磁场作用下铝/钢CMT焊接温度场及熔池流动行为

为探究纵向磁场在铝/钢冷金属过渡(Cold metal transfer,CMT)焊接过程中的作用机理,采用ANSYS软件对纵向磁场作用下电弧形态、温度分布和熔池流动行为进行数值模拟,重点研究不同线圈励磁电流对焊接温度场和熔池流动行为的影响。结果表明,外加磁场可以改变电弧等离子体的运动行为,进而影响了焊接电弧在基板表面和熔池内部的热量传导行为。施加磁场后,熔池中的峰值温度发生下降,峰值温度区域由熔池中心转向熔池外围,铝/钢界面处的高温停留时间和温度也随之下降。此外,外加磁场改变了铝液熔池内部的流动行为。熔池内部的流动特征由无磁场时的单一环流,转变为有磁场作用时的双环流流动特征。随着励磁电流的增加,熔池内部的流速和流动范围有增大的趋势。     

双丝旁路耦合电弧GMAW高效焊接工艺

在介绍了双丝旁路耦合电弧熔化极气体保护焊(双丝旁路耦合电弧(Double-electrode gas metal arc welding,DE-GMAW))高效焊接工艺原理的基础之上,采用双闭环反馈解耦智能控制系统,进行双丝旁路耦合电弧GMAW高速焊接工艺试验,测量双丝旁路耦合电弧GMAW母材热输入,分析双丝旁路耦合电弧GMAW高效焊接工艺机理,并对双丝旁路耦合电弧GMAW高效焊接工艺方法进行改进,进一步研究混合气体保护下的双丝旁路耦合电弧GMAW及其熔滴过渡行为,且开发出单电源双丝旁路耦合电弧GMAW。研究表明:采用双闭环反馈解耦智能控制系统使双丝旁路耦合电弧GMAW焊接过程稳定性更好、精确度更高且响应速度更快;旁路分流是实现高效焊接的同时降低母材热输入的关键;采用混合气体保护下的双丝旁路耦合电弧GMAW能进一步提高焊接过程稳定性,单电源双丝旁路耦合电弧GMAW能形成良好的焊缝成形,且设备成本低。     

交变磁场作用下的GTAW非稳态电弧数值模拟

基于计算流体动力学(Computational fluid dynamics,CFD)软件Fluent,建立钨极惰性气体保护焊(Gas tungsten arc welding,GTAW)电弧非稳态三维数值模型,研究交变磁场作用下的非稳态电弧特性,为交变磁场在磁控焊接技术中的应用提供理论支撑。计算获得了外加交变轴向磁场作用下GTAW焊接电弧的温度场、速度场和压力场等结果,揭示了等离子体最高温度、阳极表面压力分布、阳极表面电流密度分布与时间的关系。对比分析磁场方向改变前后的计算结果发现,当外加磁场方向改变时,在反向旋转力作用下等离子体最大加速度能够达到6×10~7 m/s~2,在此加速度作用下,距离钨极较近的等离子体迅速改变旋转方向,而远离钨极的等离子体则来不及改变方向。当外加磁场磁感应强度为0.03 T、频率小于100 k Hz时电弧均能实现正反往复旋转,且阳极表面压力及电流密度分布不再是单一的双峰分布而是呈现单/双峰交替的周期性变化。试验中采用高速摄像系统拍摄了磁场方向改变后的电弧形态,焊接电弧先收缩后扩张,与模拟结果一致。     

纵向磁场对MAG焊电弧及熔滴过渡的控制作用

将纵向磁场应用于98%Ar+2%O2和80%Ar+20%CO2保护的射流过渡MAG焊,借助高速摄像手段研究外加纵向磁场对MAG焊电弧形态及运动特征的影响规律,揭示纵向磁场对MAG焊电弧的作用本质在于压缩电弧.通过分析液流束末端的液态金属的受力情况,确立纵向磁场作用下MAG焊的熔滴过渡机制.试验结果表明,外加纵向磁场使得相对"静态"的锥形MAG焊电弧转变为高速旋转的螺旋状电弧,并且随着励磁电流的增大,电弧旋转角速度加快、可见弧长缩短、电弧电场强度提高.同时外加纵向磁场的引入还能够降低焊接电流、提高熔滴过渡频率和焊丝熔化系数.外加纵向磁场对射流过渡MAG焊接过程稳定性的影响特点与所采用的保护气体的物理性质相关.     

