基于电感式传感器的金属颗粒材质识别及粒径估计

传统的电感式颗粒传感器输出的是电感或电压幅值的脉冲信号,本质为标量信号。可通过脉冲信号的正负性区分金属颗粒是磁性或非磁性,且只能在已知颗粒材质的情况下估计颗粒的粒径。但在含有多种金属颗粒的油液中,基于标量信号的颗粒识别方法将失效。为此,本文采用了一种双锁相放大电路,将颗粒产生的复数域信号转化为一对直流信号。提出一种基于模糊隶属度函数的信号处理方法,实现了在噪音干扰下多种颗粒的材质识别和粒径估计。本文搭建了三线圈传感器实验系统。利用五种金属颗粒构建了隶属度函数,并进行系统标定。最后选取两种颗粒对标定后的系统进行了验证。结果表明系统对颗粒材质的识别准确,粒径估计误差小于2%。     

消光法测量乳剂颗粒的研究

为研究消光法颗粒粒径测量中浓度和双层球形颗粒问题,根据Lambert-Beer定律,对不同浓度下的乳剂和PBA/PMMA双层球颗粒乳剂采用多波长消光法进行测量分析。实验结果表明:当颗粒物浓度超出某一临界浓度范围后,由消光法测量的粒径结果将受浓度变化的剧烈影响;对于核壳结构的双层球形颗粒,如果两层结构的折射率相差不大,采用其中一种折射率通过消光法来测量,其结果仍比较准确,误差不大。     

On-line measurement of particle size distribution and mass flow rate of particles in a pneumatic suspension using combined imaging and electrostatic sensors

This paper presents a novel instrumentation system that uses a combination of electrostatic and digital imaging sensors. An inferential approach is adopted for the mass flow measurement of particles, velocity and volumetric concentration of particles being measured independently. The velocity of particles is determined by cross correlating two signals derived from a pair of electrostatic sensors and the volumetric concentration of particles is obtained using a novel digital imaging sensor, which also provides particle size distribution data. The basic principles and limits of operation of the imaging sensor are discussed and explained. Results obtained from a pneumatic conveyor are presented which demonstrate good performance of the measurement system for both mass flow metering (accurate to about ±6%) and particle sizing (reliable to around ±2.5%). Particle size distribution results are also included and the insensitivity of particle sizing to changes in velocity and concentration is assessed. In addition, on-line sizing results are compared to off-line results, measured using an accepted laser diffraction based instrument, and good agreement is observed. In general, the results obtained are encouraging and the system shows great promise.     

单颗粒质谱数据采集系统动态范围的扩大

大气气溶胶单颗粒物的化学组分复杂,含量差异较大,单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪利用激光电离颗粒物会产生大量幅值差异较大的离子信号,常规的数据采集系统不足以准确检测其质谱信息。本研究开发了一套新的数据采集系统,采用高、低量程叠加采样法分别单独检测大、小信号,并通过一定的算法合并信号,有效地扩大了质谱检测系统的动态范围。该方法不仅能够真实地还原谱图的原始信息,还可以提高质谱识别颗粒物的准确率以及颗粒的利用率。     

On-line measurement of the size distribution of particles in a gas–solid two-phase flow through acoustic sensing and advanced signal analysis

Acoustic emission (AE) technology is a promising approach to non-intrusively measure the size distribution of particles in a pneumatic suspension. This paper presents an experimental study of the AE sensing technology coupled with signal processing algorithms for on-line particle sizing. The frequency characteristics of the AE signals under different experimental conditions are studied and compared. Initially, the characteristics of the background noise and AE signals are compared in the frequency domain for different air velocities and particle feeding rates. Through short-term energy analysis the working features of the suction unit and the vibration feeder are revealed. To find the effective characteristic frequency band of the AE signals, a multiple scanning and accumulation method assisted with a Savitzky–Golay smoothing filter is used to denoise the power spectra of the signals. Wavelet analysis is also deployed to denoise the signals. The denoising performance of different wavelet parameters (wavelet function, decomposition level and thresholding) is compared in terms of signal-to-noise ratio and signal smoothness. Finally, particle size is predicted through a neural network with energy fraction extracted through wavelet analysis. Experimental results demonstrate that the relative error of the particle sizing system is no greater than 23%.     

