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1.
The hot bulk deformation processes (such as extrusion, forging and rolling) are efficient ways to produce fine microstmcture. The effects of extrusion parameters on the evolved microstructure of directly extruded AZ 31B magnesium alloy were investigated. Extrusion processes were carried out at five different combinations with ram speed ranging from 2 to 8 mm·s-1 and billet temperature ranging from 350 to 450 ℃. The experimental results show that the peak extrusion force decreases with increase in billet temperature and decreases in ram speed. During all the extrusion the profile temperature and die temperature rise continuously. Small particles of secondary phase (β-Mg17A112) are uniformly distributed near the edge of the extruded profiles whereas their distribution is nonuniform in the centre of the extrudates. The size of secondary phase particles present in the central region of the specimens was found to increase with billet temperature and extrusion speed. All the specimens showed mixed microstructure-In the central region of the specimen, low volume fraction of dynamically recrystallized fine grains presented at the grain boundaries of original coarse grains; but near the edge region, the microstructure consisted nearly equiaxed free reerystallized grains.  相似文献   

2.
A numerical method was developed to simulate the non-steady-state temperature distributions during forward extrusion process. The velocity, strain rates, and strain fields within the deformation zones during extrusion were obtained, using upper bound method of analysis to obtain internal heat generations coupled to the necessary heat transfer conduction equations. The computer program written in C++ language essentially simulates the extrusion process and takes into account extrusion variables such as material properties, friction conditions, extrusion velocity, extrusion ratio, die preheat temperature, billet height, percentage reduction in area, and die land length. The effects of billet height and percentage reduction in area on the temperature distributions within the dead metal zone give good agreements with experimental results. It is found that the higher the billet's heights and higher the percentages reduction in areas, the higher the temperature rises during the extrusion process. The die land zone shows increasing temperature rise with increasing friction coefficient, while increasing friction coefficient has no effect on the dead zone temperature. Also, increasing speed of deformation shows an increasing dead zone temperature rise than a more gradual die land temperature rise. It can be stated that the extrusion temperature increases proportionally to the increase of the container temperature.  相似文献   

3.
The geometry of die profile plays a major role in reducing the extrusion pressure and ensuring the smooth flow of material. In general, the extrusion process is mostly affected by billet geometry, die geometry, and interface frictional force at the die billet geometry. In the present investigation, an analysis using three-dimensional upper bound method using fifth-order die profile function has been carried out for extrusion of square sections from square billet. The extrusion pressure and optimum die length have been computed by multivariable optimization technique. The present die shape profile is found to be superior to many other profiles. The results obtained will help in design of optimum die profile and investigation of its performance.  相似文献   

4.
Micro spur gears were fabricated using the LIGA process and step powder extrusion without sintering. It is important to manufacture micro dies with high aspect ratios and determine the appropriate extrusion conditions for the micro-forming process. Micro-extrusion dies with close tolerance and long bearing length were produced by the LIGA process. Superplastic Zn-22wt%Al powders can deform under low stresses and exhibit a good micro-formability (average strain rate: 10?3s?1; constant temperature: 250°C). These powders were compacted to a cylinder (diameter: 3 mm; height: 10 mm) under 10kN compressive force, and sintered at 350°C for two hours. Micro spur gear shafts were not produced upon extrusion because of the high working pressure on the die surface. For the reduction of the forming load, step powder extrusion was carried out on the compacted powder without a sintering process, but controlling the temperature dwelling period. This process has succeeded in fabricating micro-gear shafts.  相似文献   

5.
This study establishes the database concerning magnesium alloy hot extrusion, and uses it to conduct various investigations. Firstly, artificial neural networks (ANN) analysis is used to determine the die shapes of various extrusion ratios. Secondly, the process parameters for the hot extrusion of magnesium alloy are determined, and thirdly, the tensile strength and maximum extrusion load of the finished product are predicted. The database includes 11 parameters, associated with 108 sets of experiment, determined by material type (AZ31 and AZ61), extrusion ratio (14.41, 35.9 and 55.85), product shape (tubular and sheet), semicone angle of the die (90° and 30°), extrusion speed, temperature to which the billet is heated, temperature to which the container is heated, lubricant, hold-time at a specified temperature, extrusion load and tensile strength. ANN is applied to learn from this database, and backward propagation analysis is conducted to find the mechanical properties of the products under various extrusion ratios. This study adopts the orthogonal array of the Taguchi method to hot extrusion experiments that involve dies with different extrusion ratios, and sets the tensile strength and extrusion load of the finished product as the quality characteristics, to acquire the optimal parameter condition. Then, based on the results obtained from the additive model, confirmatory experiments are performed. An Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) analysis is then performed to investigate and analyze the influence of factors on the hot extrusion process. The weight of important factors in the database is increased, and subsequently, the forming load and mechanical properties of magnesium alloy under extrusion are accurately predicted.  相似文献   