双钨极间接气体保护焊接电弧的数值模拟

间接电弧焊接是一种新型的焊接方法,具有高效、节能、焊接应力和变形小的优点。为了研究间接电弧的电弧参数的分布特点以及这种焊接方法热输入低的根本原因,利用有限元分析软件,建立双钨极间接电弧的三维有限元数学模型,计算得到双钨极间接电弧的温度、等离子体流速、电弧压力以及热流密度分布等特征参数;通过高速摄像拍摄到的电弧形态照片与计算得到的温度云图对比验证模拟结果的可信性。结果表明双钨极间接电弧面对称且向阳极方向偏转,呈上宽下窄的倒钟罩形态,阳极一侧的各项特征参数大于阴极一侧;与惰性气体钨极保护(Tungsten inert gas arc, TIG)焊接和等离子弧焊接相比,双钨极间接电弧被焊接工件不接电极,主要靠热流密度、等离子体流速、电弧压力等参数都比较低的弧柱区端部加热,造成工件焊接热输入低、熔深浅。     

电熔爆等离子体电弧的多场耦合仿真与试验分析

针对电熔爆加工过程中等离子体电弧分布研究量化程度不足的现状,运用磁流体动力学理论,建立了包含阴极-等离子体电弧-阳极表面的二维数学模型,采用Comsol有限元仿真软件求解出不同加工电流等离子体电弧温度场、压力场、电势场及阳极表面电流密度分布特性,并根据电熔爆等离子体电弧的加工需求搭建了试验系统,对仿真结果进行验证。研究结果表明:增大加工电流可提高电弧最高温度,使电熔爆放电通道内温度和压力梯度增大,造成放电通道不稳定;增大电流使电弧受到指向电弧中心的电磁力增加,导致电弧收缩明显,加工能量过于集中,使加工表面质量降低;在电流100～175 A之间,加工后表面粗糙度可控制在Ra 6.3μm以下,试验结果与仿真结论具有较好的一致性。     

双丝旁路耦合电弧高效熔化极气体保护焊双变量解耦控制模拟与试验分析

双丝旁路耦合电弧高效熔化极气体保护焊是一种新型、高效的焊接方法。针对其在开环条件下焊接过程不稳定、焊缝成形差的问题,提出通过旁路送丝速度控制旁路弧长从而保证焊接过程稳定性、通过控制旁路电流调节流经母材电流的双变量解耦控制方案并进行模拟与分析。在此基础上,采用快速原型控制系统,设计双丝旁路耦合电弧高效熔化极气体保护焊试验系统并进行双变量解耦控制焊接试验。结果表明,双丝旁路耦合电弧高效熔化极气体保护焊双变量解耦控制方案可以有效地保证焊接过程与流经母材电流的稳定,与模拟结果基本一致;并且由于采用解耦算法,控制过程稳定性更好、响应速度更快、精度更高,并得到成形良好的焊缝,焊接过程飞溅也较小。     

激光+双丝脉冲MAG复合焊的焊接稳定性

研究激光和Ar+He混合气体中He气体体积分数对激光+双丝脉冲MAG复合焊焊接稳定性的影响。搭建激光+双丝脉冲熔化极活性气体保护(Metal active-gas, MAG)复合焊焊接系统,利用LabVIEW信号采集系统采集焊接电流和电弧电压波形,借助高速摄像系统同步拍摄电弧形态和熔滴过渡过程,实时监测焊接过程。观察后丝短路和前丝断弧情况并对前丝电弧电压进行单因素方差分析,研究Ar+He混合气体中He气体体积分数对焊接稳定性影响;比较焊接过程中激光的有无对熔滴过渡的影响,分析激光对焊接稳定性影响。结果发现随着He气体体积分数增大,后丝对应短路次数增多,当He气体体积分数为50%时,前丝出现断弧现象,大于50%,断弧时间随之增加,焊接稳定性变差;激光+双丝脉冲MAG复合焊和双丝脉冲MAG复合焊相比,加入激光可稳定电弧,为熔滴提供一附加力,该力促进熔滴过渡,使熔滴过渡尺寸减小,加大过渡频率,改善熔滴过渡,提高焊接稳定性。     

考虑金属蒸汽的定点活性钨极惰性气体保护焊电弧与熔池交互作用三维数值分析

建立包括钨极、电弧和阳极的定点活性钨极惰性气体保护(Activating tungsten inert gas,A-TIG)焊电弧熔池交互作用统一数学模型。通过麦克斯韦方程组、连续性方程、动量守恒方程、能量守恒方程和组分输运方程的耦合求解,得到了电弧和熔池的温度、等离子体运动速度、熔池流动速度、电弧压力、电势、电流密度和金属蒸汽分布等结果。因为在A-TIG焊中,熔池的内向流动造成了大量的热被传入到熔池底部,热量的利用率更高,导致焊接熔池的表面温度比TIG焊的表面温度要高,从而引起了金属蒸汽浓度的增加,所以考虑金属蒸汽的A-TIG焊的电弧等温线较考虑金属蒸汽的TIG焊的电弧等温线有一定程度收缩。结果表明,考虑金属蒸汽对A-TIG焊熔深的模拟结果具有一定的影响,熔深减小约6%,该结果与有关试验研究结果吻合良好。     

