基于液氮低温冷却的钛合金铣削技术研究

针对钛合金难加工特性导致的切削力大、切削温度高和刀具寿命低等问题,通过研制与数控加工机床集成应用的液氮冷却施加装置,进行液氮低温冷却条件下钛合金铣削试验研究,测试干切削、切削液浇注、微量润滑和液氮冷却方式下铣削钛合金的切削力、表面粗糙度进行对比分析,并且进行了不同加工刀轨条件下冷却方式对刀具失效形式影响的试验研究,研究结果表明:在切削速度120 m/min的情况下,液氮低温冷却方式有利于减小切削力和表面粗糙度,而且能够有效抑制刀具崩刃的产生,比切削液浇注的方式能更有效地提高刀具寿命。     

工件材料特性对SiC_p/Al复合材料高速铣削加工性的影响

使用聚晶金刚石刀具(PCD),在切削速度为1 200 m/min下,研究了增强颗粒体分比与尺寸、热处理状态和冷却方式等对SiC p/2009Al复合材料高速铣削加工性的影响。结果表明:减小体分比或使用冷却液有助于明显改善SiC p/2009Al复合材料高速铣削加工性。材料经热处理后,加工表面质量明显提高,但切削力显著增大、刀具耐用度明显降低、切屑锯齿形更加明显。体分比一定时,在一定程度范围内增大增强颗粒尺寸有助于降低切削力和切削温度、延长刀具耐用度,但加工表面质量有所下降。     

液氮冷却下大进给铣削TC4钛合金的试验研究

钛合金是现代飞行器的主要结构材料之一,是一种典型的难加工材料。针对切削加工钛合金时刀具磨损快、表面质量不易控制等难题,将TC4钛合金作为研究对象,以液氮作为冷却介质,进行了TC4钛合金的大进给铣削试验,测试了液氮冷却条件下大进给铣削TC4钛合金的铣削力、铣削温度以及刀具磨损等,并与乳化液和低温冷风条件下的测试结果进行了对比分析。结果表明:在以较大的切削速度和每齿进给量铣削TC4钛合金时,采用液氮冷却比使用乳化液能更有效地降低切削力和切削温度;比采用低温冷风冷却能更有效地延长刀具寿命。     

陶瓷基复合材料铣削力优化及刀具磨损研究

SiCf/SiC陶瓷基复合材料具有硬度高和耐磨损等特点,在切削加工时存在切削力大和刀具磨损严重等问题.采用正交试验法对SiCf/SiC陶瓷基复合材料开展了铣削试验,使用极差法对铣削力进行分析,通过分析铣削加工参数对铣削力的影响规律,得出铣削深度对铣削力的影响最大.同时,分析铣削深度对刀具磨损的影响结果表明,随着铣削深度...     

SiC_p/Al复合材料高速铣削工艺过程参量预测模糊专家系统研究

使用聚晶金刚石(PCD)刀具在600-1200m/min切削速度范围内对SiCp/2009Al复合材料进行高速铣削试验。对刀具耐用度、表面粗糙度、切削力、切削温度等工艺参量进行了测量。运用VC++及WXCLIPS软件开发了一套具有自学习功能的模糊专家系统,对SiCP/2009Al复合材料高速铣削加工中的上述工艺参量进行预测。经验证,预测结果与试验结果有很好的一致性。     

切削介质对微细铣刀磨损影响的试验研究

在微细铣削加工中,尚缺乏切削介质对刀具磨损影响的研究.在干切削、浇灌切削液、微量切削液和低温冷风介质下,对6061铝合金进行了微细铣削试验,研究了刀具的磨损形式和机理、不同切削介质对刀具磨损、切削力和表面粗糙度Ra的影响规律.同时,确定出能减小刀具磨损和切削力,提高加工质量的最佳切削介质.结果表明:四种切削介质下刀具磨损的形式不完全相同,粘结磨损与磨粒磨损是造成刀具磨损的主要机理;切削力和表面粗糙度Ra的变化趋势可以辅助判断刀具磨损情况;相比于其它切削介质,微量切削液介质下刀具磨损小,切削力低,工件表面质量好,是微细铣削6061铝合金的最佳切削介质.为深入研究微细铣削刀具磨损和实际加工中选择切削介质有一定的参考价值.     

