厦门地区气溶胶折射率的测量研究

针对气溶胶折射率在分析大气气溶胶光学特性中的重要性,本文提出了一种综合利用黑碳仪、浊度计和光学粒子计数器反演大气气溶胶折射率的新方法。该方法根据黑碳仪和浊度计测量的气溶胶吸收系数和散射系数以及粒子计数器测量的粒子谱分布,采用球形粒子的米（Mie）散射理论,通过分析吸收系数、散射系数、粒子谱分布和折射率之间的关系来反演大气气溶胶粒子的折射率,该方法可以同时反演折射率实部和虚部。通过与其它独立的测量结果对比表明：该方法反演气溶胶折射率是合理的。最后利用此方法对厦门地区的气溶胶折射率进行了分析。     

厦门地区气溶胶折射率的测量

针对气溶胶折射率在分析大气气溶胶光学特性中的重要性,提出了一种综合利用黑碳仪、浊度计和光学粒子计数器反演大气气溶胶折射率的新方法。该方法根据黑碳仪和浊度计测量的气溶胶吸收系数和散射系数以及光学粒子计数器测量的粒子谱分布,采用球形粒子的米（Mie）散射理论,通过分析吸收系数、散射系数、粒子谱分布和折射率之间的关系来反演大气气溶胶粒子的折射率,并可以同时反演折射率实部和虚部。与其它独立的测量结果对比表明,该方法反演气溶胶折射率是合理的。最后,利用此方法分析了厦门地区的气溶胶折射率。     

单雾滴与雾滴气溶胶红外辐射特性参数变化规律分析

采用Mie散射理论计算分析了单个雾滴和雾滴气溶胶在0.8-20微米波段内的红外辐射特性变化规律。分析表明,单个雾滴的光学效率因子都是随着粒径增大而趋于收敛,消光因子趋于2,散射因子和吸收因子都收敛于1;消光系数随波长的变化不明显,而散射系数和吸收系数近似以1/2的消光系数为轴对称。单个雾滴的散射相函数波动性非常明显,而雾滴气溶胶的散射相函数则较为平滑。单雾滴的不对称因子随雾滴粒径增大趋于0.5,而雾滴气溶胶的不对称因子随波长的增大趋于0.5。单个雾滴的单次反照率随雾滴半径的增大趋向于定值,且接近于1;而雾滴气溶胶的单次反照率随波长的增大无明显规律。     

雾和气溶胶前向散射对消光的影响

光电工程中探测器接收的光强包括透射光和大气前向散射光。雾和大气气溶胶粒子的前向散射增强了透射光,从而导致测量的衰减比实际衰减小。本文采用Mie散射理论,根据气溶胶谱分布以及雾滴的谱分布模型及其与能见度的经验关系,计算了可见光到中波红外波长的前向散射修正因子。详细分析了激光在气溶胶和雾衰减中前向散射修正因子随粒子平均半径、能见度和波长等参数的变化关系,并拟合出前向散射修正因子随粒子平均半径和视场乘积的经验关系式,在10°视场内平均残差小于0.02,可为相关光电工程提供参考。     

SS—1型前向散射式能见度仪

SS－1型前向散射式能见度仪采用双光路设计,通过测量红外光在大气中前向散射系数的方法测量气象视程。文中介绍了仪器的工作原理、系统构造、系统功能及主要技术参数。     

大气透射仪与前散射仪在低能见度条件下的测量数据对比分析

从大气透射仪和前散射仪两种能见度的测量仪器的工作原理出发,对大气透射仪和前散射仪两种能见度测量仪器在低能见度天气条件下的数据进行对比,得出在低能见度条件下前散射仪的测量值与大气透射仪测量值存在一定偏差;在不同天气条件下,偏差量又有所不同。     

