射线源平移扫描 CT 解析重建算法研究

微焦CT通过圆周扫描可对处于视场内的物体实现高分辨力成像。针对超出视场的大物体CT成像,一种射线源平移扫描CT(STCT)被提出。STCT采用射线源直线运动的方式采集投影数据,具有结构简单、应用灵活等特点。由于在STCT扫描过程中,每个位置的射线只能照射到部分物体,投影数据存在截断。为了提高重建效率和处理截断投影数据,提出了基于数据重组的滤波反投影重建算法(rFBP),该算法基于STCT扫描特性和X射线衰减性质,通过对置射线源采样点与探测器像元,将截断投影数据重组为全局投影数据,并在此基础上推导了rFBP算法表达式。仿真和实物实验结果验证了rFBP算法的有效性与实用性,重建时间综合缩短至SIRT算法的0.6%。rFBP算法能避免截断伪影,准确、高效地重建STCT图像。     

板壳结构物体计算机分层成像检测技术研究进展

由于成像视场或X射线穿透能力的限制,计算机层析成像技术难以实现大型板壳类对象的无损检测和质量评价,而通过扫描几何结构调整和重建算法改进,计算机分层成像(CL)技术可为板壳类对象的内部结构分析提供有效技术手段。随着医疗、电子、材料等领域无损检测需求的日益迫切,CL技术引起广泛关注。以板壳结构对象的无损检测需求为背景,综述了CL技术国内外研究现状,介绍了几种典型CL系统结构,重点分析了CL图像重建算法和产品开发及应用情况。最后,展望了CL技术的应用前景和发展趋势。     

基于投影视角加权的直线CL重建算法

计算机分层成像对板状构件的无损检测有其独特的优势,但由于投影角度有限,导致重建图像存在有限角伪影和分层图像模糊。为提高计算机分层成像图像质量,提出了基于投影视角加权的滤波反投影算法,有效抑制了高密度特征对其它层的干扰现象。首先,根据不同投影视角分层图像间的不相似度,确定不同投影视角的加权系数;而后,对投影进行加权反投影重建;最后,分析了3种不同加权系数对重建图像质量的影响,同时引入层灵敏度曲线的调制度作为定量评价指标,未加权和3种不同加权系数层灵敏度曲线的调制度依次为0.082,0.267,0.290,0.294。实验结果表明,该算法减少了分层图像混叠,层灵敏度曲线的调制度提升了约0.2,重建图像质量显著提升。     

视场外回波引起条纹场扫描成像重构混叠现象研究

为了消除成像视场外回波对条纹场扫描成像(又称为傅立叶望远镜或者相干场成像)的可能影响,本文从理论上分析回波引起重构混叠的主要原因,并针对不同的应用场合提出对应的最佳解决方案。本文通过计算机仿真手段详细研究不同照明区域回波对成像的影响,仔细分析增加短基线方案对重构模糊的改善效果。仿真结果表明:三光束(同时发射的最多光束)重叠区域的回波对重构结果有最严重影响;增加短基线可以消除图像混叠,单臂增加一个短基线则能使图像质量明显改善,对应的斯托里尔比(Strehl ratio)从0.49上升到0.59;且单臂增加基线数越多,则重构图像细节就越丰富。本文所提出的消除成像视场外回波影响的几种方案对于条纹场扫描成像系统在不同领域的应用均具有重要的借鉴价值。     

基于反投影的MIT动态图像重建方法研究

磁感应断层成像(magnetic induction tomography,MIT)是一种无创、非接触的新型医学成像技术,图像重建算法是实现MIT快速、精确成像的关键.提出一种改进的反投影图像重建算法,首先根据成像区域的磁场分布,由磁力线确定反投影路径,降低了直线反投影用于磁场成像的定位误差;其次根据MIT电磁关系推导,构建了边界检测数据的修正模型,据此对边界相位差数据进行修正处理,进一步提高了重建图像定位准确性;最后分别对成像区域内扰动目标电导率大小变化及位置变化2种情况,构建了序列重建图像,对该图像序列联合分析获取纵向阻抗变化信息,反映了成像体随时间变化的动态信息.实验结果表明该算法具有重建速度快、定位准确的特性,能够准确反映成像区域内部电导率变化,结合序列图像联合分析实现MIT动态成像.     

