A dual-band adaptor for infrared imaging

A novel imaging adaptor providing the capability to extend a standard single-band infrared (IR) camera into a two-color or dual-band device has been developed for application to high-speed IR thermography on the National Spherical Tokamak Experiment (NSTX). Temperature measurement with two-band infrared imaging has the advantage of being mostly independent of surface emissivity, which may vary significantly in the liquid lithium divertor installed on NSTX as compared to that of an all-carbon first wall. In order to take advantage of the high-speed capability of the existing IR camera at NSTX (1.6-6.2 kHz frame rate), a commercial visible-range optical splitter was extensively modified to operate in the medium wavelength and long wavelength IR. This two-band IR adapter utilizes a dichroic beamsplitter, which reflects 4-6 μm wavelengths and transmits 7-10 μm wavelength radiation, each with >95% efficiency and projects each IR channel image side-by-side on the camera's detector. Cutoff filters are used in each IR channel, and ZnSe imaging optics and mirrors optimized for broadband IR use are incorporated into the design. In-situ and ex-situ temperature calibration and preliminary data of the NSTX divertor during plasma discharges are presented, with contrasting results for dual-band vs. single-band IR operation.     

Fast fiber-optic multi-wavelength pyrometer

A fast fiber-optic multi-wavelength pyrometer was developed for the ultraviolet-visible-near infrared spectra from 200 nm to 1700 nm using a CCD detector and an InGaAs detector. The pyrometer system conveniently and quickly provides the sufficient choices of multiple measurement wavelengths using optical diffraction, which avoids the use of narrow-band filters. Flexible optical fibers are used to transmit the radiation so the pyrometer can be used for temperature measurements in harsh environments. The setup and calibrations (wavelength calibration, nonlinearity calibration, and radiation response calibration) of this pyrometer system were described. Development of the multi-wavelength pyrometer involved optimization of the bandwidth and temperature discrimination of the multiple spectra data. The analysis results showed that the wavelength intervals, Δλ(CCD) = 30 nm and Δλ(InGaAs) = 50 nm, are the suitable choices as a tradeoff between the simple emissivity model assumption and the multiple signal discrimination. The temperature discrimination was also quantificationally evaluated for various wavelengths and temperatures. The measurement performance of the fiber-optic multi-wavelength pyrometer was partially verified through measurements with a high-temperature blackbody and actual hot metals. This multi-wavelength pyrometer can be used for remote high-temperature measurements.     

Application of multispectral radiation thermometry in temperature measurement of thermal barrier coated surfaces

Ceramics coatings are materials widely used in gas turbines to provide thermal shielding of superalloy materials against excessive turbine temperatures. However, measurement of their surface temperatures using conventional radiation thermometers, more so in the presence of high ambient radiation and low emissivity is quite challenging. A multispectral method employing curve fitting technique to measure the temperature of such targets in the range of 800–1200 K and ambient temperature of 1273 K is implemented in this paper through simulation. Several simulated experiments were carried out to identify emissivity models best suited for multispectral radiation thermometry applicable to ceramic coatings. The best emissivity model applicable to yttria-stabilized zirconia of coating thickness of 330 μm in the wavelength range of 3.5–3.9 μm was found to predict temperature with an error of less than 1.5% in the presence and absence of background noise.     

Methodology for spectral emissivity measurement by means of single color pyrometer

The application of non-intrusive optical devices, such as infrared pyrometers able to measure the temperature of surfaces, makes possible the evaluation of emissivity curve of the tested materials at different temperature values. In this paper the authors propose a methodology for the spectral emissivity measurement by means of a single color pyrometer providing a semi-empirical formula, obtained experimentally at CIRA’s laboratory. The semi-empirical formula allows to know the actual emissivity value of the sample’s surface for whatever emissivity value set up on the pyrometer. The agreement between the experimental emissivity and the emissivity predicted by semi-empirical formula was verified.     

