复合尼龙涂层的腐蚀—冲蚀磨损特性

本文对尼龙涂层及尼龙+5％Al_2O_3陶瓷颗粒和尼龙+5％SiC晶须复合涂层进行了腐蚀—浆体冲蚀磨损试验研究。研究了砂浆的pH值,冲击速度等参数对涂层的腐蚀冲蚀磨损的影响,对涂层表面的组织结构和形貌进行了观察分析,探讨了复合尼龙涂层的腐蚀冲蚀磨损机理,建立了V_e-pH-U腐蚀—冲蚀磨损三维图。     

喷嘴抗冲蚀磨损研究及梯度模型设计

分析喷嘴冲蚀磨损特点，指出喷嘴的不同部位同时受到不同角度的冲击；磨料颗粒在喷嘴内部加速运动，喷嘴沿长度方向的磨损程度不同，喷嘴人口磨损最严重，出口次之，而中间区域磨损相对较轻。阐述陶瓷喷嘴冲蚀磨损机理，说明陶瓷喷嘴两端承受以高冲击角为主的冲蚀，磨损机理以应力疲劳断裂和脆性断裂为主；喷嘴中部承受低角冲蚀，微切削冲蚀磨损为其主要磨损机理，得到喷嘴磨损属于多冲蚀磨损机理并存的结论。在此基础上，提出均质材料难以适应喷嘴冲蚀磨损特点，不易满足喷嘴高抗冲蚀磨损性能要求的观点。基于梯度功能技术思想首次提出梯度功能喷嘴设计方法，并建立梯度功能喷嘴设计模型。     

QT500的冲蚀磨损试验研究

在自制的转盘式冲蚀磨损试验台上以灰口铸铁（HT200）为对比材料，对球墨铸铁（QT500）的冲蚀磨损性能进行了试验研究，结果显示QTS00的冲蚀磨损规律与HT200基本相似，而耐冲蚀磨损性能比HT200稍强。在电子显微镜（SEM）下对QTS00和HT200冲蚀磨损表面形貌进行观察，分析表明：QTS00的冲蚀磨损机制是硬质砂粒对材料表面的微切削作用，而HT200的冲蚀磨损机制是因赫兹裂纹导致的脆性脱落。     

40Cr的冲蚀磨损性能研究

在自制的转盘式冲蚀磨损试验台上以45^#钢为对比材料，对40Cr的冲蚀磨损性能进行了试验研究，结果显示40Cr的冲蚀磨损规律与45^#钢基本相似，而耐冲蚀磨损性能比45^#钢稍强。在电子显微镜（SEM）下对40Cr和45^#钢冲蚀磨损表面形貌进行观察，分析表明：40Cr和45^#钢的冲蚀磨损机制都是硬质砂粒对材料表面的微切削作用。     

含沙量和沙粒粒径对QT500材料冲蚀磨损特性的影响

利用圆盘式磨蚀试验装置模拟流体机械工况条件，对QT500和45钢进行了冲蚀磨损试验，用失重法研究了材料在不同含沙量和沙粒粒径时的冲蚀磨损特性。对试样表面微观形貌进行了观察，探讨了材料的冲蚀磨损机理和损伤规律。研究表明：随含沙量的增加，材料的磨损率也增加，但不与含沙量的增加值成正比；随沙粒粒径的增大，磨损量亦增加。QT500的冲蚀磨损机理主要是脆性剥落和疲劳破坏。     

冲蚀磨损表面及磨屑的分形集合

讨论了分形几何理论在冲蚀磨损中应用的可能性与合理性。并对冲蚀磨损分形维数Ｄ进行了测量和计算。结果表明，冲蚀表面和磨屑均可构成分形集合，它们的分形维数与冲蚀率呈负斜率的直线关系。     

固液两相流泵叶轮用Cr26高铬铸铁的冲蚀率模型及影响因素

采用正交试验方法对Cr26高铬铸铁进行了冲蚀试验,基于冲蚀率理论计算模型对试验数据进行多元非线性回归,得到了Cr26高铬铸铁的冲蚀率计算模型并进行了验证;通过试验和模型计算对冲蚀率随其影响因素的变化规律进行了定量描述。结果表明:所建立的Cr26高铬铸铁冲蚀率计算模型具有较高的准确性;冲蚀率随冲蚀角度的增大先增大后减小再略微增大,最大冲蚀率出现在冲蚀角度40°附近,在低冲蚀角度下磨损形式以切削磨损为主,在高冲蚀角度下磨损形式以变形磨损为主;随着固体颗粒粒径的增大,冲蚀率增大,切削磨损占比增大,变形磨损占比减小;随着冲蚀速度的增加,切削磨损占比减小,变形磨损占比增大。     

