectric transducer is designed on the basis of a resonance inverter. The output filter designed on the basis of a series-resonant circuit with parallel and series compensation ensures matching of the changer to the load. The changer ensures a load current of 0.5A±10% within a wide range of the load resistance (from 50 to 400 Ω) at an input voltage of 220 V±15% with automatic tuning to the frequency of the load mechanical resonance. The changer output power is 100 W, and the output current is a sinusoid with a frequency of 22±2 kHz.     

High-frequency pulse generators based on SOS diodes with subnanosecond current cutoff time

Compact high-voltage generators with a pulse power of 100–500 MW, an output voltage of 150–400 kV, a pulse duration of 3–6 ns, and pulse repetition rates of 300–400 Hz and up to 5 kHz in a steady-state and a 30-s-long burst mode, respectively, are described. The output power-amplification unit is based on an inductive storage and SOS diodes with subnanosecond current cutoff time. Physical processes in the semiconductor structure of a SOS diode operating in the subnanosecond current cutoff mode are considered. The generator circuit designs and their test results are presented.     

A Low Cost,High Resolution Interface Circuit for Differential Capacitance Transducer

Abstract

For accurately detecting capacitance changes of the differential‐capacitance transducer, which is widely used in environmental and chemical engineering, a low‐cost interface circuit was developed. The circuit uses a “lock‐in detection” circuit with feedback loop containing a DC amplifier and a modulator to yield such advantages over the others that it reduces the sensitivity to element parameter variations in the “lock‐in detection” circuit, that it decreases the sensitivity to the disturbances within closed‐loop, and that it is immune to parasitic capacitance, resistance, amplitude, and frequency of the excitation voltage source. The circuit has the capability to detect a capacitance change as small as 0.0078% of the total capacitance, up to 80 pF. A capacitance diaphragm pressure transducer and a standard pressure source (Rusca 2465 piston gauge) are connected to the interface to confirm the analysis.     

Fast algorithms for frequency, amplitude and phase evaluation of nonsinusoidal signals with noises

A fast and accurate algorithm for frequency, amplitude and phase estimation of the signals with white Gaussian noises is proposed in this paper. The proposed algorithm need two sample and computation process, one of which is used for frequency estimation in half cycle of the signal and another of which is used for amplitude and phase estimation in another half cycle. The proposed algorithm spends at most 1 cycle. Frequency estimation is based on numerical differentiation, and amplitude and phase estimation is based on fast Fourier Transform. With an initial sample frequency of 512 × 50 Hz, the signal is sampled and the frequency of the signal with white Gaussian noises is estimated at an error of 0.001% over a range of 1 Hz–1000 kHz. With another sample frequency based on the estimated frequency, the signal is once again sampled and the amplitude of the signal is estimated an error of 0.001% over a range of 1 V–320 V and the phase angle of the signal is estimated an accuracy of 0.001% over a range of 0–360. Using Matlab software, the simulation results of the test example are satisfactory.     

Investigation of Tool Wear and Surface Finish by Analyzing Vibration Signals in Turning Assab-705 Steel

Various occurrences in machining influence the machining dynamics and thus produce vibration in the cutting tool-workpiece arrangement. In this investigation, with tri-axial accelerometer mounted on the tool-holder in turning ASSAB-705 steel, vibration signals have been captured with and without cutting. The nature of vibrations arising in the cutting tool at different cutting conditions has been investigated. It has been observed that the RMS amplitude of vibration along all three axes for the increasing cutting speed was mixed in nature; however, an increasing trend was noticed in the vibrations along the feed, V_x and radial, V_y directions. The vibration along the main cutting direction, V_z was mixed, initiated by large vibration and then decreased until a particular cutting speed was reached and finally increased steadily. The feed vibration component, V_x has a similar response to the change of the workpiece surface roughness, while the other two components, V_y and V_z have the more coherent response to the rate of flank wear progression throughout the tool life. The natural frequency of different machine parts vibration has been found to be within the band of 0 Hz – 4.2 kHz, whereas the frequencies of different occurrences in turning varied between 98 Hz and 42 kHz.     

A Low Cost Lock-In Amplifier for Ac Polarography

ABSTRACT

The electronics, construction and use of a low cost lock-in amplifier suitable for AC polarography are described. The device operates from 10 Hz to 10 kHz in 1,2,5 multiples of frequency. Components for the unit cost about $150.