带有微动磨损缺口钢丝的疲劳特性

在自制的微动磨损试验机上进行钢丝的微动磨损试验,将微动磨损后的钢丝试样在液压伺服疲劳试验机上进行不同应力比和不同应力幅下的疲劳试验。结果表明,钢丝的微动磨损深度随微动时间和接触载荷的增加而增加,磨损缺口处的应力集中使其成为了裂纹萌生源,也使钢丝试样的疲劳寿命大大降低,微动磨损后钢丝试样的疲劳寿命和磨损深度呈反比关系。通过钢丝疲劳断口的SEM形貌分析了其疲劳断裂机制,断口对应不同的疲劳阶段,可分为裂纹萌生区、裂纹扩展区和裂纹瞬断区。     

高压输电导线微动疲劳断裂断口分析

在自制的微动疲劳试验设备上,对LGJ150/25型钢芯铝绞线,选取两组不同弯曲振幅进行微动疲劳断裂试验.对导线断口形貌进行对比及区域分析,试验结果表明,导线的断口表现为明显的疲劳断口特征,断口均可以划分为微动磨损裂纹源区、疲劳裂纹扩展区以及瞬时断裂区三区域.对三个区域进行仔细分析,认为导线的微动疲劳断裂是由于导线表面的微动磨损起裂、疲劳裂纹扩展及最后的瞬时过载引起的.     

海水环境下2507超级双相不锈钢微动磨损性能研究

采用SRV-IV微动摩擦磨损试验机研究在干摩擦和水溶液介质中微动振幅对2507超级双相不锈钢微动磨损行为的影响,利用三维轮廓仪和扫描电子显微镜分别对试样的磨痕深度、磨损体积和磨痕表面微观形貌进行表征分析。结果表明:在干摩擦下,随振幅增加微动运行区域发生了由部分滑移区向滑移区的转变,摩擦因数随振幅的增加先增大后趋于稳定,磨痕深度和磨损体积随振幅的增加而增大,磨损机制由局部氧化磨损、局部疲劳磨损转变为氧化磨损、黏着磨损和剥落磨损;水溶液中,海水中摩擦因数随振幅的波动较去离子水中的大,且海水中由于存在腐蚀与磨损交互作用,磨痕深度和磨损体积也都比去离子水中的略大,磨损机制主要是轻微氧化磨损、磨粒磨损伴随疲劳磨损。     

微动疲劳参数对钢丝微动疲劳磨损演化的影响*

微动疲劳易引起钢丝表面磨损和横截面积损失,进而造成钢丝断裂失效并缩短钢丝绳使用寿命。不同微动疲劳参数（接触载荷、疲劳载荷、钢丝直径和交叉角度）引起差异的钢丝微动疲劳磨损特性,故研究微动疲劳参数对钢丝微动疲劳磨损演化规律影响至关重要。基于摩擦学理论和Marc仿真软件构建钢丝微动疲劳磨损模型,探究接触载荷、疲劳载荷、交叉角度和钢丝直径对钢丝微动疲劳磨损演化的影响规律。结果表明：钢丝微动疲劳磨损体积主要与接触载荷和疲劳载荷有关;疲劳钢丝的磨损深度、磨损率及磨损体积随着接触载荷的增加而增大,且不同接触载荷下疲劳钢丝磨损体积均随着循环次数的增加而呈线性增加;随疲劳载荷幅值的增加,疲劳钢丝的磨损深度、磨损率及磨损体积均呈增加趋势;在不同疲劳载荷范围下疲劳钢丝的磨损体积均随着循环次数的增加而呈线性增加;当接触载荷、疲劳载荷及钢丝间摩擦因数相同时,不同交叉角度和不同加载钢丝直径下疲劳钢丝的磨损体积相同。     