散射介质的吸收系数和散射系数的间接测量

本文介绍了各种测量散射介质光学特性即散射系数和吸收系数的方法。其中蒙特卡罗统计模拟的方法有其独特的优点．该文中对双积分球系统测量散射介质漫反射系数和漫透射系数的原理和双积分球实验系统作了详细的介绍和讨论。在确立了双积分球系统和蒙特卡罗模拟一致性后，利用该装置测出的漫反射系数和漫透射系数与模拟比较，就能获取被测样的散射系数和吸收系数。作者对不同浓度的散射试样进行了配制和测试，测试的结果表明：被测试的散射物质浓度和散射系数之间存在着良好的线性关系。     

球形金纳米颗粒的消光特性及不同折射率环境下的共振波长

为了研究球形Au纳米颗粒的消光特性及共振波长与环境折射率的关系,采用Mie理论计算了直径为20,40,60和80nm的球形Au纳米颗粒在不同折射率的介质环境中的消光谱,并利用消光法实验测量了这4种粒径的Au纳米颗粒在不同浓度糖水中的吸光度,取得了糖水介质环境的折射率与浓度之间的关系及其色散规律,以及Au纳米颗粒的消光系数及共振波长随环境折射率变化的数据。结果表明,介质环境糖水浓度一定时,Au颗粒半径增大,消光峰值红移;颗粒半径一定时,周围介质环境糖水浓度增大,消光峰值红移;Au纳米颗粒的共振波长与糖水浓度呈线性关系,20,40,60,80nm的Au纳米颗粒对应的线性斜率分别为0.106 0,0.135 5,0.193 8,0.265 8,斜率随粒径尺寸的增大而增大。该结论为探索纳米颗粒的折射率敏感性奠定了基础。     

用自制总积分散射仪评估SiC基底表面改性效果

根据总积分散射理论自制了半球式总积分散射仪,建立了系统规范的测试方法,并应用其对工程中SiC基底表面改性的效果进行了相关检测和评估。改性后RB-SiC和S-SiC基底的散射系数分别降低到2．86％和1．53％,已接近于抛光良好的微晶玻璃的水平（1．38％）。该散射仪的优点是操作简单、方便快捷、不接触样品、对表面无损害。通过对测试数据的分析可知,从散射特性角度对SiC基底表面改性效果进行评估是合理有效的。把相关测试结果与分光光度计的测试结果对比,测量偏差在1．1％左右,说明该总积分散射仪的测试结果准确可靠。     

微脉冲激光雷达反演气溶胶的水平分布

城市近地面气溶胶的分布随时空快速变化,常用的地基定点监测只能获取区域内有限位置的气溶胶质量浓度,大致反映区域内气溶胶的分布情况。为确定气溶胶和污染物在城市近地面水平路径上的分布情况,利用微脉冲激光雷达(MPL)、粒子计数器、能见度仪和颗粒物质量浓度监测仪获得的气溶胶数据,根据Mie散射理论建立了气溶胶消光系数、粒子谱分布和质量浓度等参数的数学模型,反演得到了水平路径上的气溶胶质量浓度分布。该方法可以以测量点为中心进行0~6km的360°的水平扫描,具有监测范围大、分辨率高的优点。最后开展了气溶胶水平分布的实际测量,获得了距离6km长的水平路径上近地面气溶胶质量浓度的实时分布。这为研究城市气溶胶的污染来源和动态变化提供了有效的数据支持。     

气溶胶细粒子与能见度的相关性研究

为了分析气溶胶粒子特别是细粒子（PM2.5）对能见度的影响,本文从理论上建立了气溶胶细粒子与能见度的关系,分析了谱分布、PM2.5/PM10和细粒子消光所占总消光比重的关系。利用2004年8月在北京的测量数据与理论计算对比表明：建立的气溶胶细粒子与能见度的关系是合理的。这对治理污染提高城市能见度是很有指导意义的。     