Towards a model for the number of airborne particles generated from a sliding contact

Recently, much attention has been given to the influence of airborne particles in the atmosphere on human health. Sliding contacts are a significant source of airborne particles in urban environments. Airborne particles may be generated by disc brakes and wheel-rail contacts. This paper presents a new model for determining the number of airborne particles generated by a sliding contact. Previously presented data from a pin-on-disc tribometer equipped with airborne particle counting instrumentation was used to verify the model. The derived particle rate is proportional to the load for the ball bearing steel material evaluated. Furthermore, the model incorporates three particle regimes with distinct number peaks; one with ultra fine particles with a peak around 0.08 μm, one with fine particles with a peak around 0.35 μm and one with coarse particles with a peak around 2 μm, that can be used to rank the number of generated particles from different material combinations and contact conditions.     

Electronic detector for conducting particles and fibrils

When small airborne conducting particles and fibrils strike a conducting surface with an electric charge distribution on it, they acquire charge and are repelled from the surface. If the conducting surface is connected to a power supply of constant potential, a charging pulse is observed as each particle or fibril makes contact with the surface. A collection of such charging pulses can be processed by a pulse height analyzer to yield information about the size and frequency of conducting airborne particles.     

用光子相关光谱法测量多分散颗粒系的颗粒粒度分布

光子相关光谱 ( Photon Correlation Spectroscopy,简称 PCS)技术是测量亚微米及纳米颗粒粒度的有效方法 ,其测量原理始基于颗粒的布朗运动。设计完成了 PCS颗粒粒度测量装置 ,并进行多分散颗粒系的粒度分布测量 ,测量结果与样品标称值相吻合     

A Pin-on-Disc Study Focusing on How Different Load Levels Affect the Concentration and Size Distribution of Airborne Wear Particles from the Disc Brake Materials

Airborne wear particles originating from disc brakes are one important contributor to the concentration of airborne particles in urban environments. It is therefore of interest to improve the knowledge of these particles. The purpose of this article is to investigate the concentration and size distribution of the airborne wear particles generated from the contact between a low-metallic pad material and a grey cast iron disc at different load levels. This is done on model level with a pin-on-disc machine that allows the cleanliness of the air surrounding the test specimens to be controlled, and thus the airborne portion of the wear particles to be studied separately. The concentration and size of airborne wear particles were measured online during testing with four particle instruments. In addition, airborne wear particles were collected on filters during the tests and afterward analysed using SEM. Trimodal size distributions with peaks around 280, 350 and 550 nm were registered during running-in for all load levels. After running-in bimodal size distributions with peaks around 350 and 550 nm were registered for all load levels with the exception of the highest load level where multimodal size distributions were registered. At the two highest load levels the concentration of ultrafine/fine particles showed an increase up to a factor hundred indicating a change in wear mechanism. SEM images show ultrafine, fine and coarse airborne wear particles.     

动态光散射颗粒分布软测量

考虑传统动态光散射颗粒粒度分布测量用的反演算法复杂、精度不够、抗噪能力差,本文基于大数据思想,提出了一种动态光散射颗粒分布软测量方法。该方法通过调节颗粒粒度分布形状参数获得大量自相关函数及其对应颗粒分布的数据;使用这些数据对子学习机进行训练。最后,针对训练数据维数较高的特点对传统Bagging算法进行改进,并利用改进的Bagging集成算法集成子学习机以提高软测量模型的精度及泛化能力。通过模拟单峰数据和对300nm标准粒径进行软测量开展了验证实验。结果表明,该方法能够较好地测量出不同动态光散射颗粒分布的峰值及分布宽度,模拟单峰数据测量峰值精度可达1nm,300nm和503nm,标准粒径测量精度分别可达3nm和4nm,优于一般的反演算法。该软测量方法为动态光散射颗粒分布测量开辟了新的途径。     

