周铣过程中加工误差预测新模型

研究铣削加工过程中加工误差的预测及控制策略是进行加工质量控制的核心环节,对于实现加工过程的高效化和精密化至关重要。针对刀具柔性较大的铣削加工过程,以周铣加工过程中的刀具变形及刀齿轨迹计算为基础,建立一种新的加工误差预测模型。该模型从铣削力的预测和刀具变形的计算出发,采用圆弧近似方法求解各刀齿的运动轨迹,然后将各刀齿轨迹离散,通过计算各离散点处所有刀齿轨迹的最小值获得加工误差。与现有方法相比,该建模方法的显著优点体现在两点:一方面,建模过程较完整地揭示了铣削加工中加工误差的形成机理;另一方面,由于考虑了刀齿轨迹对加工误差的影响,模型的预测结果能够反映已加工表面的形貌。模型的有效性通过一系列铣削试验得到了验证。     

等弓高误差变步长的插补点求取方法优化

传统的等弓高误差求取插补点的方法是根据走刀步长来计算,并且假设步长内为等曲率半径。由于自由曲面的曲率半径不断变化,传统的插补方法并不能准确计算出下一个刀触点的位置。为了克服传统方法的不足,提出了一种新的等弓高误差变步长插补方法。采用该算法得到的两相邻刀触点之间的弓高误差值一致,可得到较高的加工表面精度;而且在保证表面加工质量的情况下,刀触点最少,提高了加工效率。最后,通过MATLAB对该方法的可行性和精度进行了验证。     

双转台五轴数控机床的非线性误差补偿

针对双转台五轴数控机床因旋转轴与平移轴联动而产生的非线性误差,提出一种解析模型对非线性误差进行实时预测和补偿。选取刀位文件中的相邻点作为建立模型的刀位点,然后根据经典后置处理中的误差分布建立谐波函数解析的非线性误差模型;用该模型的解析表达式快速预测两刀位点之间的非线性误差,实现了对中间插补点的实时误差补偿。最后对一叶轮零件加工的刀位文件进行MALTLAB仿真分析,验证了所提算法的有效性。     

等误差步长法计算点云数控加工刀轨方法研究

为了最小化冗余刀位点数量,提出了运用等误差步长法对点云计算加工刀轨的方法。根据行距和预设步长计算出每一行刀位点,运用筛选法计算出接近满足误差条件的刀位点;为提高刀位点精度,新增此刀位点的小步长邻域刀位点,通过构造误差圆求切线以搜索误差最大允许值的刀位点,再以与点云相切为约束条件计算出刀位点偏移量,最终获得等误差刀位点。所提出的算法求出的刀位点数量最少,误差均匀均为误差最大允许值,最后通过算例验证了算法的可行性。     

自由曲面五轴变步长数控加工刀轨生成方法

为了在满足逼近误差要求的同时最大程度减少冗余刀轨,对自由曲面提出了一种五轴变步长数控加工刀轨生成方法。首先对刀触点轨迹基于线性误差计算出初始刀触点点集,再以局部干涉调整前倾角的方式计算出无干涉刀位点和刀轴矢量;以最大非线性误差刀位处到刀触点轨迹的最小值作为相邻刀位点之间的逼近误差,并基于数据点自适应离散法计算逼近误差;在满足逼近误差要求的前提下,通过刀触点参数迭代增减步长的方式计算出最大步长;最后对曲面生成刀轨,验证了算法的可行性和有效性。     

基于刀轨广义偏置的电火花摇动加工补偿方法

针对电火花加工中电极摇动产生加工误差的问题,结合电极自由曲面数控加工的基本原理,提出基于数控刀轨广义偏置的补偿方法。通过对电极自由曲面原始加工刀轨的广义偏置计算,可有效、统一地解决自由曲面电极典型摇动方式所引起的加工误差问题,同时对偏置计算后产生的刀轨自交问题进行讨论。针对实际生产加工对象和不同的电极摇动方式,进行补偿计算和生产加工验证。检测结果表明,该方法能够较大地提高加工精度,缩短生产周期。     

基于三弯矩法的环曲面金刚石切削刀具路径规划及其仿真分析

为解决环曲面加工困难的问题,对环曲面金刚石切削方法进行研究。在刀具路径规划中,使用了刀触点综合离散方法,该方法结合了等角度离散与等弧长离散的优点;提出了通过控制相邻刀触点间Z向距离以减小刀具的Z向移动从而提高离散精度的方法。根据加工时刀位点插补的特点,应用三弯矩法计算插补入口参数,实现插值函数的二阶导数连续。仿真分析表明,综合离散方法能够减小离散误差,使用三弯矩法进行插补计算可将最大插值误差由Hermite插值的0.35 μm减小至0.001 2 μm,效果明显。加工试验结果表明,该路径规划方法可用于环曲面的加工,且能改善工件的加工质量。     