Measurement technology for material emissivity under high temperature dynamic heating conditions

The thermal dissipation of radiation is main heat shield mechanism for non-ablative thermal protection materials on hypersonic vehicles withstanding high temperature dynamic heating cycle during endo-atmospheric ascent, cruise and reentry. Therefore, it is necessary to know the thermal radiative properties of the material under the simulated high temperature dynamic heating conditions on the ground. The emissivity depends on the surface state and its temperature. A new simultaneous measurement technology of emissivity and varying surface temperature is proposed under high temperature dynamic heating conditions. This new technology solved synchronous measurement problems by utilizing spectral signal of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The calibration of different temperature ranges, the background disturbances, the influences on temperature measurement by wavelength range and its corresponding fluctuations of measurement signal, were thoroughly investigated. The measured results of steel and graphite as reference materials proved the effectiveness of this simultaneous measurement technology and showed great potential in engineering applications under high temperature dynamic heating conditions.     

基于径向基函数网络多光谱辐射测温技术理论研究

在多光谱辐射测温技术中常需要假设光谱发射率及波长之间的数学模型。文中介绍了一种基于神经网络的多光谱辐射测温数据处理方法,代替了假设发射率模型的方法。利用径向基函数网络,可由网络的输出直接得到目标的真温和光谱发射率,并分析了各种测试情形对测结果的影响。计算机仿真结构表明此方法是一种比较好的获知真温与发射率的方法．     

Emissivity estimation for high temperature radiation pyrometry on Ti–6Al–4V

The paper demonstrates a versatile procedure suitable for industrial implementation of temperature measurement on a hot titanium alloy. The driving force has been the need for an accurate temperature measurement during additive manufacturing using laser welding technology where Ti–6Al–4V-wire is melted. The challenges consider both industrial constraints and the varying emissivity of the surface. Measurements makes use of a narrow bandwidth spot radiation pyrometer and a calibration procedure for estimation of the surface temperature through spectral emissivity estimation. The theoretical results are validated through experiments. A number of difficulties in radiation temperature measurements for metals with varying surface properties are discussed; especially the case of surface oxidation. The uncertainty in temperature reading due to the uncertainty in the emissivity estimate is established along with a model that qualitatively describes surface oxidation. The procedure is expected to be useful for several manufacturing applications where it is important to control high temperatures.     

Single wavelength and ratio pyrometry reflection errors in temperature measurement of gas turbine blade

Radiation thermometers are the instruments most opted for when measuring surface temperatures of high speed rotating parts non-intrusively in many industrial applications. However, reflection of ambient radiation from the measured target goes against the operating principles of most of these thermometers thus introducing errors to the temperature measurements. Reflection errors introduced into single wavelength and ratio pyrometer temperature measurements of a rotating cooled gas turbine blade were investigated in this work through simulation. Errors for the two pyrometers based on varied target surface emissivity, view factor and ambient temperature were calculated. At high ambient temperatures, high view factors and low surface emissivity, errors exceeding 70% and 30% were realized for single wavelength and ratio pyrometers respectively. Thus temperature measured on reflective targets surrounded by surfaces at much higher temperature should be corrected for reflection errors if its reliability is to be guaranteed.     

多光谱测温法的实验研究——发射率模型的自动判别

在多光谱辐射温度计的数据处理中需要假设发射率与波长的数学模型,本文提出一种自动判别发射率与波长数学模型的新方法,并通过实验证明了此方法的确是一种解决目标真温及光谱发射率等测量问题行之有效的方法。     

Non-contact temperature measurement of silicon wafers based on the combined use of transmittance and radiance

We propose a non-contact temperature measurement method that combines the temperature dependence of transmittance below 600 °C and radiation thermometry above 600 °C. The combined method uses a polarization technique and the Brewster angle between air and a dielectric film such as SiO₂ or Si₃N₄ grown on silicon wafers. A prominent feature of this method is that both measurements of transmittance and radiance are performed with the same geometrical arrangement.For a semitransparent wafer, the measurement of p-polarized transmittance at the wavelengths of 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3 μm enables temperature measurement in the range from room temperature to 600 °C. For an opaque wafer above 600 °C, the p-polarized radiation thermometry at the wavelength of 4.5 μm allows the temperature measurement without the emissivity problem. The combined method with the use of transmittance and radiance is valid in the entire temperature range irrespective of variations of film thickness and resistivity.     