切削介质对微细铣刀磨损影响的试验研究

在微细铣削加工中,尚缺乏切削介质对刀具磨损影响的研究.在干切削、浇灌切削液、微量切削液和低温冷风介质下,对6061铝合金进行了微细铣削试验,研究了刀具的磨损形式和机理、不同切削介质对刀具磨损、切削力和表面粗糙度Ra的影响规律.同时,确定出能减小刀具磨损和切削力,提高加工质量的最佳切削介质.结果表明:四种切削介质下刀具磨损的形式不完全相同,粘结磨损与磨粒磨损是造成刀具磨损的主要机理;切削力和表面粗糙度Ra的变化趋势可以辅助判断刀具磨损情况;相比于其它切削介质,微量切削液介质下刀具磨损小,切削力低,工件表面质量好,是微细铣削6061铝合金的最佳切削介质.为深入研究微细铣削刀具磨损和实际加工中选择切削介质有一定的参考价值.     

CVD金刚石涂层刀具铣削高体分SiCp/Al复合材料特性研究

以65%高体分SiC颗粒增强铝基(SiCp/Al)复合材料为试件材料,采用热丝化学气相沉积(Chemical Vapor Deposition,CVD)法制备的硬质合金常规(μm级)金刚石薄膜涂层立式键槽铣刀进行铣削试验,研究铣削力的变化规律、工件表面的微观形貌,以及刀具的磨损和刀具寿命,并与未涂层硬质合金铣刀进行对比,分析了该材料的铣削机理,评价了金刚石薄膜涂层铣刀的涂层效果。结果表明:在相同的切削用量条件下,金刚石涂层刀具比未涂层硬质合金刀具的各向铣削力降低20%~60%;加工初期,未涂层硬质合金刀具所获得的工件表面质量较好,但在加工中后期,未涂层硬质合金刀具所获得的工件表面质量迅速恶化,而金刚石涂层刀具所加工工件的表面质量较为稳定,刀具寿命比未涂层硬质合金刀具提高了3~5倍,因此,常规金刚石薄膜涂层刀具较适合应用于高体分SiCp/Al复合材料的粗加工或半精加工。     

C/SiC复合材料超声扭转振动铣削抑制损伤产生的机理

传统铣削加工碳纤维增强碳化硅(C/Si C)复合材料极易产生加工损伤,而超声振动加工技术是切削难加工材料的理想方法之一。为了分析超声扭转振动铣削C/Si C复合材料抑制损伤产生的机理,以传统铣削加工为参照,在分析超声扭转振动铣削刀具运动轨迹的基础上,利用两种刀具在超声扭转振动铣削与传统铣削状态下对C/Si C复合材料进行铣槽加工,并对试验中切削力、刀具磨损情况和铣槽质量进行检测与分析。结果表明,切削力是影响加工损伤产生的重要因素,而施加超声扭转振动后两种刀具的切削力均低于传统铣削切削力,两种刀具的切削状态也得到了改善,其中硬质合金铣刀底刃磨损面积降低了23.7%,有效避免了槽壁加工表面崩边及毛刺现象。     

T6热处理对SiC_p/Al复合材料高速铣削加工性的影响

使用聚晶金刚石(PCD)刀具,在切削速度为1200m/min下对碳化硅颗粒增强铝基(SiCp/Al)复合材料进行铣削加工试验,研究SiCp/Al复合材料经T6热处理后对其高速铣削加工性的影响。结果表明:经T6热处理后,切削力/切削温度明显高于未热处理材料,切屑锯齿形明显,加工过程不稳定性增加,刀具承受冲击作用增大,导致PCD刀具发生较严重的崩刃、剥落、冲击裂纹等磨损形式,从而刀具使用寿命显著低于高速铣削未热处理材料。T6热处理材料高速铣削表面粗糙度Ra/Rz值一般低于未热处理材料,其加工表面变质层深度也显著低于未热处理材料,加工表面存在较少的坑洞、微裂纹、基体撕裂、基体涂覆等加工所致缺陷。     

High-speed micromachining characteristics for the NiTi shape memory alloys

The present study includes three parts—design and development of rotary liquid nitrogen applicator, investigation of machining performance under cryogenic application by using the developed applicator, and lastly comparison of the performances with dry and flood cutting. The surface milling of hardened EN 24 steel was performed at different speed-feed combinations corresponding to full factorial design plan (48 exp. runs). The effects of cutting speed, feed rate, and cutting conditions were investigated in respect of surface roughness, cutting force, and tool flank wear. The results of this study revealed the supremacy of cryogenic cooling in respect of all investigated quality characteristics. Lack of cooling and lubrication in dry cutting, and inadequate cooling and lubrication of flood cutting resulted in worse performance. On contrary, the double action cooling effect of cryogenic produces a superior performance, when passes through internal channel, firstly—due to an increased heat transfer rate caused by the primary and secondary flow within cutter, and secondly—because of the creation of a swirl flow at the outlet of the channel but within work surface.     