一个曲面数字化模型及其在数控加工中的应用

通过提出一个新的曲面数字化模型，建立了一个新的参数曲面数控加工刀位点生成方法。该模型的精度控制准则消除了现有的刀位点计算误差分析中的不可靠因素。同时，该曲面数字化模型的建立使刀位点生成速度得到有效的提高     

侧铣表面点位轮廓误差预测方法

曲面加工工艺中需要对关键点位的轮廓度误差即点位轮廓误差进行预测,为了提高预测精度,提出了一种侧铣表面点位轮廓误差预测方法。首先利用刀触点和刀位点之间的几何关系,计算得到侧铣扫掠面上的轮廓点阵列;然后结合轮廓度误差的测量原理,利用NURBS曲面拟合方法构建了理想和实际加工表面模型,推导了预测点法线与实际加工表面交点的求解方法,实现了侧铣表面点位轮廓误差的预测;最后实验结果表明,预测值和测量值的差值都在0.006mm以内,且变化趋势相同,从而验证了该预测方法的有效性和准确性。     

基于相似理论的风机性能快速计算模型

建立了通用的风机计算模型;总结了风机相似理论的计算公式;提出了嵌套式曲线拟合的方法,该方法兼顾物理模型的趋势性和数学模型的精度。针对模型的具体求解,给出了数值解法和一种实用的解析解法。在解析法的基础上提出喘振线的确定方法。     

A strain energy minimization method for generating continuous NURBS-based motion curves in free-form surface machining

In spline-based free-form surface machining, segmented toolpaths are inevitable, and the discontinuities between segments cause large feedrate errors in the generated motion commands. Methods of the geometric design to create smooth composite curves may introduce new error sources in the original curve, and thus they are not suitable for motion planning in high precision free-form surface machining. In this paper, a strain energy minimization model (SEMM) and a non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS)-based motion planning algorithm is proposed for free-form surface machining. The proposed SEMM and motion planning algorithm are capable of creating composite NURBS-based motion curves with up to C2 integral continuity without oscillations. Results from simulation show that with the proposed energy minimization model and motion curve generation algorithm, the feedrate errors caused by discontinuities in toolpaths can be effectively removed.     

A novel surface analytical model for cutting linearization error in fast tool/slow slide servo diamond turning

Fast tool/slow slide servo (FTS/SSS) technology plays an important role in machining freeform surfaces for the modern optics industry. The surface accuracy is a sticking factor that demands the need for a long-standing solution to fabricate ultraprecise freeform surfaces accurately and efficiently. However, the analysis of cutting linearization errors in the cutting direction of surface generation has received little attention. Hence, a novel surface analytical model is developed to evaluate the cutting linearization error of all cutting strategies for surface generation. It also optimizes the number of cutting points to meet accuracy requirements. To validate the theoretical cutting linearization errors, a series of machining experiments on sinusoidal wave grid and micro-lens array surfaces has been conducted. The experimental results demonstrate that these surfaces have successfully achieved the surface accuracy requirement of 1 μm with the implementation of the proposed model. These further credit the capability of the surface analytical model as an effective and accurate tool in improving profile accuracies and meeting accuracy requirements.     

基于双NURBS参数混合插补算法的五轴联动交叉耦合控制器研究

针对零件复杂曲面高速高精度数控加工的需求,分析五轴联动数控加工系统刀具运动轨迹中的轮廓误差和方向误差,建立了该轮廓误差和方向误差的实时计算模型,从而得出系统跟踪误差计算模型;在此基础上设计出一种基于双NURBS参数混合插补算法的五轴联动数控系统交叉耦合控制器,并对其进行仿真,仿真结果表明,使用该交叉耦合控制器能有效提高五轴联动数控系统的零件加工精度。     

弧面凸轮侧铣加工刀轨的空间线性回归分析

为减小弧面凸轮非等径加工存在的法矢异向误差,根据空间线性回归算法的NURBS直纹面生成原理,寻求加工误差最小的刀轴矢量,进行初步拟合。通过迭代逼近减小初始刀轴矢量误差,将刀轴作为NURBS直纹面母线来重构理论刀轴回归轨迹面。利用最小二乘法进行进一步优化,建立了弧面凸轮侧铣加工刀轨误差优化模型,提出了求解该优化模型的一种实数编码的人工免疫算法。以左旋弧面凸轮进行矢量数值计算和仿真,验证了该算法的有效性。     

复杂曲面零件在线检测与误差补偿方法

复杂曲面零件的高精度加工与精密检测一直是数字化制造领域的研究热点。为提高复杂曲面零件的加工精度、检测精度,提出一种集数控机床在线检测、加工误差分解与补偿加工为一体的集成化方法。介绍集成化在线检测方法及补偿系统的基本原理,分析数控加工后曲面零件测点数据的误差组成,提出一种基于空间统计分析的加工误差分解方法,在建立基于B样条曲面的确定性曲面回归模型的基础上,对回归模型残差进行空间独立性分析,分解出系统误差和随机误差,进而通过数控代码的修改,实现零件加工过程的系统误差补偿。列举一个曲面零件的加工与检测实例,进行方法有效性验证。通过加工工件的在线检测、误差分解、代码修改及补偿加工等环节,实例零件的加工精度有了大幅提高,而该系统的检测精度也通过与三坐标测量机(Coordinate measuring machine, CMM)检验结果的对比,得到了有效验证。     