低温状态下的材料法向发射率测量

研究了在-60~50℃条件下准确测量材料法向发射率的方法。基于发射率定义建立了材料法向发射率测量模型。为屏蔽环境杂散辐射与大气吸收的影响,利用真空液氮背景通道搭建了低温状态下材料发射率测量装置。测量了氧化铜与高发射率陶瓷两种样品的法向发射率随温度、波长的变化情况。结果表明:两种样品的法向光谱发射率均随波长增加而降低;随温度的升高,氧化铜样品法向积分发射率稳定为0.850±0.012,陶瓷样品的法向积分发射率降低了0.124。最后,实现了低温状态下红外光谱辐射的高精度采集,对低温状态下材料法向光谱发射率测量结果的不确定度进行了评定,得到的结果显示其相对扩展不确定度小于6.0%。     

热敏液晶定量测温系统

热敏液晶由于其特殊的层状、扭曲型分子结构，使其具有选择性反射光波的特性。而选择反射光波的波长和温度之间存在依赖关系，根据这一原理，在HSI色彩模型基础上，结合数字图像处理技术，建立了热敏液晶定量测温系统。该系统实验数据和拟合曲线之间显示了良好的复合性，温度测量误差在0．8℃左右。实验表明，该方法能够获取物体表面详细的温度场分布信息，并具有较高的分辨率和测量精度。     

手持式激光光色性能测量系统实现及误差分析

鉴于激光波长相对固定的特性,采用一种新的测量激光光色性能测量方法,设计出基于单片机的手持式高精度激光光色性能测量系统。该系统可实现不同波长激光光色性能测量,通过系统初始化时波长输入来提取相应光谱三刺激值,而后进行参数计算。对测量系统进行了实验误差分析,由系统验证结果及误差分析表明,该系统可实现低成本制作,所述测量原理能完成对色空间坐标、光照度、色温等光色性能参数的高精度测量。     

复杂背景下三维弯曲表面红外测温修正

航空发动机涡轮叶片的断裂脱落与叶片温度密切相关,准确测量涡轮叶片温度对航空发动机的安全运行具有重要意义。针对涡轮叶片材料发射率不均匀、周围高温物体反射严重以及探测角度变化等因素导致传统红外辐射测温方法精度难以保证的问题,基于辐射传输理论与红外热成像测温原理,分析了对红外测温结果影响的主要因素,提出了复杂背景下三维弯曲表面红外辐射测温的修正模型。通过设计实验测量获得弯曲表面的发射率、双向反射分布函数、角系数等重要参数,根据提出的温度修正模型,得到弯曲表面红外修正温度。通过与典型位置上热电偶的测温结果对比,测温误差由修正前的4%左右下降到1%以内,证明了所提的修正模型具有较高的精度和适应性,可为涡轮叶片气动传热试验技术的提升和航空发动机等重大装备的研制提供支撑。     

大型空间反射镜发射率测量及误差分析

为了准确测定空间相机主镜毛坯件的表面发射率以便定量分析相机热控效果,本文在分析热像仪测温原理的基础上,利用现有测量条件,提出一种利用两种已知发射率材料作为参考的发射率测量方法.根据测量试验,得到主镜表面发射率为0.565.为定量反映各因素对测量精度的影响,对测量公式进行了误差分析.分析结果表明,与被测件表面发射率接近的材料的热像仪测温误差及发射率标称误差对测量精度有较大影响,同时得到本次试验因热像仪测温误差及参考材料发射率标称误差带来的测量误差为±0.028.最后,结合相机热平衡试验的数据对测量结果进行了验证,结果表明测量得到的主反射镜的发射率基本反映了热平衡试验的主镜表面状态,证明本文的方法对主反射镜发射率的测量是适用有效的.     