Optimization of cryogenic milling parameters for aluminum honeycomb treated by ice fixation method

This paper presents the first comprehensive investigation that aluminum honeycomb has inevitable machining defect in milling process, such as deformation, burr, and collapse. Ice fixation method was used to clamp workpieces, and inner-injection liquid nitrogen was employed for a series of cryogenic milling machining. In the machining process, the main machining parameters including in honeycomb orientation, milling width, cutting depth, cutting speed, and feed were executed experimental research. Meanwhile, the machining parameter optimization, range, and significant analysis were adopted to analyze the influence of machining parameters on the machining surface quality, as well as the optimal parameter combination and milling machining surface quality were predicted and verified. The results show that the ice fixation aluminum honeycomb method with cryogenic milling is much advanced than that of conventional ones, and many machining defects are effectively restrained. At the same time, the influence of machining parameters on machining qualities in descending order is cutting depth, cutting speed, honeycomb orientation, feed, and milling width. The minimum roughness value (Ra?=?0.356 μm) of the predicted machining surface is similar to the actual machining result (Ra?=?0.362 μm). It verifies the feasibility of the optimization method. Furthermore, it is proved that the ice fixation + liquid nitrogen cooling method has a positive effect on the high milling quality and implement efficiency for aluminum honeycomb and other difficult-to-machine materials.     

Milling of Ti alloy honeycomb treated by ice fixation in cryogenic

ABSTRACT

This article presents the first comprehensive investigation on ice fixation milling method for titanium (Ti) alloy honeycomb with cryogenic cooling. Milling simulation model of ice fixation was established, the material was treated by ice fixation process, and a series of cryogenic experiments was conducted by CNC milling machine. The honeycomb properties and reasons of machining defects were analyzed in details, whilst cryogenic milling mechanism with ice fixation was deduced. The analysis indicated that compared to the conventional processing way, the ice fixation milling surfaces have great improvement, and the processing defects such as burr, collapse edge are effectively suppressed, as well as ice fixation cryogenic method can improve the strength of honeycomb. Meanwhile, the cutting depth has greater influence on surface quality. Furthermore, the influence order of cutting parameters on the milling force: cut deep is the largest and more than three times can be improved, followed by feed speed, and the spindle speed has minimal impact. Conclusion: for efficient processing of Ti alloy honeycomb material with small in-plane radial equivalent strength and low rigidity thin-wall, the ice fixation provides a new processing method with cryogenic cooling.     

低温液氮冷却下高速切削淬硬钢的切屑形成及刀具磨损

针对低温液氮冷却下淬硬钢高速车削过程中切屑形成及刀具磨损机理尚缺乏相关研究的问题,开展了液氮冷却下的淬硬钢高速切削研究,并与干切进行了对比.分析了切削力、切削温度、切屑特征以及刀具磨损特征,讨论了冷却润滑、切屑形成及刀具磨损机理.结果表明:与干切相比,各组实验中低温液氮冷却切削的切削温度降低了6.9％～9.9％,因材料...     

低温氮气射流对钛合金高速铣削加工性能的影响

在钛合金的高速切削过程中，切削区温度很高，加速了刀具的磨损，限制了切削速度的进一步提高。为降低切削区温度、防止刀具的氧化磨损，提出在低温氮气射流条件下进行钛合金的高速铣削加工。在干铣削、浇注切削液、常温氮气油雾、低温氮气射流和低温氮气射流结合微量润滑等冷却润滑条件下进行了钛合金的高速铣削对比试验。试验结果表明，低温氮气射流结合微量润滑能够最有效地降低铣削力，抑制刀具磨损。借助扫描电镜的检测手段，研究了不同冷却润滑条件下刀具的失效形式。指出在低温氮气射流条件下高速铣削钛合金时，只要热裂纹的形成与扩展未引起刀具的崩刃及刀面的剥落，进一步降低低温氮气的温度将提高刀具的使用寿命。     

Comparative investigation on using cryogenic machining in CNC milling of Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy

Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy is one of the most important materials in industry, 80% of which is used in aerospace industry. Titanium alloys are also notoriously difficult-to-machine materials owing to their unique material properties imposing a major bottleneck in manufacturing systems. Cryogenic cooling has been acknowledged as an alternative technique in machining to improve the machinability of different materials. Although milling is considered to be the major machining operation for the manufacture of titanium components in aerospace industries, studies in cryogenic machining of titanium alloys are predominantly concentrated on turning operations. To address this gap, this article provides an investigation on the viability of cryogenic cooling in CNC end-milling of aerospace-grade Ti-6Al-4V alloy using liquid nitrogen in comparison with traditional machining environments. A series of machining experiments were conducted and surface roughness, tool life, power consumption, and specific machining energy were investigated for cryogenic milling as opposed to conventional dry and flood cooling. Analysis revealed that cryogenic machining using liquid nitrogen has the potential to significantly improve the machinability of Ti-6Al-4V alloy in CNC end-milling using solid carbide cutting tools and result in a paradigm shift in machining of titanium products. The analysis demonstrated that cryogenic cooling has resulted in almost three times increased tool life and the surface roughness was reduced by 40% in comparison with flood cooling.     

Experimental investigation of surface roughness and cutting ratio in a spraying cryogenic turning process

Abstract

Surface roughness is one of the most common criteria indicating the surface finish of the part, which depends on various factors including cutting parameters, geometry of the tool, and cutting fluid. One of the goals of using cutting fluids in machining processes is to achieve improved surface finish. In addition to high costs, commonly used cutting fluids cause dermal and respiratory problems to the operators as well as environmental pollution. The present article aims at investigating the effect of spray cryogenic cooling via liquid nitrogen on surface roughness and cutting ratio in turning process of AISI 304 stainless steel. Through conducting experimental tests, the effects of cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut on surface roughness and cutting ratio have been compared in dry and cryogenic turning. A total number of 72 tests have been carried out. Results show that cryogenic turning of AISI 304 stainless steel reduces surface roughness 1%–27% (13% on the average), compared to dry turning. The obtained results showed that the cutting ratio in cryogenic turning is averagely increased by 32% in comparison with dry turning, also that chip breakage is improved in cryogenic turning.     

低温切削7075铝合金鳞刺形成规律及抑制措施

针对干切削铝合金工件表面易产生鳞刺、表面完整性较差的问题,采用液氮冷却方式在不同切削参数下对7075铝合金进行了正交切削试验,使用扫描电子显微镜和3D光学轮廓仪分别表征了已加工表面形貌、鳞刺分布和鳞刺尺寸,分析了切削速度、进给量、刀具前角和冷却方式（干切削、液氮冷却、切削液）对已加工表面鳞刺分布和尺寸的影响,并基于鳞刺形成理论讨论了切削参数和液氮冷却对鳞刺形成过程的影响。金属层积是鳞刺形成的充分必要条件,通过改善刀屑接触摩擦特性能够抑制鳞刺的形成。试验结果表明,较高切削速度、小进给量和大刀具前角能减小金属层积厚度,抑制鳞刺的形成。低温切削下已加工表面鳞刺分布密度和尺寸均小于常温切削,可得到较为光整的已加工表面。     

Micro-drilling of Ti–6Al–4V alloy: The effects of cooling/lubricating

This paper presents a series of experimental investigations of the effects of various machining conditions [dry, flooded, minimum quantity lubrication (MQL), and cryogenic] and cutting parameters (cutting speed and feed rate) on thrust force, torque, tool wear, burr formation, and surface roughness in micro-drilling of Ti–6Al–4V alloy. A set of uncoated carbide twist drills with a diameter of 700 μm were used for making holes in the workpiece material. Both machining conditions and cutting parameters were found to influence the thrust force and torque. The thrust force and torque are higher in cryogenic cooling. It was found that the MQL condition produced the highest engagement torque amplitude in comparison to the other coolant–lubrication conditions. The maximum average torque value was obtained in the dry drilling process. There was no substantial effect of various coolant–lubrication conditions on burr height. However, it was observed that the burr height was at a minimum level in cryogenic drilling. Increasing feed rate and decreasing spindle speed increased the entry and exit burr height. The minimum surface roughness values were obtained in the flood cooling condition. In the dry drilling process, increased cutting speed resulted in reduced hardness on the subsurface of the drilled hole. This indicates that the surface and subsurface of the drilled hole were subject to softening in the dry micro-drilling process. The softening at the subsurface of drilled holes under different cooling and lubrication conditions is much smaller compared to the dry micro-drilling process.