疏浚管道金属材料冲蚀磨损性能*

疏浚工程中,输送管道内壁面受到泥砂浆的持续冲刷,导致管道冲蚀磨损严重。为选择输合理的输送管道材质,以提高疏浚管道的抗冲蚀性能,降低其维修和更换频率,采用冲蚀试验与理论分析的方法,以常见管材Q235为参照对象,对比5种可用于制作耐磨排泥管道的耐磨金属材料的冲蚀性能,包括Cr15铸铁、Cr26铸铁、Fedur®40合金、中锰钢、信铬钢。根据材料表面扫描电镜(SEM)图像,分析不同冲蚀角度下材料磨损类型。结果表明：冲蚀磨损过程中,各耐磨金属材料同时承受多种磨损作用,合金材料中起支撑作用的软质组分容易因切削、塑性疲劳断裂等因素而被剥离,而较硬的碳化物等组分则在松动后容易被颗粒撞击脱落;除Q235外,其余材料的磨损率均随着冲蚀角度的增加而增大;信铬钢、Fedur®40合金在中、小冲蚀角度下的耐磨性能表现优秀,若价格与加工性能合适,建议选作疏浚管道金属材料。     

冲蚀与气蚀复合磨损试验装置及其试验研究

在分析典型含沙水流的冲蚀、气蚀磨损试验设备和方法的基础上,针对我国水力机械和水工建筑的特殊损伤破坏形式提出了基于射流的水下冲蚀与气蚀复合磨损试验设备和方法。实验室泥沙冲蚀与气蚀复合磨损模拟试验结果表明,该试验装置设计合理,可以在较短时间内获得试验数据。对2种典型的耐磨不锈钢材料进行了冲蚀磨损试验研究,发现2种材料在冲蚀磨损过程中伴随有气蚀作用机制,材料损伤的实质是冲蚀与气蚀的复合磨损。     

压裂双弯头液固两相流冲蚀影响数值分析

在水力压裂过程中，地面高压管汇受管内携砂压裂液的复杂流动影响，长期承受着严峻的冲蚀破坏。在各类高压管汇构件中，弯管的冲蚀损伤最为严重。为改善压裂双弯头冲蚀磨损状况，采用DPM模型、RNG k－ε 湍流模型，综合分析了斯托克斯数(St)、重力方向、粒径及流速对串联双弯头冲蚀磨损的影响。结果表明：冲蚀磨损区域主要由 St和重力方向共同决定；St＜1时，最大冲蚀率随颗粒尺寸增大呈线性增加，St＞1时呈指数增长；St相同时，速度对冲蚀磨损程度的影响远比颗粒尺寸强烈；向下流重力方向下，损伤区域随 St 增加完全转移至第二弯头的临界粒径显著小于向上流临界粒径；重力方向对同向冲击颗粒的冲蚀损伤虽有增强效应，其对冲蚀磨损程度影响远不及颗粒尺寸因素作用大。     

Sand-water slurry erosion of carburized AISI 8620 steel

The erosion behavior of carburized AISI 8620 steel for sand slurry service was investigated. The jet impingement type of test was used where sand slurry is directed at flat specimens to determine the erosion rates and mechanism of erosion. The effects of steel heat treatments, slurry velocities and particle concentrations on erosion rates were investigated.     