An integrated error compensation method based on on-machine measurement for thin web parts machining

Thin webs are widely used in the aerospace industry for the advantages of compact structure, light weight and high strength-to-weight ratio. Due to its low rigidity, serious machining error may occur, therefore, Finite Element method and mechanism analysis are usually utilized to modeling its deformation. However, they are very time-consuming and only suitable for elastic deformation error. In this study, an integrated error compensation method is proposed based on on-machine measurement (OMM) inspection and error compensation. The OMM inspection is firstly applied to measure the comprehensive machining errors. The Hampel filtering is then used to eliminate outliers, followed by the triangulation-based cubic interpolation as well as a machine learning algorithm which are used to establish the compensation model. At last, the real time compensation of high-density cutting points is realized by developing the compensation system based on External Machine Zero Point Shift (EMZPS) function of machine tool. Three sets of machining experiment of a typical thin web part are conducted to validate the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed method. Experiment results revealed that after compensation, the comprehensive machining errors were controlled under different machining conditions and 58.1%, 68.4% and 62.6% of the machining error ranges were decreased, respectively. This method demonstrates immense potential for further applications in efficiency and accuracy improvement of thin-walled surface parts.     

Form error estimation in ball-end milling of sculptured surface with z-level contouring tool path

This paper presents a flexible model for estimating the form error in three-axis ball-end milling of sculptured surface with z-level contouring tool path. At an interval of feed per tooth, the whole process of sculptured surface machining is treated as a combination of sequential small inclined surface milling. For ball-end milling of the inclined surface with z-level contouring tool path, at surface generation position, an analytical model is proposed to identify the feedback effect of tool deflection on cutting edge engagement. The deflection-dependent cutting edge engagement is determined by using an iterative procedure. And ultimately, the form error is obtained from the balanced tool deflection and associated surface inclination angle. In a validation experiment, the estimated form errors are compared with both the measurements and the predictions of a rigid model. It is shown that the proposed flexible model gives significant better predictions of the form error than rigid model. Good agreement between the predicted and measured form errors is demonstrated for the ball-end milling of sculptured surface with z-level contouring tool path.     

Critical success factors for Kaizen implementation in manufacturing industries in Mexico

To machine a noncoaxial nonaxisymmetric aspheric lens, a new parallel grinding method that employs a fixture with an adjustable gradient (AGF) is proposed. The AGF is developed for a three-axis computer numerically controlled grinding machine. The grinding method is presented according to the proposed grinding system. To ensure the machining accuracy, the main machining errors and the compensation algorithm are discussed for the grinding method using the AGF. Simulation results show that the AGF rotation errors are crucial factors affecting the profile error of the machined workpiece. Experimental results show that employing the compensation algorithm increases machining accuracy.     

Error Compensation of Thin Plate-shape Part with Prebending Method in Face Milling

Low weight and good toughness thin plate parts are widely used in modern industry, but its flexibility seriously impacts the machinability. Plenty of studies focus on the influence of machine tool and cutting tool on the machining errors. However, few researches focus on compensating machining errors through the fixture. In order to improve the machining accuracy of thin plate-shape part in face milling, this paper presents a novel method for compensating the surface errors by prebending the workpiece during the milling process. First, a machining error prediction model using finite element method is formulated, which simplifies the contacts between the workpiece and fixture with spring constraints. Milling forces calculated by the micro-unit cutting force model are loaded on the error prediction model to predict the machining error. The error prediction results are substituted into the given formulas to obtain the prebending clamping forces and clamping positions. Consequently, the workpiece is prebent in terms of the calculated clamping forces and positions during the face milling operation to reduce the machining error. Finally, simulation and experimental tests are carried out to validate the correctness and efficiency of the proposed error compensation method. The experimental measured flatness results show that the flatness improves by approximately 30 percent through this error compensation method. The proposed method not only predicts the machining errors in face milling thin plate-shape parts but also reduces the machining errors by taking full advantage of the workpiece prebending caused by fixture, meanwhile, it provides a novel idea and theoretical basis for reducing milling errors and improving the milling accuracy.     

立式加工中心空间几何误差辨识解析及定位误差补偿研究

为大幅提升立式加工中心加工精度,满足当代数控机床对高精度的需求,针对立式加工中心3个运动轴,深入分析了其轴向运动空间几何误差,提出了可有效辨识运动轴轴向运动空间6项几何误差的辨识方法.建立了空间6项几何误差辨识模型,并针对关联轴联动垂直度误差进行了有效分析,建立了垂直度误差辨识解析模型.同时,针对3个独立运动轴轴向定位...