钛合金球与骨水泥界面之间的微动磨损机制研究

采用钛合金球与自制骨水泥试样以球/平面接触方式,在自制的微动摩擦磨损试验机上开展干摩擦和25%小牛血清介质中切向微动磨损试验研究,考察钛合金球与骨水泥界面之间的微动运行特性,并采用S-3000N型扫描电镜观察磨痕形貌来分析其微动磨损机制。结果表明:随着微动振幅的增加,微动运行由部分滑移区向混合区转变。随着接触载荷的增加,试样接触面之间更容易发生黏着。与干摩擦相比,在小牛血清溶液中部分滑移区向较大振幅区扩展。部分滑移区摩擦因数值较低且保持稳定,混合区的摩擦因数先增大后保持不变。稳定摩擦因数随着接触载荷的增加而减小,随微动振幅增大而增大。骨水泥试样的磨损量在小牛血清介质中比在空气中大,并且随接触载荷增大而增大。骨水泥在小牛血清介质中微动磨损的损伤机制主要为黏着磨损和疲劳磨损,溶液分子在应力作用下对骨水泥基体有削弱作用。     

协调接触微动面裂纹萌生位置研究

为了探究协调接触条件下材料的微动疲劳失效机理,针对亚共晶铝硅合金ZL702A,使用有限元法建立了协调接触微动分析非线性模型,研究了试验条件下微动面的应力响应特征、断裂位置以及轴向载荷、法向载荷等因素对微动滑移量的影响,使用微动综合参数进一步验证了裂纹的萌生位置。结果表明:对于协调接触微动疲劳情形,微动表面并不一定必然存在微动滑移区,可能处于完全粘着状态,接触状态与轴向疲劳载荷、法向压力均有关系,微动滑移量几乎总是随轴向疲劳载荷的增加而增加,法向接触载荷越大,最大滑移量越小;如果存在微动滑移区,试件断裂位置处于粘滑过渡区;如果微动面处于完全粘着微动状态,试件断裂的位置处于压头与试件的接触边缘。     

30CrNiMo8合金钢的弯曲微动疲劳特性

在不同弯曲载荷水平下,对30CrNiMo8合金钢进行了系统的弯曲微动疲劳试验,建立了其微动疲劳S-N曲线,讨论了其弯曲微动疲劳特性及相关规律。结果表明:30CrNiMo8钢弯曲微动疲劳的S-N曲线明显不同于常规疲劳的,呈现"C"曲线特征;随着弯曲载荷的增加,微动依次运行于部分滑移区、混合区和滑移区;在混合区,裂纹最易萌生且微动疲劳寿命最短;微动损伤区的磨损机制主要为磨粒磨损、氧化磨损和剥层;弯曲微动疲劳裂纹的扩展表现为三个不同的阶段,第一阶段裂纹斜向扩展,以接触应力控制为主,第二阶段裂纹转向,受接触应力和弯曲应力共同控制,第三阶段裂纹扩展方向变为垂直方向,以弯曲应力控制为主。     

钢丝微动磨损过程中的接触力学问题研究

钢丝间的微动磨损以及由此引起的钢丝的疲劳断裂是提升钢丝绳失效的主要原因之一.以6×19点接触式提升钢丝绳为研究对象,将钢丝绳中钢丝的微动损伤过程进行实验室模型化,在自制的钢丝微动磨损试验机上进行钢丝试样的微动磨损实验,考察接触载荷和微动时间变化对钢丝试样磨损深度的影响.结果表明,钢丝试样的微动磨损深度随着接触载荷和微动时间的增加而呈增长趋势,但由于接触面积和接触应力在微动磨损过程中随着接触载荷和微动时间的变化而变化,使磨损深度在不同磨损工况下增长趋势不同.建立的钢丝接触有限元模型表明,接触区中心的最大接触应力随着接触载荷的增加而增大,随着嵌入深度的加深而减小.其结果验证了试验过程中接触面积和接触应力对磨损深度的影响关系.     

40CrNi2MoA合金钢的弯曲微动疲劳特性

在不同弯曲载荷下,对40CrNi2MoA合金钢进行弯曲微动疲劳试验,建立其弯曲微动疲劳下的循环次数-应力曲线;通过对微动损伤区的微观分析,研究该合金钢的弯曲微动疲劳特性。结果表明:40CrNi2MoA钢弯曲微动疲劳应力曲线不同于常规疲劳应力曲线,呈现"C"型曲线特征;随着弯曲载荷的增加,微动依次运行于部分滑移区、混合区和滑移区;相对于另外两个区域,混合区试样的裂纹更易萌生、扩展且微动疲劳寿命最短;试样表面的磨损机制主要为磨粒磨损、氧化磨损和剥层;由于接触应力和弯曲应力的影响程度不同,弯曲微动疲劳裂纹的扩展分为三个阶段,即接触应力控制阶段、接触应力与弯曲疲劳应力共同控制阶段和完全受弯曲应力控制阶段。     