双丝旁路耦合电弧高效熔化极气体保护焊过程模拟及控制

采用等效电流路径的方法建立双丝旁路耦合电弧高效熔化极气体保护焊耦合电弧的动态数学模型,模拟表征焊接过程稳定性的电流、净干伸长信号的变化,得到与实际焊接过程相似的模拟结果。在此基础上,针对焊接过程中耦合电弧形态的剧烈变化会影响焊接过程稳定性与焊接质量的问题,提出通过调节旁路弧长控制耦合电弧稳定性的方案,并利用Matlab/Simulink软件和xPC-target快速原型控制平台,对控制方案进行模拟、分析、预测与试验。结果表明:所建立的数学动态模型能很好地反映双丝旁路耦合电弧高效GMAW焊接过程;模拟分析旁路弧长控制方案可以有效地解决焊接过程稳定性的问题;控制试验实现了焊接过程的稳定控制并获得了成形良好的焊缝形貌,验证了模拟阶段的分析与预测。     

外加磁场对高速GMAW电弧和熔池行为的主动调控效应

在熔化极气体保护焊(Gas metal arc welding,GMAW)过程中,当焊接速度超过临界值后,焊缝成形变差,出现咬边和驼峰焊道,无法满足生产要求。研究证明,熔池中动量很大的后向液体流是产生驼峰焊道的主要原因。自主研发外加磁场发生装置,向熔池施加横向电磁力,对后向液体流进行主动干预,并调控熔池流态,从而抑制驼峰焊道的形成。在Q235低碳钢板上开展焊接工艺试验,获得了不同磁感应强度下的焊缝表面成形;采用高速摄像技术,拍摄焊接过程中的电弧和熔池图像,分析外加磁场对电弧形态、熔池流场和焊缝成形的影响规律,初步揭示外加磁场抑制驼峰焊道的机理。试验结果表明,外加横向磁场能明显调控熔池流态,减小后向液体流的动量,并能有效抑制驼峰焊道和咬边等缺陷,显著改善焊缝成形,提高临界焊接速度。     

基于TIG焊电弧-熔池统一模型分析焊接电弧

以TIG焊电弧为研究对象,建立了电弧—熔池的统一模型,并在此模型的基础上对焊接电弧进行了分析。建立此模型就避免了对阳极表面温度的假定,使得对焊接电弧的分析与实际情况更近了一步,从而也为将焊接电弧和熔池作为一个整体来进行分析奠定了基础。采用ANSYS软件分析并得到了阳极表面温度的变化情况,阳极表面电流密度的分布状况,得出热流密度与电流密度分布规律的一致性。并从电磁力和流体流动的角度揭示了电弧压力产生的原因,并通过试验验证了电流密度和电弧压力的分布情况。     

活性剂等离子弧焊焊接电弧的特性

针对活性剂等离子弧焊焊接过程,采用红外热像伪着色法测定了活性剂等离子弧焊焊接电弧温度场,并建立了活性剂等离子弧焊焊接电弧热流密度径向分布模型,对焊接电弧外形的变化,焊接电弧电压与活性剂之间的关系进行了研究。研究结果表明：活性剂等离子弧焊焊接电弧的温度分布比较紧凑,温度场外形窄,温度分布范围较集中,电弧径向温度梯度较大。电弧径向温度分布呈现正态Gauss分布模式。活性剂等离子弧焊焊接电弧收缩,弧尾翼消失,尾焰加大,电弧穿透力增强,电弧电压升高。     

Impacts of external longitudinal magnetic field on arc plasma and droplet during short-circuit GMAW

In gas metal arc welding, electromagnetic force, plasma stream force, gravity, and surface tension are the most important factors that affect metal transfer and spatter generation rate. In this paper, different kinds of external electromagnetic fields were introduced to gas metal arc welding (GMAW). The photos of arc plasma and droplet and electric signals covering welding current and arc voltage were acquired synchronously by an analysis and evaluation system based on LabView for GMAW. It was confirmed that the metal transfer frequency was improved, and spatter generation rate was diminished under controls of external electromagnetic fields. The influencing rules of external electromagnetic fields on electromagnetic force, the gravity, the plasma stream force, and surface tension were studied by three physical models, and the mechanism of external electromagnetic fields was revealed. This paper is for the purpose of discussing these factors and will make a profit for the application of electromagnetic coupling control to short-circuit GMAW.     

Numerical analysis of a moving gas tungsten arc weld pool with an external longitudinal magnetic field applied

Mathematical models of the electromagnetic field, fluid flow and heat transfer of a three-dimensional moving gas tungsten arc (GTA) weld pool with external longitudinal magnetic field applied are established in the paper. Using a multi-coupled analysis function of ANSYS finite element code, distributions of current density and magnetic field, as well as fluid flow and heat transfer in a moving weld pool, were systematically studied and investigated to understand and reveal the effect of an external longitudinal magnetic field on liquid metal in a moving GTA weld pool and also to supply a basis for the application of an external longitudinal magnetic field in welding technology .     