基于电流偏差补偿模型的SICM自适应控制

扫描离子电导显微镜(SICM)能够在非接触条件下获取样品表面纳米级形貌特性信息,可以在生理液态环境下实现对活体细胞等柔软样品无损成像。但是通过前期大量实验结果,发现在使用连续扫描模式时SICM扫描图像存在"拖尾"现象,导致图像失真,并限制了扫描成像速度。针对这一问题,结合SICM成像原理进行分析,得出电流逼近曲线高度非线性是产生这一现象的主要原因,并提出一种基于电流偏差补偿模型的SICM自适应控制方法。主要思想是建立电流偏差补偿模型,利用上一行扫描高度数据作为先验知识预测当前扫描点位置,并输入补偿模型得到新的电流偏差作为系统被控量。最后分别用新旧控制算法对标准栅格扫描图像进行成像效果对比,实验结果验证了该算法在一定扫描速度范围内能够有效地解决"拖尾"现象,明显减小图像失真,为进一步提高SICM系统成像质量和成像速度提供了一种有效的技术方法。     

用于并行SPM的图像合成技术研究

介绍一种针对并行扫描探针显微镜系统的图像合成算法。利用单探针原子力显微镜(AFM)系统模拟多探针扫描探针显微镜(SPM)并行扫描的图像特征。在图像处理上,将中值滤波器及各种边缘检测算法与成像系统集成在一起,以提高成像质量;同时,依靠原理简单并易于实现的标准化协方差相关法实现相邻探针扫描图像的拼接,采用加权合成算法进行图像的自然融合。实验证明,该算法高效、高精度,合成后的图像与原图相似度达到96%,能够满足并行SPM系统的成像要求。     

激光共焦高速扫描显微成像的高帧速重构算法

针对激光共焦扫描显微镜的往复式逐行扫描成像方式带来的帧图像数据分割难的问题,在分析系统扫描方式、振镜的实际运动方式与理论运动方式差异的基础上,利用相邻两帧图像相似性大的特点,提出了一套完整的高帧速重构算法。该算法通过连续帧特征区域差分的方式实现了一维信号序列的自适应分割,即实现了对一维信号序列进行动态排列及分割成二维阵列图像数据,从而重构出多帧高精度图像。实验表明,该算法的成像误差低于1.6%,适用于成像速度高达300帧/s的激光共焦扫描显微成像。     

应用投影收缩的压缩感知锥束CT短扫描重建

由于锥束CT成像系统在短扫描方式下无法获得完全投影数据,从而限制了图像重建的质量,本文提出了一种基于投影收缩的压缩感知锥束CT短扫描重建算法。考虑BB(Barzilai-Borwen)梯度投影算法的非单调收敛,分析了投影收缩法的预测校正特性,并将校正过程引入到压缩感知图像重建算法中。结合目标函数下降方向和凸集投影下降方向,校正BB梯度投影算法,改善BB梯度投影算法的非单调特性。应用该算法对模拟投影数据和仿体扫描数据分别进行了重建试验。模拟试验结果表明,在25个采样角度下,用提出算法重建图像的信噪比值比自适应最速下降-凸集投影算法、投影收缩算法和BB梯度投影算法的重建结果分别高出9.487 0、9.802 7、3.615 9dB。仿真试验结果表明:在少量投影角度下该算法重建结果有效抑制了条状伪影,清晰重建出边缘细节,极大提高了少量投影数据重建图像的质量。     

快照式光谱光场成像技术

针对快照式多维成像系统难以实现高维成像的问题,本文提出了一种快照式光谱光场成像方法,使用单个探测器实现了对目标场景光谱光场信息的快速获取。该方法将聚焦光场成像结构引入到快照式超光谱成像傅里叶变换光谱仪中,首先获取混叠了目标场景光场信息和干涉信息的原始图像,然后使用基于卷积神经网络的信息重建算法,将光场信息和干涉信息从原始图像中分别提取出来,并分别利用光场和干涉信息来重建目标场景的深度和光谱。本文搭建了快照式光谱光场成像系统,并对该系统在空间、光谱以及时间维度上的表现进行了实验验证。实验结果表明,该系统在将获取信息的维度扩展到七维的同时,其深度重建的均方根误差为7.7 mm,光谱重建的归一化均方根误差为6.87%。     

