自动测试系统的发展及其主要应用技术

自动测试系统的发展经历了从专用型向通用型发展的过程，而测试仪器也由台式仪器积木型向模块化仪器集成型发展。早期仅侧重于自动测试设备本体的研制，现在则着眼于建立整个自动测试系统体系结构．同时注重ATE（自动测试设备）研制和TPS（测试程序集）的开发及可移植．以及人工智能在自动测试系统中的应用。其主要应用技术有：[第一段]     

自动测试系统中的仪器可互换技术及其应用

自动测试系统的仪器设备在很多情况下需要更换,如何在不改变测试程序的前提下使用新的仪器设备成为迫切需要。本文介绍了一种自动测试系统中仪器设备互换的实现方案,从实际应用的角度论述了如何改善自动测试系统中的仪器设备互换性。     

机械铸造中TP801单板机自动测试系统

本自动测试系统是针对铸造过程中的一些 MV 级物理模拟量,运用 TP801单板机,外围设备及系统软件,实现“电、机、仪”一体化,进行铸造过程中各种数据采集和处理的研究成果。本文主要论述了 TP801单板机自动测试系统测试原理框图,组成器件。并且设计了数据采集的软件系统,用十进制显示和打印。从而开发了 TP801单板机在铸造自动测试中的应用;并为它在铸造控制中的应用奠定了技术基础。本测试系统虽然涉及的是测定温度,但亦适用于测定铸造过程中的压力、应力、变形及流量、展现了微机自动测试的特点:速度快、精度高及成本低的优越性。     

自动测试系统的总线技术

自动测试系统在现代科学技术中发挥着越来越重要的作用。本文较全面地介绍自动测试系统中的几种总线技术,并且进行比较分析,总结出各种总线系统的优缺点及各种总线目前的应用情况。     

可编程控制器的应用

以梯形图为例,介绍可编程控制器在称重分检和电容器多参数自动测试分选装置中的应用等。     

一种电子设备自动测试模型及应用

采用自动测试技术可以大大地缩短电子设备故障查找时间，是快速修复电子设备的最佳方法。提出了由自动测试设备(ATE)模型、被测电子单元(UUT)模型和测试接口设备(TID)模型组成的一种电子设备自动测试模型，该模型使用信号描述方法定义了ATE测试能力、UUT信号要求及TID配置方法，并从系统集成、软件策略和测试描述3个方面，介绍了该模型在某型电子装备自动测试系统(ATS)中的应用情况。结果表明该模型对组建ATS和设计TID具有一定的指导作用。     

网络通信程序设计及在气敏传感器测试系统中的应用

介绍基于TCWIP协议的网络通信程序设计，着重分析了基于Windows操作系统的计算机和微处理器之间的通信程序设计厦其在气敏传感器自动测试系统中的应用。     

计量测试中计算机技术的应用

本文从仪器内置高性能PC机、虚拟仪器、计算机控制下的自动测试、证书与数据处理与计量网络化管理几个方面介绍了计算机技术在现代计量测试中的应用,说明了计算机技术在现代计量测试中的重要意义。     

毫米波段衰减量测试方法研究

本文通过对多种传统衰减测试方法的比较，重点介绍了低频替代法在一种毫米波衰减自动测试系统中的应用，以满足迅速发展的毫米波技术对衰减参数检定的要求。     

一种可视化自动测试环境中的虚拟仪器技术

本文讨论了一种通用的可视化自动测试环境中的虚拟仪器的实现技术。该环境采用面向对象设计方法设计了虚拟仪器的面板及控件;设计了虚拟仪器管理器以管理虚拟仪器数据库。本文的最后通过一个例子说明了虚拟仪器在可视化自动测试环境中的具体实现方法。     

集成便携式硝酸盐浓度快速检测仪

为了降低水溶液中硝酸盐含量检测中的操作难度，提高测量结果的可靠性，提出了一种智能化仪器设计的新方法。通过微控制器控制下的微型电子天平和反射式光电传感器的有机结合，构成集成一体化的智能便携式测量系统。借助微型电子天平，将原液稀释过程的比例分析和基于光电辨色传感器的浓度检测通过微控制器实现信息融合，可方便快捷地测算出原液的硝酸盐含量，提供一种体积小、使用方便的便携式硝酸盐快速测量系统。     

Application of 3 × 3 transformation matrix in the correction of three-dimensional AFM image tilts through coordinate transformation

In atomic force microscopy (AFM), it is difficult to maintain samples in a perfect horizontal position on the piezoelectric stage of an AFM to obtain accurate measurement of surface features and to enhance the visual effect of topographic images. Correction of the tilted image therefore requires the use of an appropriate 3 × 3 transformation matrix which will transform the coordinates to simultaneously correct the tilt in both the x-and y-axes due to the three-dimensional nature of AFM images. In this study, application of transformation matrix in three-dimensions for the simultaneous correction of image tilts in both the x- and y-axes by the method of coordinate transformation in three-dimensions is presented. Application of the matrix in simultaneously correcting tilts in the x- and y-axes of an AFM image is implemented by simulating an image assuming there are tilts in both the x- and y-axes. Results of features measurement after transforming the coordinates with the matrix show the efficacy of the matrix. This will conveniently replace the line-by-line analysis done to remove tilts in AFM, which has been the practice long before now. It also has the advantage of correcting images by simultaneously removing tilts in both the x- and y-axes as a veritable replacement of having to separately correcting tilts in images. This matrix can be used to transform coordinates in three-dimensions to obtain accurate step height and linewidth in AFM images.     