基于旁路耦合电弧的铝钢MIG熔钎焊研究

实现铝钢良好连接的关键是有效控制焊接热输入,尽量降低中间层铝铁金属间化合物的厚度,一般认为中间层金属间化合物厚度小于10μm时铝钢接头质量良好。提出旁路耦合电弧熔钎焊方法,通过调节旁路电弧电流的大小来控制焊接热输入。在优化控制系统和工艺参数的基础上采用脉冲旁路耦合电弧焊方法将铝镁合金ER5356堆焊到304不锈钢板上,获得结合良好的焊缝。对焊接接头进行扫描电镜(Scanning electron microscope,SEM)、能量色散光谱仪(Energy dispersive spectrometry,EDS)分析,结果表明:铝与不锈钢焊接接头中间层金属间化合物平均厚度约为8μm,小于10μm的临界厚度;脉冲旁路耦合电弧焊方法能够实现铝钢的连接,是一种新型低成本低热输入电弧焊方法。     

Numerical analysis for effect of process parameters of low-current micro-PAW on constricted arc

A model was put forward to simulate the electromagnetic phenomena and fluid field in plasma arc occurring during the low-current microplasma arc welding (low-current micro-PAW) process. The effects of the nozzle neck-in and welding current of micro-plasma arc on the arc electromagnetic field distribution were discussed. Finally, under the condition of different welding current, welding voltage, arc length, shield gas flow rate, and plasma flow rate, welding experiments of image sampling were carried out. Three types of microplasma arc, namely, needle plasma arc, columnar plasma arc, and opening model plasma arc, are founded by experiment. Based on the unified model, a thorough investigation of the low-current microplasma arc characteristics during the micro-PAW process was conducted. It was found that the process parameters have significant effects on the microplasma arc and the distributions of current density and electromagnet force distribution.     

Adaptive volumetric heat source models for laser beam and laser + pulsed GMAW hybrid welding processes

Laser + pulsed gas metal arc welding (GMAW) hybrid welding process is an attractive joining technology in industry due to its synergy of the two processes. It is of great significance to conduct fundamental investigations involving mathematical modeling and understanding of the hybrid welding process. In this study, an adaptive heat source model is first developed for laser beam welding. Through combining the ray-tracing method with the keyhole profile determination technique based on the local energy balance, the keyhole shape and size are calculated and correlated to the distribution parameters of the volumetric heat source model. Then, thermal action characteristics in laser + pulsed GMAW hybrid welding are considered from viewpoint of macro-heat transfer, and a combined volumetric heat source model for hybrid welding is developed to take consideration of heat input from laser, pulsed gas metal arc, and overheated droplets. Numerical analysis of thermal conduction in hybrid welding is conducted. The shape and size of fusion zone and weld dimension in the quasi-steady state are calculated for various hybrid welding conditions, which have a fair agreement with the experimental results.     

Welding polarity effects on weld spatters and bead geometry of hyperbaric dry GMAW

Welding polarity has influence on welding stability to some extent, but the specific relationship between welding polarity and weld quality has not been found, especially under the hyperbaric environment. Based on a hyperbaric dry welding experiment system, gas metal arc welding(GMAW) experiments with direct current electrode positive(DCEP) and direct current electrode negative(DCEN) operations are carried out under the ambient pressures of 0.1 MPa, 0.4 MPa, 0.7 MPa and 1.0 MPa to find the influence rule of different welding polarities on welding spatters and weld bead geometry. The effects of welding polarities on the weld bead geometry such as the reinforcement, the weld width and the penetration are discussed. The experimental results show that the welding spatters gradually grow in quantity and size for GMAW with DCEP, while GMAW with DCEN can produce fewer spatters comparatively with the increase of the ambient pressure. Compared with DCEP, the welding current and arc voltage waveforms for DCEN is more stable and the distribution of welding current probability density for DCEN is more concentrated under the hyperbaric environment. When the ambient pressure is increased from 0.1 MPa to 1.0 MPa, the effects of welding polarities on the reinforcement, the weld width and the penetration are as follows: an increase of 0.8 mm for the weld reinforcement is produced by GMAW with DCEN and 1.3 mm by GMAW with DCEP, a decrease of 7.2 mm for the weld width is produced by DCEN and 6.1 mm by DCEP; and an increase of 3.9 mm for the penetration is produced by DCEN and 1.9 mm by DCEP. The proposed research indicates that the desirable stability in the welding procedure can be achieved by GMAW with DCEN operation under the hyperbaric environment.