辐射测温的广义有效亮度温度

针对实际测温中的问题和经典亮度温度理论的不足,提出了以灰体为参照辐射体的广义有效亮度温度概念;利用等效波长理论阐述了带通辐射温度计测量的"主观"特性(积分广义有效亮度温度)与表面有效辐射的"客观"特性(广义有效亮度温度)的关系;分析归纳了广义有效亮度温度的特性以及它与广义亮度温度、有效亮度温度和经典亮度温度之间的关系。广义有效亮度温度理论是对以黑体为参考辐射体的经典表观温度理论的发展,能够在理论上表达和解释亮度测量辐射温度计的实际测量结果,包括在经典理论中缺乏解释的具备发射率修正功能的辐射测温计的测量结果。     

基于彩色CCD的比色测温校正方法

基于彩色CCD的比色测温技术是当前高温测量领域中的研究热点之一.被测物体的发射率随辐射波长变化以及CCD光谱响应特性非理想是该方法的主要误差来源.通过对比色测温原理和CCD成像原理的分析,提出了含有发射率校正系数和CCD响应带宽校正系数的比色测温公式,以减少CCD光谱响应特性非理想和被测辐射体发射率变化带来的测量误差.提出利用黑体炉实验标定CCD响应带宽校正系数a、b,利用现场实验标定发射率校正系数c.实验表明,本方法能有效地减小测温误差,具有较强的实用性.     

红外热像仪精确测温技术

为实现红外热像仪对温度的精确测量,根据热辐射理论和红外热像仪的测温原理,推导了计算被测物体表面真实温度的通用计算公式;讨论了发射率对测温精度的影响,分析了用红外热像仪进行精确测温的条件,探讨了环境、大气和热像仪本身对测量精度的影响,并绘制了各种因素对测温精度影响的理论曲线。结果表明:发射率为0.7时,真实温度为50℃,发射率偏离0.1时,对于3~5 μm热像仪来说,测温结果偏离真实温度0.76~0.89 ℃; 对于8~14 μm热像仪来说,测温结果偏离真实温度1.56~1.87℃。本研究结果对提高热像仪测量温度和表面发射率的准确性,减小不必要的测量误差具有实际意义。     

Books Received for Review

Smartphone image sensor response is compared for broadband and narrowband (340 nm and 380 nm) UVA wavelengths (320–400 nm) based on previous studies that have demonstrated quantitative response to solar radiation at 380 nm and 340 nm to reconstruct broadband irradiance. This article compares broadband and narrowband sensing using a common readily accessible smartphone equipped with a broadband UVA filter that displayed strong sensitivity to long wavelength UVA irradiances from 370 nm with a maximum at 380 nm. However, the use of narrow passband and neutral density filters allowed quantitative observations at the biologically significant wavelength of 340 nm. Narrow passband filter observations also had less variation at 340 nm than observed for broadband measurements. The results indicate that the smartphone image sensor, with the addition of narrow passband and neutral density filters, is a viable tool for UVA observations, but is unsuitable for broadband filter measurements.     

Experimental mathematical model as a generalization of sensitivity analysis of high temperature spectral emissivity measurement method

The development of an experimental mathematical model describing temperature state of the sample during high temperature spectral emissivity measurement is introduced. Dimensional analysis of the measurement process gives the physical dimensionless quantities and sensitivity analysis of the measurement process provides the large set of performed model experiments. Evaluated experimental mathematical models are presented including their accordance with model experiments. Established equations are generalization of sensitivity analysis of high temperature spectral emissivity measurement method and can be used for computation of spectral emissivity total uncertainty.