浆液冲击角度对Cr30A高铬铸铁冲蚀行为的影响

在模拟湿法脱硫浆液流动环境中,研究了NaCl溶液+石英砂酸性浆液冲击角度(与试样冲击表面夹角)对Cr30A高铬铸铁冲蚀行为的影响。结果表明:在浆液以60°和30°角度冲击铸铁后,在腐蚀与磨损的交互作用下铸铁的质量损失较大;浆液垂直冲击铸铁后,铸铁的质量损失较小,质量损失的主要原因是冲击磨损;浆液平行冲击铸铁后,铸铁的质量损失最小,质量损失的主要原因是点蚀。浆液平行冲击时铸铁的冲蚀机理以显微切削为主;浆液以30°角度冲击时的冲蚀机理以切削、犁削为主,铸铁表面存在挤出棱、冲击坑以及浅层片状疲劳剥落现象;浆液以60°角度冲击时的冲蚀机理以深层材料大块脱落和严重腐蚀磨损为主;浆液垂直冲击时的冲蚀机理主要是表层材料脱落,并伴随轻微腐蚀磨损。     

冲击形式产生的冲蚀、空蚀和腐蚀联合磨损试验研究

舰船等海洋运输装备在海水中行驶时,船体表面受到含沙海水的冲蚀磨损,舰船行驶速度变化引起的空蚀磨损,以及海水的腐蚀磨损,因此舰船表面材料的破坏形式是冲击式的冲蚀、空蚀和腐蚀联合磨损。为了研究联合磨损的影响因素,研制冲蚀、空蚀和腐蚀联合磨损试验台,并实验研究沙粒浓度、沙粒尺寸、含盐浓度以及冲蚀速度对45钢试件的联合磨损影响规律。实验结果表明:冲蚀、空蚀和腐蚀联合磨损程度强于冲蚀和空蚀交互磨损或单纯腐蚀磨损,在较低的沙粒浓度和较低的含盐浓度条件下,金属材料联合磨损质量损失与沙粒浓度、沙粒尺寸、含盐浓度和冲蚀速度均成正比关系。磨损面形貌分析表明:随着沙粒浓度、沙粒尺寸、含盐浓度、冲蚀速度的增加,试件表面的冲蚀沟和空蚀孔的磨痕深度和面积增大,而在人造海水中,试件表面不仅存在冲蚀沟和空蚀孔,还产生了腐蚀坑。     

Correlation between surface-hardness degradation and erosion resistance of carbon steel—Effects of slurry chemistry

The paper studied the effects of slurry chemistry on erosion of carbon steel. According to experimental measurements, the erosion rate in corroding slurries was a linear function of logarithm of anodic current density. In near-neutral or alkaline slurries, the erosion rates are independent of solution chemistry while the erosion rates in the acidic slurries were sensitive to slurry chemistry. To investigate the underlying mechanism, the in-situ surface hardness in corroding environments was measured with the nano-indentation technique under galvanostatic control. The results indicated that the surface hardness would decrease as anodic current was applied. The surface hardness degradation in near-neutral or alkaline electrolytes were almost unaffected by solution chemistry but that in acidic electrolyte depended heavily on solution chemistry. A linear correlation between the accelerated erosion and surface hardness degradation indicated that corrosion-induced surface-hardness degradation would be the dominant mechanism of corrosion-enhanced erosion.     

Corrosion–erosion wear behaviors of 13Cr24Mn0.44N stainless steel in saline–sand slurry

The corrosion–erosion wear behaviors of austenitic stainless steels, 316L and 13Cr24Mn0.44N, were investigated in water–sand slurry and saline–sand slurry, respectively. The corrosion–erosion wear mass-loss was measured to evaluate the influence of medium and materials. The worn surface and corrosion–erosion wear mechanism were analyzed using a scanning electron microscopy and a non-contact optical profilometer. Results show that the corrosion–erosion wear mass-loss of 13Cr24Mn0.44N is lower than that of 316L in both the slurries. The relative wear resistance increases with the increasing of the impingement velocity and arrives at maximum of 1.6. The dominant wear mechanism of 13Cr24Mn0.44N is abrasive wear in the water–sand slurry, whereas it becomes abrasive wear associated with little corrosive pitting in the saline–sand slurry. As the impingement velocity increased all the synergism ratios exhibit a tendency of increase, among which the synergism ratio of 13Cr24Mn0.44N is always lower than that of 316L at any given velocity. The results indicate that 13Cr24Mn0.44N possesses a predominant anti-corrosion–erosion wear property.     