Acoustic emissions for particle sizing of powders through signal processing techniques

The present work introduces an innovative method for measuring particle size distribution of an airborne powder, based on the application of signal processing techniques to the acoustic emission signals produced by the impacts of the powder with specific metallic surfaces. The basic idea of the proposed methodology lies on the identification of the unknown relation between the acquired acoustic emission signals and the powder particle size distribution, by means of a multi-step procedure. In the first step, wavelet packet decomposition is used to extract useful features from the acoustic emission signals; the dimensionality of feature space is further reduced through multivariate data analysis techniques. As a final step, a neural network is properly trained to map the feature vector into the particle size distribution.The proposed solution has several advantages, such as low cost and low invasiveness which allow the system based on this technique to be easily integrated in pre-existing plants. It has been successfully applied to the PSD measurement of coal powder produced by grinding mills in a coal-fired power station, and the experimental results are reported in the paper. The measurement principle can also be applied to different particle sizing applications, whenever a solid powder is carried in air or in other gases.     

激光散射法测量非球形粒子尺寸的方法

介绍了激光散射法粒度测量的基本原理。提出了非球形粒子,如线状、柱状粒子的测量方法。通过对几种尺寸粒子的计算机分析表明,用线形、矩形衍射数迭代上述粒子,可获得与实际情况一致的结果。     

PCS颗粒测量技术中软件相关方法的研究

数字相关是PCS颗粒测量技术中的一个关键环节，自相关函数的估计质量直接影响颗粒测量的结果。自相关函数的估计可以通过硬件或软件方法得到。在软件数字相关方法中，利用相关计算时可以得到全部的采样数据这一与硬件相关所不同的特点，能去除采样数据中的均值，并在分析偏差的基础上，采用无偏估计，可有效地提高信噪比，从而获得更好的相关估计值。     

单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪自动粒径校正方法

单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪通常采用空气动力学透镜进样,通过测量透镜出口每一个颗粒物的速度来推算颗粒物的空气动力学直径。然而,颗粒物速度受透镜前端压力的影响较大,该压力发生微小变化就会导致颗粒物粒径检测发生偏差。本研究提出一种适用于单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪的自动粒径校正方法,预先记录几组一定透镜前端压力范围内的粒径校准参数,然后根据进样压力的变化,使软件自动通过插值算法拟合相应的粒径校正方程对颗粒物粒径测量值进行校正,从而保证在指定的压力波动范围内粒径测量结果的准确性。实验结果表明,当透镜前端压力在164.92~352.45 Pa范围变化时,该方法对于152~3100 nm颗粒物的测径偏差大部分都在10 nm以内。模拟结果表明,该方法能够保证仪器在海拔8 km范围内粒径测量的准确性,可以应用到所有采用空气动力学进样及激光颗粒物粒径测量的仪器中,能够极大地增加仪器对外界环境的适应性并提高数据结果的可靠性。     

On the identification of wear modes and transitions using airborne wear particles

A novel test method was used to identify how contact conditions influence the wear modes and transitions for sliding steel-on-steel contacts. The test equipment was a pin-on-disc tribometer equipped with instruments for counting airborne particles. The results show that the dominant wear mode significantly influences the number of airborne particles generated from the contact. During mild wear few or no measurable airborne particles were generated. The transitional running-in process could also be identified by airborne particle measurement analysis.     

