激光等离子体X射线特征谱轮廓诊断

开展了利用X射线特征谱轮廓诊断激光等离子体状态参数的研究。在"神光II"激光装置上,将0.35μm频谱激光束聚焦于真空室内固体氯(Cl)元素靶上产生激光氯等离子体,利用高分辨X射线椭圆弯晶谱仪获取高能谱分辨激光氯等离子体辐射的X射线精细结构能谱。用类氢(1s-3p)和类氦(1s2-1s3p)氯离子能级跃迁光谱线的光强度比率计算了激光等离子体的电子温度;然后在假定光性为薄的情况下,利用X射线谱线Lyman-线形轮廓的Stark效应所产生的谱线展宽测量了等离子体的电子密度。实验获得的激光等离子体日冕区内体平均电子温度约为450eV,电子密度约为7.5×1022 cm-3。文中还简单分析了能谱线的半高全宽度(FWHM)值以及诊断过程引入的诊断误差,初步预估诊断误差可控制在25%以内。该项工作为X射线特征谱轮廓法进一步应用于激光聚变靶丸压缩度精度测量等工作提供了参考。     

椭圆型晶体谱仪谱测量的解谱

描述了椭圆型晶体谱仪配X射线CCD相机的X射线谱测量系统(EBCS-XCCD),研究了CCD相机记录信号的解谱处理方法,推出了对实测原始谱曲线辨认或标识值的计算公式及激光等离子体辐射X射线在某一波长光谱强度的公式,使之应用在激光打靶产生的等离子体源辐射X射线谱的回推,辨认出了激光等离子体X射线源能谱,并与文献[1]的结果进行了比较,结果基本一致.测试结果证实了解谱方法的可行性,表明X射线CCD相机适用于椭圆型晶体谱仪的光谱测量记录.在已知晶体的积分反射率、滤片透射率和CCD探测效率的条件下,可以获得X射线源光谱强度,为下一步诊断激光等离子体的电子温度和离子密度的空间分布轮廓和进一步细化X射线激光研究奠定了基础.     

椭圆型晶体谱仪谱测量的解谱研究

对椭圆型晶体谱仪配X射线CCD相机的X射线谱测量系统（EBCS-XCCD）进行了简要描述,研究了CCD相机记录信号的解谱处理方法,推出了对实测原始谱曲线辨认或标识值的计算公式及激光等离子体X射线源在某一波长光谱强度的公式,使之应用在激光打靶产生的等离子体源辐射X射线谱的回推,辨认出了激光等离子体X射线源能谱,并与文献[1]的结果进行了比较,结果基本一致。这一事实有力地佐证了解谱方法的可行性,也表明X射线CCD相机是适宜于椭圆型晶体谱仪的光谱测量记录。在已知晶体的积分反射率、滤片透射率和CCD探测效率的条件下,还可以获得X射线源光谱强度,可为下一步诊断激光等离子体的电子温度和离子密度的空间分布轮廓和进一步细化X激光研究奠定了更深厚的基础。     

激光诱导击穿光谱表征激光重熔后不锈钢的硬度

为了探究激光诱导击穿光谱（laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy,LIBS）技术对激光重熔后不锈钢的硬度的表征，以激光重熔后的不锈钢为原材料，研究不同硬度的不锈钢对激光诱导等离子体的光谱特性和物理特性的影响，分析激光重熔后不同的激光功率和扫描速度对硬度的影响，分析不同硬度与特征谱线，以及不同硬度与等离子体电子温度的变化规律。实验结果表明：选择Fe、Si、Cr和Mn元素的特征谱线分析谱线强度和谱线强度比与硬度的关系，元素的原子谱线与硬度呈负相关，元素的离子谱线强度和原子谱线强度比与硬度呈正相关；选择Fe元素的4条离子谱线分析等离子体温度与硬度的关系，随着硬度增加，等离子体温度逐渐升高，线性相关系数为0.919。本研究表明LIBS技术有表征激光重熔后不锈钢硬度的潜力，为硬度表征提供了一种新方法。     