大气透过率的多点移动测量

考虑大气透射仪的光源不稳定性以及光学准直及大气环境的动态变化均会对其测量精度产生影响,本文在高精度导轨上设计了多点移动大气透过率测量系统,以便提高其大气透过率及消光系数的测量精度。该系统采用可移动测试平台,运用多点移动测量的方式测量大气透过率及消光系数。基于理论比较了多点移动大气透过率测量方法与传统大气透射仪测量方法的测量精度,证明了该系统的测量精度高于传统大气透射仪。将该系统与经过良好校正的Skopograph II型大气透射仪在大气环境模拟舱进行了较长时间的对比验证。结果表明,两套系统具有很好的相关性,91.93%的数据对偏差在10%以内,相关系数达0.985 7。在低能见度条件下,多点移动大气透过率测量系统的测量稳定性优于传统大气透射仪。得到的结果显示:该系统能够满足大气透过率和消光系数测量对准确性、稳定性和一致性的要求。     

A simple method to disentangle nanoparticle optical properties by darkfield microspectroscopy

We present a darkfield optical microspectroscopy technique devoted to the disentangled measurement of the absorption and scattering cross sections of nanoparticle (NP) samples with variable concentration. The robustness of the method, including the needed instrumental calibrations, is examined in detail by analyzing and quantifying the major sources of statistic and systematic errors. As an exemplary case, results are presented on a gold NP colloid. The technique takes advantage of a simple inverted microscope, coupled with a spectrograph and equipped with a darkfield condenser and a variable numerical aperture objective to obtain spectra either in darkfield or brightfield optical configurations. By adopting the Lambert–Beer (LB) equation modeling, we were able to disentangle and measure with a single setup the absorption, scattering, and extinction coefficients of the same sample by combining three spectra, obtained by opportunely varying the objective numerical aperture. Typical plasmonic resonances were recognized at approximately 520 and 750 nm. Optical coefficients were measured as a function of particle number density (0.04–3.94 µm^?3, corresponding to 40 µM–4 mM nominal Au concentration) and good linearity was verified up to ～1.5 µm^?3 (～1 mM Au). Moreover, extinction and scattering cross sections were quantified and the validity of the LB approximation was reviewed. Besides its applications to plasmonic NPs, this method may be appropriate for any colloid, provided there exists a characteristic spectral feature in the ultraviolet‐visible‐near infrared range. This technique may be exploited to localize NPs in biological samples. Microsc. Res. Tech. 77:886–895, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Atmospheric visibility and Angström exponent measurements through digital photography

This paper presents a low-cost system for the measurement of atmospheric visibility. The measurement setup is composed by a consumer digital camera which is controlled by a computer. The camera acquires photos of the landscape that include natural dark objects. Then the computer calculates the atmospheric visibility based on the apparent contrast, against the background, of these dark objects through the Lambert–Beer law. Two different approaches are proposed so that the system is able to measure the atmospheric visibility both under normal and low visibility conditions. The use of the three color channels of the camera allows the measurement of the extinction coefficient at different wavelengths along with the Angström exponent which is an important parameter in the classification of atmosphere aerosols.Measurements performed with the developed system are presented and include the atmospheric visibility, the extinction coefficient and the Angström exponent. The results presented correspond to the measurements performed along a week that included a desert dust event. This event dramatically reduced the atmospheric visibility due to the desert dust particles. Angström exponent measurements were performed with another instrument for comparison. Finally, an uncertainty analysis of the measured atmospheric visibility is presented.     

Absorption and scattering correction in fluorescence confocal microscopy

In three-dimensional (3-D) fluorescence images produced by a confocal scanning laser microscope (CSLM), the contribution of the deeper layers is attenuated due to absorption and scattering of both the excitation and the fluorescence light. Because of these effects a quantitative analysis of the images is not always possible without restoration. Both scattering and absorption are governed by an exponential decay law. Using only one (space-dependent) extinction coefficient, the total attenuation process can be described. Given the extinction coefficient we calculate within a non-uniform object the relative intensity of the excitation light at its deeper layers. We also give a method to estimate the extinction coefficients which are required to restore 3-D images. An implementation of such a restoration filter is discussed and an example of a successful restoration is given.     

Real-time retrieval of submicron aerosol size distributions from multi-wavelength spectral extinction measurements

The real-time retrieval of submicron aerosol size distributions is of major interest for applications. Based on the Mie theory,the spectral extinction method of...