Confocal-line microscopy

The confocal-line (CL) technique combines some of the characteristics of confocal-scanning microscopy with those of conventional-imaging methods. It is based on the introduction of line-shaped illumination and linear image detection, as an alternative to the current confocal-point (CP) approach. Although confocal only in one dimension, the proposed solution offers performance and features adequate to a variety of biological and non-biological applications and is also adaptable to an increased number of microscopical observations and measurements. The absence of moving components in the optical path and the use of electronic linear imagers permits flexible and fast operation that appears particularly relevant in many fields of basic and applied research. For instance, transmission, reflection and emission images can simultaneously be collected from the same area of the specimen, with slight adjustments to the optical setup. Useful extensions of CL microscopy to the field of spectral imaging are obtained with the introduction of a slit, a polychromator and an area detector, substituting for the linear imager. Prototype instrumentation has been constructed working from the cited principles and some tests have been performed on selected applications.     

基于环形阵列的空间滤波器结构损伤扫描监测方法研究

本文提出了一种基于环形阵列的空间滤波器结构损伤扫描监测方法,在结构中央布置环形压电传感器阵列实现对结构的全方位扫描监测,消除了主动Lamb波空间滤波器监测方法中盲区及远场对监测效果的影响。环形阵列由直径方向不同角度的4个线阵组成,每个线阵采用主动Lamb波空间滤波监测方法对结构损伤进行监测、成像,各阵列成像结果通过PCA-小波变换进行融合对损伤位置进行判别,从而实现结构全方位损伤扫描监测,消除单个阵列损伤监测的盲区、远场及虚假成像等影响,进而获得更加准确的损伤监测结果。通过实验研究,验证了该方法的有效性和实用性。     

Proper acquisition and handling of scanning electron microscopy images using a high-performance personal computer

The modern high-performance personal computer (PC) has very recently expanded the range of utilization of digital scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, and the PC will be used increasingly with SEMs. However, the image quality of digital SEM images may be considerably influenced by scanning and digitization conditions. In particular, the effects of the aliasing error peculiar to digital data are often serious in the low-magnification acquisition (undersampling) of SEM images, and moreover even a high-magnification image (oversampling) is disturbed by the undersampled noise (a sort of aliasing error). Furthermore, the signal-to-noise ratio of a digitized SEM image is closely related to the performance of the analog-to-digital converter. To prevent a flood of low-quality digital images with artifacts by the aliasing and additional noise, we propose a method using very high-density sampling (scanning). In addition, we will discuss how to handle digital SEM images from the point of view of the sampling and quantization.     

Differential phase contrast x-ray microimaging with scanning-imaging x-ray microscope optics

A novel x-ray microimaging system that consists of a scanning microscope optics with a one-dimensional focusing (line-focusing) device and an imaging microscope optics with a one-dimensional objective is developed. These two optical systems are set normal to each other regarding the optical axis. A two-dimensional image is obtained with one-dimensional translation scan of the line probe. During scans, positional data in the normal to the scanning direction are obtained simultaneously with the imaging microscope optics. Differential phase contrast (DPC) image and absorption contrast (AC) image can be arbitrarily obtained by image processing after data acquisition. Preliminary experiment has been carried out by using a couple of one-dimensional Fresnel zone plate as the linear-focusing device and the one-dimensional objective. Two-dimensional DPC and AC images of test sample have been successfully obtained with 8 keV x-rays.     

Laser scanning phase modulation microscope

We describe the concept and first implementation of an innovative new instrument for quantitative light microscopy. Currently, it provides selective imaging of optical path differences due to birefringence; with further development, it is also possible to selectively image several optical properties, including refractive path differences, optical rotation, and linear and circular dichroism, all with diffraction-limited resolution. An image consists of a 512×512 element array, with each pixel displaying one of 256 grey levels, linearly proportional to the specific optical property being observed. Additionally, conventional brightfield and polarized light microscopy are available, with the accompanying advantages of laser scanning and digital image processing. The microscope consists of three subsystems, representing three distinct technologies. The laser scanning subsystem moves a focused, microspot across the specimen; the output of a photodetector is an electric signal corresponding to a scanned image. The image display subsystem digitizes this signal and displays it as an image on a video monitor. When used in conjunction with a phase modulation feedback loop, the image formed is of the specimen's birefringent retardation or other selected optical property. The digitized images are also available for computer enhancement.     