6.
Metal extrusion process accounts for the production of the majority of industrial and domestic aluminum sections. A major limitation to the success of any extrusion operation is the capability of the particular extrusion press to meet the maximum pressure requirements for that operation. In the present work, the effects of industrial extrusion process parameters and their interactions on the resulting maximum extrusion pressure, of an industrially extruded aluminum alloy, have been studied using a newly devised ANN-based partial modeling technique. Two operating parameters (initial billet temperature and ram speed) and three geometrical parameters (extrusion ratio, profile average thickness, and number of die cavities) were investigated. The main objective for developing this modeling technique is to overcome the limitations of presently available statistical modeling tools, as foreseen by the modeling needs for a complex thermo-mechanical process such as extrusion. The main present limitations are accounting for non-linearity in the process behavior, incorporating interaction effects and a meaningful determination of the highly significant process parameters and/or interactions. These three features have been, collectively, incorporated into the present model by means of combining statistical analysis of variance into ANN and by using a partial sum of squares analysis, which we propose to call the “present factor analysis.” Normal linear regression has been also employed for comparison purposes. According to the present model, maximum extrusion pressure has shown various degree of non-linearity in behavior with respect to the different process parameters and their significant interactions. It has been found that variations in the maximum extrusion pressure are mainly a function of initial billet temperature and its interactions with other process parameters, especially the ram speed. The present ANN-based model has shown superior prediction capabilities compared to the linear model with a marginal overall prediction error value of ±2.5 %.  相似文献   

7.
Springback is a primary issue which is encountered during most sheet metal bending processes. Using the Taguchi method, this study investigates the springback of L-bending with a step in the die through simulation and experiments for AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets at different temperatures. The process parameters for bending springback in this study include: lower punch radius, die clearance, step height, and step distance; we use a Taguchi L9 orthogonal array to design the combinations for the experiments. The results of ANOVA analysis show that, for each bending temperature, the process parameters that affect springback occur in the following order: step height (greatest), lower punch radius (next), die clearance (smaller), and step distance (smallest). In addition, with the increase of the bending temperature, the angle of springback decreases. The optimal parameter combinations at each bending temperature from the signal-to-noise response are all the same, namely, a die radius of 2?mm, die clearance of 0.5?mm, step height of 0.1?mm, and step distance of 2?mm. When the bending temperatures are 100°C, 150°C, and 200°C, the angles after springback of the optimal experimental parameter combination are 91.06°, 90.63°, and 89.84°, respectively.  相似文献   

8.
应用有限元法,通过对AA6063铝合金方管挤出过程进行数值模拟,优化了分流组合模的工作带,以模孔出口处型材挤出速度的流速均方差为目标,使模孔出口处型材挤出速度均匀;同时通过对影响型材焊合品质的3个重要工艺参数:挤压速度、模具预热温度和坯料预热温度进行正交试验,以焊合面上的压力大小作为评定型材焊合品质好坏的标准,获得了AA6063铝型材挤压的最佳工艺参数组合。  相似文献   

9.
以316LN不锈钢管材挤压件为例,采用3种温度状态和4种摩擦因子的不同组合共进行12组挤压过程的数值模拟,得到了不同参数下坯料温变、模具载荷及材料流动情况,掌握了温度和摩擦条件对挤压力和材料流动的影响规律,为管材挤压工艺优化提供了理论依据。  相似文献   

10.
Spread extrusion could be used for manufacturing of wide profiles in the extrusion industry. In this paper a new method of design and analysis has been presented for such a problem. Special dies were designed for profiled sections such as square, rectangular, elliptical and cross shapes. These dies force the material to flow sideways and spread so as to extrude sections with wider dimensions than the initial billet or the maximum container diameter. The geometry of the deforming zone in the die was formulated and based upon that, a kinematically admissible velocity field was derived. Using this velocity, we estimated the field upper bound on extrusion power. Profile sections with different aspect ratios were investigated and the influence of other process parameters such as friction and reduction of area on the extrusion pressure were studied. Optimum die lengths for each die were calculated so as to minimize the extrusion pressure. Finite element analysis for the numerical simulation of the process was also carried out. The finite element results were also used as an aid to the design process of the extrusion dies. Dies were manufactured for different sections such as square, rectangle, and ellipse and cross shapes. Experiments were carried out to obtain data to verify the theory. Comparison of the results showed good agreement between the theoretical, numerical and experimental data. It was concluded the present method could be used to design dies for the spread extrusion of different shaped dies.  相似文献   

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