三波长消光法测定微粒的粒径及其分布

用洮肖法（Ｌｉｇｈｔ ｅｘｔｉｎｅｃｉｔｏｎ）可以测量颗粒的平均粒径,而用多波长消光法,不仅可以测量颗粒的平均粒径,而且也可以测量颗粒的粒径分布。本文提出,当采用函数限制解法时,仅用３个波长即可求出颗粒的粒径及其粒径分布计算机数值模拟计算处实测结果证实了这种方法的有效性。     

应用激光微小光斑进行颗粒分析

目前已有多种颗粒分析的方法,它们都有各自的特点,本文介绍一种应用激光微小光斑进行颗粒分析的技术,该方法应用聚焦光斑直径与被测样品平均颗粒粒径相近的激光光斑,使其落在样品颗粒上,在后向获取信号,经处理得到样品颗粒分析的结果,它适用于河道与港口水样品的泥沙分析,也可以应用在类似的场合。     

A study on the control characteristics of ER valve-FHA system and durability test

In this paper, making the best use of the features of the electro-rheological (ER) valve, a two-port pressure control valve using ER fluids is proposed and manufactured. The ER-Valve characteristics are evaluated by changing the intensity of the electric field and the number of electrode. As only with electrical signal change to the ER-Valve in which ER fluid flowing, ER fluid flow is controlled, so development of simple ER-Valves have been tried. The ER-Valves and pressure drop check method are considered to be applied to the fluid power industry. Using the manufactured pressure control valve, a one-link manipulator with FHA (Flexible Hydraulic Actuator) is driven. As a result, it is experimentally confirmed that the pressure control valve using ER fluids is applicable to use in driving actuator. If it applies characteristics of the ER fluids, it will be able to apply in the control system for the ER Valve which occurs from industrial controller. After having durability test, shear stress increased regularly because of starch particles crushed by pump and particle size that was almost the same. Moreover, Ra of copper electrode increased about 1.56 times rather than before those of performing durability test, and Rz increased about 2.2 times.     

Single particle raster image analysis of diffusion for particle mixtures

Recently we complemented the raster image correlation spectroscopy (RICS) method of analysing raster images via estimation of the image correlation function with the method single particle raster image analysis (SPRIA). In SPRIA, individual particles are identified and the diffusion coefficient of each particle is estimated by a maximum likelihood method. In this paper, we extend the SPRIA method to analyse mixtures of particles with a finite set of diffusion coefficients in a homogeneous medium. In examples with simulated and experimental data with two and three different diffusion coefficients, we show that SPRIA gives accurate estimates of the diffusion coefficients and their proportions. A simple technique for finding the number of different diffusion coefficients is also suggested. Further, we study the use of RICS for mixtures with two different diffusion coefficents and investigate, by plotting level curves of the correlation function, how large the quotient between diffusion coefficients needs to be in order to allow discrimination between models with one and two diffusion coefficients. We also describe a minor correction (compared to published papers) of the RICS autocorrelation function.     

Real-time single particle mass spectrometry: a historical review of a quarter century of the chemical analysis of aerosols

Real-time single particle mass spectrometry, or continuous aerosol mass spectrometry, was originally developed in the 1970s for the purpose of identifying the chemical composition of airborne particulate matter in real-time. Although this technique has continued to evolve throughout the following decades, the fundamental characteristic of this method remains the same, involving the continuous introduction of solid particle or liquid droplets directly into the ion source region of a mass spectrometer. Continuous sample introduction allows for the chemical analysis of single airborne particles in real-time. A number of mass analyzers have been employed in real-time single particle mass spectrometry. The original real-time single particle mass spectrometer used a magnetic sector mass analyzer. Quadrupole, double-focusing, and ion trap mass spectrometers have also been utilized. The majority of the current real-time single particle mass spectrometry techniques use time-of-flight mass spectrometry. In the literature, a variety of general names have been applied to real-time single particle mass spectrometry methods. These names include direct-inlet mass spectrometry, on-line laser microprobe mass spectrometry, particle analysis by mass spectrometry, particle beam mass spectrometry, and rapid-single particle mass spectrometry. This review covers real-time single particle mass spectrometry techniques that were developed from 1973 through 1998, specifically for analyzing airborne particulate matter, including environmental aerosols, biological aerosols, and clean-room aerosols. Because the majority of the historical and current real-time single particle mass spectrometers have been employed for atmospheric aerosols, this topic is the primary focus of this review. This review does not include on-line mass spectrometry methods that are employed as a detector for other instrumental methods, such as liquid chromatography.