承载钢丝绳在不同预张力下的弯曲疲劳损伤研究

以6×19+FC点接触式钢丝绳为研究对象,研究钢丝绳在不同预张力下的弯曲疲劳损伤行为,考察不同预张力对弯曲疲劳寿命、损伤量值、外层可见断丝数和钢丝之间的微动磨损的影响,探索其疲劳损伤机制.在自制的钢丝绳弯曲疲劳试验机上开展钢丝绳在不同预张力下的弯曲疲劳试验,采用钢丝绳无损检测仪和人工检测方法分别判定不同预张力下钢丝绳的弯曲疲劳寿命,采用光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察分析钢丝绳的疲劳损伤机制.结果表明,钢丝绳的弯曲疲劳寿命随着预张力的增大而减小,其损伤量值和外层可见断丝数随着弯曲疲劳次数的增加而增大,断丝均发生在外层钢丝与弯曲滑轮磨损严重处,断丝长度有集中现象;其疲劳断裂机理表明,钢丝绳内部钢丝之间的微动磨损亦是影响钢丝绳疲劳寿命的重要因素.     

Effect of contact load on fretting fatigue behaviour of steel wires

Abstract

The tension–tension fretting fatigue tests of steel wires were performed on a self-made fretting fatigue test equipment under contact loads ranging from 40 to 70 N and a strain ratio of 0·8. The results showed that when the contact load increased, the fretting regime of steel wires transformed from gross slip regime to mixed fretting regime. The fretting fatigue life in the mixed fretting regime was significantly lower than that in the gross slip regime. The main fretting wear mechanisms in the gross slip regime, where there were serious fretting damage and a lot of wear debris, were abrasive wear and fatigue wear. Microcracks were observed in the fretting scar of the mixed fretting regime, and the main fretting wear mechanisms were adhesive and fatigue wears. The fretting wear scar was the fatigue source region, and the fatigue fracture surface could be divided into three regions.     

Fretting wear behaviors of steel wires under friction-increasing grease conditions

Fretting wear tests were performed on the self-made fretting wear rig to investigate fretting wear behaviors of steel wires under friction-increasing grease conditions. The results demonstrated that the fretting regimes were dependent on displacement amplitudes and normal loads. The friction coefficient exhibited different variation trends in different fretting regimes. Friction-increasing grease changed the fretting running behavior and had a very good wear resistance for steel wires. Wear was slight in partial slip regime. Mixed regime was characterized by plastic deformation, fatigue cracks and abrasive wear. Slip regime presented main damage mechanisms of abrasive wear, fatigue wear and oxidation.     

Fretting fatigue of zinc coated low carbon steel EN H320 M

The object of the present study was to investigate the influence of zinc coatings on steel sheets during fretting fatigue and fatigue tests. The influence of the fatigue stress range, normal pressure and amplitude of slip, on the fracture life was studied for both coated and uncoated EN H320 M steel. The wear produced by fretting was measured and compared with the fracture life evolution for different values of slip amplitude. The wear scars and the fracture surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscopy to identify the degradation mechanism. Although zinc films do not influence the fatigue life of the tested steel, when fretting is superposed on to a fatigue stress the coating markedly improves the fracture life.     

Oil-Lubricated Fretting Behaviors of 304 Stainless Steels under Different Fretting Strokes and Normal Loads

The influence of oil lubrication on the fretting wear behaviors of 304 stainless steel flat specimens under different fretting strokes and normal loads has been investigated. The results proved that fretting regimes and fretting wear behaviors of 304 stainless steels were closely related to the fretting conditions. In general, the increase in normal load could increase wear damage during sliding wear. However, according to the results, a significant reduction in wear volume and increase in friction coefficient was observed when the normal load was increased to critical values of 40 and 50 N at a fretting stroke of 50 μm due to the transformation of the fretting regime from a gross slip regime to partial slip regime. Only when the fretting stroke further increased to a higher value of 70 μm at 50 N, fretting could enter the gross slip regime. There was low wear volume and a high friction coefficient when fretting was in the partial slip regime, because oil penetration was poor. The wear mechanisms were fatigue damage and plastic deformation. There was high wear volume and low friction coefficient when fretting was in the gross slip regime, because the oil could penetrate into the contact surfaces. Unlike the wear mechanisms in the partial slip regime, fretting damage of 304 stainless steels was mainly caused by abrasive wear in the gross slip regime.     