Assessment of the erosion resistance of steels used for slurry handling and transport in mineral processing applications

The wear environment of steels used for containing, transporting and processing erosive mineral slurries is often such that fluid borne particles form a layer moving at high speed across the wearing surface. Information on the performance ranking of such materials is limited, particularly with respect to the influence of steel hardness and microstructure on the resistance to erosion. This is particularly important for the oil sands industry of Northern Alberta where handling and processing of essentially silica-based solids results in extremely severe wear conditions. This paper presents slurry erosion data obtained on 11 commercially available wear resistant plate and pipeline steels with hardness values up to 750 HV. These data were obtained using a Coriolis erosion tester operated at 5000 rpm with an aqueous slurry containing 10 wt.% of 200–300 μm silica sand particles.

The Coriolis erosion tester was selected because it provides a low-angle scouring action that simulates the erosive conditions encountered in oil sands and tailings pipeline transport and in some related processing operations. Results show that this test method is able to discriminate clearly between the erosion resistance of these steels, expressed in terms of specific energy (the energy necessary to remove unit volume of test material), with the most erosion resistant steel being more than five times superior to the least resistant. A graphical relation between steel hardness and erosion resistance is given. A comparison is also made between slurry erosion data and the performance of the materials in the ASTM G65 dry sand rubber wheel (DSRW) sliding abrasion test. Comments on the influence of the macro- and microstructures of the steels on their wear behaviour are included.     

Slurry erosion resistance of boride-based overlays containing boride crystals oriented perpendicularly to the wearing surface

Components exposed to the flow of liquid solutions containing hard particles experience significant material loss. For defined slurry conditions, the extent of damage to the components depends upon their microstructure and the slurry particle impingement angles. This paper presents the research work carried on to develop a gas metal arc welding (GMAW) clad overlay that resists slurry erosion at both low and high particle angles. GMAW overlays containing hard primary Fe₂B crystals in a supporting matrix enriched in molybdenum, carbon and silicon have been considered. Cored wires of specific compositions deposited with adapted welding parameters produce weld overlays presenting a peculiar microstructure. These iron boride-based overlays contain fine elongated boride crystals aligned mainly perpendicularly to the wearing surface. This peculiar microstructure is responsible for the outstanding slurry erosion resistance observed at both impinging angles of 30° and 90°. These iron boride-based overlays present a slurry erosion resistance at low and high impinging angles far beyond that observed with known materials including chromium carbide overlays.     

Cavitation and high-velocity slurry erosion resistance of welded Stellite 6 alloy

The cavitation and slurry erosion resistances of Stellite 6 coatings and 13-4 stainless steel were compared in laboratory. The Cavitation Resistance (CR) was measured according to ASTM G32 standard and the Slurry Erosion Resistance (SER) was tested in a high-velocity erosion tester under several impact angles. The results showed that the coatings improved the CR 15 times when compared to bare stainless steel. The SER of the coatings was also higher for all the impingement angles tested, the highest erosion rate being observed at 45°. The main wear mechanisms were micro-cracking (cavitation tests), and micro-cutting and micro-ploughing (slurry erosion tests).     

Effect of structural features on erosion resistance of cast irons

Erosion resistance of four types of cast iron of different microstructures and graphite morphologies (viz., grey cast iron, compacted graphite iron, spheroidal graphite iron and austempered ductile iron) was evaluated in three different erosive media. Results indicate that austempered ductile iron has the highest erosion resistance in all three media, followed by spheroidal graphite iron, compacted graphite iron and grey cast iron, in that order. Graphite morphology has a significant effect on the erosion resistance of these irons in quartz-water and iron oxide-oil slurry. However, the matrix microstructure determines the erosion resistance of these irons in quartz-oil slurry. The parameter H/E (which is the ratio of the Brinell hardness number to Young's modulus of the material) has been found to be a good indicator of erosive wear in quartz-oil slurry.     

Some Coriolis slurry erosion test developments

The Coriolis test has developed into a useful way of evaluating the slurry erosion behaviour of materials. Wear mapping has revealed some sensitivity to test conditions so both the tester and test procedures continue to evolve. Experiments with very dilute model slurries comprising a ‘pinch’ of glass beads, or a single glass bead, gave information on bead contact depth and normal component of impingement velocities which confirmed previous theoretical predictions that erodent particles interact with the specimen in a series of low angle impacts. The superior discriminating ability of the Coriolis slurry erosion test is due to the lower interaction intensity of erodent particles with target surfaces compared to that in slurry jet testing.