共振光电子出现电势谱

在研究软X射线出现电势谱(SXAPS)和俄歇电子出现电势谱(AEAPS)的基础上,设计了一种新的芯能级谱仪——共振光电子出现电势谱仪。用内装式X光管发射的软X射线照射样品时,如X光管阳极与被照样品为相同材料,则在阳极电压达到出现电势阈值时,所产生的特征X射线将使样品发生共振吸收,而在芯能级上产生空穴,然后在退激发时发射俄歇电子。测定次级电子产额随阳极电压的变化即可得到共振光电子出现电势谱(简写为RPAPS)。用纯镍和镍合金作实验,结果表明,RPAPS对主峰以外的次峰灵敏度和对杂质元素的分辨率均优于同样条件下的SXAPS。初步分析还表明RPAPS与利用连续X射线的光电子出现电势谱(XPAPS)在机理上是不同的。     

用离轴峰值法测定氩等离子体电弧的温度分布

用离轴峰值法测定等离子体电弧中的温度分布,只需测定一条谱线的归一化发射系数分布。在较高的温度下,测量精度优于谱线相对强度法。此法应用时有一定的温度下限,对于氩等离子体电弧,其中心最高温度必须超过氩原子谱线的正态温度(约15×10~3K)。实验测得了氩等离子体电弧的径向温度分布。以ArI4510,ArI6965谱线分别测得的温度分布基本吻合。     

Fe的价态分析及其应用

利用扫描了电子显微镜（SEM）和X射线波谱仪（WDX）研究了Fe及其氧化物的I_(Lm)/I_(Km)和 I_(Lm)/I_(Lβ)谱线强度比的价态效应,观察到谱线强度比按一定规律随价态而变化。利用价态效应分析了45钢摩擦表面的磨屑产物,通过分析可以判断磨损类型。     

电子回旋共振离子推力器放电室等离子体静电探针诊断

电子回旋共振离子推力器是一种无阴极静电型推进装置,具有比冲高、无电极烧蚀和寿命长的优点,可用于深空探测和长寿命卫星。在其放电室内存在着复杂的、紧密耦合在一起含电子回旋共振区的静磁场、微波电磁场和等离子体流场,弄清放电室内复杂的场结构对于推力器的结构和性能优化有着重要的作用。为此认为放电室中的离子未被磁化,采用朗缪尔探针直接诊断放电室内的电子温度和离子密度,再根据等离子体的准中性原则,认为离子密度就反映了电子密度。根据诊断结果可以分析出放电室内的氩等离子体场结构。气体流量分别为3 sccm和8 sccm、微波功率分别为10 W和34 W时,实验诊断得到电子温度分布在1 eV～6.8 eV范围内、离子密度分布在2×1016/m3～2.8×1017/m3范围内。     

椭圆弯晶谱仪分析器研制

针对激光惯性约束核聚变辐射的X射线分析,可得到关于等离子体电子密度、温度、电荷分布等重要信息.研究的X射线弯晶谱仪分析器是用来诊断X射线光谱,进而实现对激光惯性约束核聚变的控制.探讨了椭圆弯晶谱仪理论原理,分析了积分反射率和质量吸收系数.弯晶谱仪采用LiF弯晶分析器,椭圆焦距2c为1 350 mm,椭圆离心率e为0.958 6,晶体布拉格角范围为30°至60°.在此对LiF弯晶分析器的制作工艺进行详细描述.实验结果表明,该晶体分析器对X射线的分辨率(λ/Δλ)可达900以上,能够用来对激光等离子体的X射线光谱进行诊断.     

激光等离子体X射线极化光谱研究

为了诊断激光等离子体X射线的极化光谱,研制了一种新型的基于空间分辨的极化谱仪。将平面晶体和球面弯晶色散元件在极化谱仪内正交布置,即在水平通道用PET平面晶体作为色散元件,而在垂直通道用Mica球面弯晶作为色散元件,球面半径为380mm。信号采用成像板进行接收,有效接收面积为30×80mm,从等离子体光源经晶体到成像板的光路约为980mm。物理实验首次在中国工程物理研究院激光聚变研究中心“2×10J激光装置”上进行,成像板获得了铝激光等离子体X射线的光谱空间分辨信号。实验结果表明该谱仪具有较高谱分辨率,适合激光等离子体x射线极化光谱的诊断。     

Deconvolution of Stark broadened spectra for multi-point density measurements in a flow Z-pinch