钢丝微动疲劳裂纹萌生寿命预测研究*

钢丝微动疲劳过程中,钢丝裂纹萌生特性直接影响其裂纹扩展特性,进而制约钢丝微动疲劳寿命,因此开展钢丝微动疲劳裂纹萌生寿命预测研究具有重要意义。基于有限元法、摩擦学理论和断裂力学理论,运用Smith-Watson-Topper（SWT）多轴疲劳寿命准则建立考虑磨损的钢丝微动疲劳裂纹萌生寿命预测模型,基于多种不同的钢丝疲劳参数估算方法对钢丝的微动疲劳裂纹萌生寿命进行了预测,并探究接触载荷、疲劳载荷、交叉角度及钢丝直径等微动疲劳参数对钢丝微动疲劳裂纹萌生寿命的影响规律。结果表明：基于中值法的预测结果最接近实际值;在微动疲劳过程中,钢丝微动疲劳裂纹萌生寿命主要与接触载荷和疲劳载荷相关。通过引入微动损伤参数建立简化的适用于钢丝绳的钢丝微动疲劳裂纹萌生寿命预测模型,通过与考虑磨损的预测模型计算结果进行对比验证了该模型的准确性。     

基于双重扩展自适应卡尔曼滤波的汽车状态和参数估计

准确实时地获取行驶过程中的状态信息是汽车动态控制系统研究的关键,为此提出了一种新的汽车状态估计器。建立了包含不准确模型参数和未知时变统计特性噪声的非线性汽车动力学模型,针对该非线性系统提出一种双重扩展自适应卡尔曼滤波算法（DEAKF）。该算法采用两个卡尔曼滤波器并行运算,状态估计和参数估计互相更新,同时将带遗忘因子的噪声统计估值器嵌入到状态校正过程和参数校正过程之间,以解决系统的噪声时变问题。基于ADAMS的虚拟试验和实车试验结果表明,该算法的状态估计精度高于EKF方法和DEKF方法的状态估计精度,同时具有良好的模型参数校正能力,对汽车动态控制系统中估计器的设计具有理论指导意义。
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Research on torsional fretting wear behaviors and damage mechanisms of stranded-wire helical spring

Wear on the local area of steel wires’ surface is attributed to torsional fretting on the working process of stranded-wire helical spring. A mathematical model to calculate normal contact force and angular displacement amplitude among the wires is established first when the spring is impacted. With the experimental parameters obtained from the model, the torsional fretting test, which stimulates torsional fretting among the wires in the working process of the spring, is realized successfully on a newly developed fretting tester. Torsional fretting behaviors are strongly dependent upon normal contact force, angular displacement amplitude, and number of cycles. There are three basic types of T-θ curves (short for torque), angular displacement curves during the process of torsional fretting, namely, parallelogram, elliptic, and linear T-θ curves. To analyze the damage mechanisms, distribution maps of oxygen in the wear scar of spring wires under different working conditions are revealed. The damage gets slight in the partial slip region, mainly with the abrasive wear and the slight oxidative wear, whereas the wear mechanisms are mainly the abrasive wear, the oxidative wear, and the delamination, accompanied with obvious plastic deformation in the mixed fretting and slip regions.

     

聚四氟乙烯基粘结固体润滑涂层微动磨损性能研究

在不同位移幅值与载荷条件下研究了酚醛环氧粘结聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)基固体润滑涂层的微动磨损特性，并利用扫描电子显微镜、表面轮廓仪和傅里叶表面红外仪等对涂层磨斑进行分析。结果表明，粘结PTFE基涂层具有良好的抗微动损伤性能，随循环次数的变化只存在部分滑移区和滑移区，部分滑移区的损伤轻微，滑移区的损伤强烈依赖于栽荷，其损伤与PTFE分子链在往复交变载荷作用下的疲劳断裂相关。