一种时域平面扫描三维成像算法研究

提出了一种基于平面扫描模式下的三维成像时域算法。该算法在平面网格点上获取扫频幅相信息,经过相位补偿后变换到球面上,然后利用傅里叶逆变换将频域数据沿投影线转换为时域数据,对应球面的不同空间角度在投影线上作线性插值,最后通过二维角域积分获得目标的三维图像。仿真结果表明该算法聚焦效果良好。在微波暗室内构建了一套平面扫描三维成像系统,采用该算法处理后能获得高分辨率三维微波图像,成像的空间位置误差优于1 cm。     

Iterative Region-of-Interest Reconstruction from Limited Data Using Prior Information

In practice, computed tomography and computed laminography applications suffer from incomplete data. In particular, when inspecting large objects with extremely different diameters in longitudinal and transversal directions or when high resolution reconstructions are desired, the physical conditions of the scanning system lead to restricted data and truncated projections, also known as the interior or region-of-interest (ROI) problem. To recover the searched-for density function of the inspected object, we derive a semi-discrete model of the ROI problem that inherently allows the incorporation of geometrical prior information in an abstract Hilbert space setting for bounded linear operators. Assuming that the attenuation inside the object is approximately constant, as for fibre reinforced plastics parts or homogeneous objects where one is interested in locating defects like cracks or porosities, we apply the semi-discrete Landweber–Kaczmarz method to recover the inner structure of the object inside the ROI from the measured data resulting in a semi-discrete iteration method. Finally, numerical experiments for three-dimensional tomographic applications with both an inherent restricted source and ROI problem are provided to verify the proposed method for the ROI reconstruction.     

激光扫描系统中f-θ透镜的光学设计

在激光扫描系统中f-θ透镜是重要的必不可少的部件,它在激光打标机、传真机、印刷机和用于制作半导体集成电路的激光图形发生器以及激光扫描精密计量设备等等光电系统中得到广泛的应用。文中设计了用于非接触在线检测工件尺寸的f-θ透镜。这种透镜的特点是一种负畸变透镜,属于像方远心光路,工作波长为单色光,像质要求波像差要小于λ/4,而且要求整个像面成平面且像质一致,无渐晕存在。所设计的f-θ透镜结构简单紧凑、焦距小、扫描精度高、加工成本较低,性能达到衍射极限,并具有像面上照度分布均匀,能量集中度高和相对畸变小等优点。     

An automated slide scanning system for membrane filter imaging in diagnosis of urogenital schistosomiasis

Traditionally, automated slide scanning involves capturing a rectangular grid of field-of-view (FoV) images which can be stitched together to create whole slide images, while the autofocusing algorithm captures a focal stack of images to determine the best in-focus image. However, these methods can be time-consuming due to the need for X-, Y- and Z-axis movements of the digital microscope while capturing multiple FoV images. In this paper, we propose a solution to minimise these redundancies by presenting an optimal procedure for automated slide scanning of circular membrane filters on a glass slide. We achieve this by following an optimal path in the sample plane, ensuring that only FoVs overlapping the filter membrane are captured. To capture the best in-focus FoV image, we utilise a hill-climbing approach that tracks the peak of the mean of Gaussian gradient of the captured FoVs images along the Z-axis. We implemented this procedure to optimise the efficiency of the Schistoscope, an automated digital microscope developed to diagnose urogenital schistosomiasis by imaging Schistosoma haematobium eggs on 13 or 25 mm membrane filters. Our improved method reduces the automated slide scanning time by 63.18% and 72.52% for the respective filter sizes. This advancement greatly supports the practicality of the Schistoscope in large-scale schistosomiasis monitoring and evaluation programs in endemic regions. This will save time, resources and also accelerate generation of data that is critical in achieving the targets for schistosomiasis elimination.