Stark broadened emission spectra, once separated from other broadening effects, provide a convenient non-perturbing means of making plasma density measurements. A deconvolution technique has been developed to measure plasma densities in the ZaP flow Z-pinch experiment. The ZaP experiment uses sheared flow to mitigate MHD instabilities. The pinches exhibit Stark broadened emission spectra, which are captured at 20 locations using a multi-chord spectroscopic system. Spectra that are time- and chord-integrated are well approximated by a Voigt function. The proposed method simultaneously resolves plasma electron density and ion temperature by deconvolving the spectral Voigt profile into constituent functions: a Gaussian function associated with instrument effects and Doppler broadening by temperature; and a Lorentzian function associated with Stark broadening by electron density. The method uses analytic Fourier transforms of the constituent functions to fit the Voigt profile in the Fourier domain. The method is discussed and compared to a basic least-squares fit. The Fourier transform fitting routine requires fewer fitting parameters and shows promise in being less susceptible to instrumental noise and to contamination from neighboring spectral lines. The method is evaluated and tested using simulated lines and is applied to experimental data for the 229.69 nm C III line from multiple chords to determine plasma density and temperature across the diameter of the pinch. These measurements are used to gain a better understanding of Z-pinch equilibria.     

Note: Zeeman splitting measurements in a high-temperature plasma

The Zeeman effect has been used for measurement of magnetic fields in low-temperature plasma, but the diagnostic technique is difficult to implement in a high-temperature plasma. This paper describes new instrumentation and methodology for simultaneous measurement of the entire Doppler-broadened left and right circularly polarized Zeeman spectra in high-temperature plasmas. Measurements are made using spectra emitted parallel to the magnetic field by carbon impurities in high-temperature plasma. The Doppler-broadened width is much larger than the magnitude of the Zeeman splitting, thus simultaneous recording of the two circularly polarized Zeeman line profiles is key to accurate measurement of the magnetic field in the ZaP Z-pinch plasma device. Spectral data are collected along multiple chords on both sides of the symmetry axis of the plasma. This enables determination of the location of the current axis of the Z-pinch and of lower-bound estimates of the local magnetic field at specific radial locations in the plasma.     

全柔性热膜微传感器阵列制造工艺及性能优化

利用MEMS微加工技术,以镍作为热敏材料,在柔性衬底上制作出了全柔性热膜微传感器阵列,具有软性可弯、便于曲面贴附实现分布测量、高灵敏度的特点。结合制备工艺与性能测试,首次系统性分析掌握了氩气压强、衬底温度、溅射功率、退火温度等工艺参数对电阻温度系数的影响规律。通过优化工艺参数以提高柔性热膜微传感器的电阻温度系数,使其达到了4640 ppm/℃,并且保持了较好的线性度。     

Modeling magnetic fields measured by surface probes embedded in a cylindrical flux conserver

Calculating magnetic fields at the surface of a flux conserver, perfect conductor, for displaced plasma currents is useful for understanding modes of a Z-pinch. The magnetic fields measured at the flux conserver are a sum of the magnetic fields from the plasma current and the eddy currents which form in the walls to keep the flux constant. While the magnetic field at the wall from the plasma current alone is easily calculated using the Biot-Savart law, finding the eddy currents in the flux conserver which satisfy the boundary conditions can be a tedious process. A simple method of calculating the surface magnetic field for a given Z-pinch displacement off-axis is derived for a cylindrical flux conserver. This relationship does not require the explicit calculation of the eddy currents, saving time when analyzing surface magnetic probe measurements. Analytic expressions can be used to describe the surface magnetic field which increase the understanding of the magnetic probe measurements.     

Cold plasma brush generated at atmospheric pressure

A cold plasma brush is generated at atmospheric pressure with low power consumption in the level of several watts (as low as 4 W) up to tens of watts (up to 45 W). The plasma can be ignited and sustained in both continuous and pulsed modes with different plasma gases such as argon or helium, but argon was selected as a primary gas for use in this work. The brush-shaped plasma is formed and extended outside of the discharge chamber with typical dimension of 10-15 mm in width and less than 1.0 mm in thickness, which are adjustable by changing the discharge chamber design and operating conditions. The brush-shaped plasma provides some unique features and distinct nonequilibrium plasma characteristics. Temperature measurements using a thermocouple thermometer showed that the gas phase temperatures of the plasma brush are close to room temperature (as low as 42 degrees C) when running with a relatively high gas flow rate of about 3500 ml/min. For an argon plasma brush, the operating voltage from less than 500 V to about 2500 V was tested, with an argon gas flow rate varied from less than 1000 to 3500 ml/min. The cold plasma brush can most efficiently use the discharge power as well as the plasma gas for material and surface treatment. The very low power consumption of such an atmospheric argon plasma brush provides many unique advantages in practical applications including battery-powered operation and use in large-scale applications. Several polymer film samples were tested for surface treatment with the newly developed device, and successful changes of the wettability property from hydrophobic to hydrophilic were achieved within a few seconds.     

A new satellite-borne neutral wind instrument for thermospheric diagnostics

The bulk motion of the neutral gas at altitudes between about 200 and 600 km is an important factor in predicting the onset of plasma instabilities that are known to distort and/or disrupt high frequency radio communications. These neutral winds have historically been quite difficult to measure, especially from a moving spacecraft. A new space science instrument called the ram wind sensor has been developed to measure the component of the neutral gas velocity that lies along the orbit track of a satellite in low Earth orbit. Laboratory tests of an engineering model of the instrument have been carried out using a supersonic neutral argon beam, in order to validate the measurement concept. The results show that the technique is viable for measurements of neutral flow velocities in future satellite missions.     

Automatic generation of IGUN(C) input files for enhanced mesh resolution at the plasma meniscus

The plasma-beam interface (meniscus) is highly nonlinear and its correct simulation needs a mesh resolution of the order of the Debye length. In high intensity ion sources, the plasma density is usually too high and the Debye length is too small for a sufficient mesh resolution. A well established method to overcome this dilemma is the use of a field line and an equipotential line to be created in a first run, in order to dissect the simulation problem into a plasma part with much higher mesh resolution and a transport part with usual resolution. In the past many users of IGUN have found it difficult to perform this dissection. Therefore, a new feature has been added to IGUN to automatically write new input files for the dissected areas. For this a field line starting point needs to be defined as well as the potential of a pseudo electrode. The field line then is used for the plasma part as a slanted and curved Neumann boundary, while the pseudo electrode will act as the extraction electrode. The trajectory end data then are used in the automatically generated concatenating run as ion starting input without any need for the user to adjust for positions or different mesh resolutions. Here we show as an example the simulation of the well-known CHORDIS ion source, the calculated field line, the pseudo equipotential line, and the resulting simulations for the automatically generated input files for the plasma and the transport parts.     

电弧等离子体折射率的理论计算

从等离子体物理方程出发,推导出了折射率与电弧等离子体各种组分和温度之间的关系,并以氩电弧等离子体为例进行了实际的数值计算。这一关系的确立,为基于折射率效应的激光干涉法电弧等离子体诊断技术提供了理论基础,因此可以采用单波长激光干涉法(包括全息法)同时确定电弧等离子体的各种组分和温度,从而避免了采用双波长法时的缺点,这对发展电弧等离子体诊断及其加工技术有重要意义。计算结果表明,在波长给定时折射率是原子密度和电子密度的单值函数;温度小于6 000 K时,电子对折射率几乎没有什么影响,当温度高于17 000 K后,折射率则完全由电子决定。     

Construction and Evaluation of a Low Cost Interface for the Determination of Elemental Speciation by Gas Chromatography Coupled to Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (GC‐ICP‐MS)

Abstract

The construction and evaluation of a low cost, easily demountable interface to couple capillary gas chromatography to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry detection is described. Using this interface, the capillary column can be maintained at a high temperature through to the tip of the torch injector using a transfer line heated by a combination of hot argon and electrical resistance. The interface is suitable for analytes with boiling points up to 230°C, allowing for the analysis of low and high boiling analytes in a single injection. The system was evaluated by the determination of the butyltin species in a marine sediment CRM using conventional calibration with tripropyltin dichloride as the internal standard and the measurement of methylmercury in a tuna fish CRM via species‐specific isotope dilution analysis. Detailed information on the design and construction of the interface are included to facilitate its construction and use by other workers.