Measurement technique for the on-line detection of fines in a fluidized bed

In many industrial applications knowledge of the particle size distribution in a fluidized bed and in particular knowledge of the proportion of fines, is extremely important in order to maintain good fluidization quality in the bed, and to prevent too many particles from leaving the cyclones in the gas stream. A common method of monitoring particle size in a laboratory situation is to take a sample of particles from the fluidized bed and use equipment such as a laser diffraction device to analyze the sample, which can be a cumbersome procedure. The objective of this study was to develop an online tool to monitor the proportion of fines in a fluidized bed. A novel online measurement technique for the detection of fines in fluidized beds was developed, which includes a correlation that relates the triboelectric signal to the proportion of fines in the bed.     

函数展开法及高分子材料胶层的应力分析

以函数展开法并运用虚余功原理完成数学模型的建立过程,然后通过计算机运算指出高分子胶粘剂的一些重要使用性质－其在使用中所具有的力学性能,如应力、强度等。文中给出了计算实例,并得到了更合理的结果。     

Torsion of thin-walled beams of open cross-section with influence of shear

An approximate analytical approach to the torsion of thin-walled beams of open cross-section with influence of shear is presented. It is assumed that the normal stresses in the cross-section contour direction are small compared to the normal stresses in the beam longitudinal direction that can be ignored in the stress–strain relations. The stresses and displacements are obtained in the closed analytical form. It is assumed that transverse load can be reduced to moments of torsion only, with respect to the cross-section shear centre. The beam will be subjected to torsion, with respect to the shear centre, i.e. the principal cross-section sectorial coordinate, in the case of cross-sections with two axes of symmetry; to torsion and bending in the case of cross-sections with one axes of symmetry and to torsion, bending and tension in the case of general cross-sections. An illustrative example of beam with one axis of symmetry is given.     

Nanotherapeutics approaches to improve the efficacy of CAR-T cells in solid tumors

Adoptive cell therapy and Immune Checkpoint Blockade Inhibitors have recently revolutionized the field of oncology. However, these types of immunotherapeutic approaches have limited success in treating solid tumors. In particular, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells efficacy is hampered by immunosuppressive signals in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and by a limited infiltration of re-infused T cells to the tumor site. The field of nanobiotechnology applied to oncology is also rapidly expanding. Nanoparticles-based delivery systems can be employed to modulate the activity of immune cells present in the TME enhancing the efficacy of CAR-T cells. Interestingly, nano-backpacks can be attached to CAR-T cells prior to re-infusion to support their homing to the tumor site and to slowly release immunopotentiators directly in the TME. Furthermore, nanovaccines can also be employed to support the in vivo expansion of CAR-T cells with consequent enhancement of their therapeutic potential. In this viewpoint, recent advancement in the field of nanobiotechnology to support CAR-T cell therapy will be discussed. The development of novel therapeutic CAR-T cells protocols together with nanotherapies is warranted in order to take full advantage of the high therapeutic potential of CAR-T cell therapy.     

Expression of brain natriuretic peptide in the rat heart studies during heart growth and in relation to sympathectomy

Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) might be of importance during heart development and is described to be increasingly expressed in congestive heart failure and to affect the progress of this condition. However, details in the normal expression of BNP are still unclear in various parts of the adult and growing heart, including the conduction system. In this study, we investigated the expression of BNP in relation to that of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in the growing as well as in the adult rat heart. The effects of chemical sympathectomy in adult rats were also examined. Contrary to previous BNP immunohistochemical studies, the BNP antiserum was preabsorbed with an excess of ANP before staining to abolish the crossreactivity with ANP. There was a pronounced BNP immunoreaction in the auricles, the trabeculated ventricular walls, and the peripheral parts of the conduction system at 0-1 days postnatally. The degree of immunoreaction gradually decreased with increasing age. A similar developmental pattern was seen concerning ANP expression, but the magnitude of the latter clearly exceeded that for BNP. Immunoreaction for BNP was never detected in the atrioventricular (AV) node and AV bundle at any stage. In contrast to the situation for ANP previously observed, no obvious changes in BNP immunoreaction patterns were observed in response to sympathectomy. This is the first study to thoroughly demonstrate the expression of BNP in the various regions of the rat heart during growth and in the normal and sympathectomized adult stage. The observations are related to possible functions of natriuretic peptides in the growing and adult heart.     

Sheet metal formability analysis for anisotropic materials under non-proportional loading

Sheet metal formability is conventionally assessed in a two-dimensional plot of principal strains or stresses in comparison to a forming limit curve. This method of assessment implicitly assumes that the forming limit is isotropic in the plane of the sheet. While the assumption of isotropy in the forming limit is perhaps a good engineering approximation, it is intrinsically inconsistent with the use of material models that are anisotropic. Since the trend today is to utilize models with full anisotropy in order to more accurately capture the physics of material behavior, the issue of anisotropy of forming limits must also be addressed. The challenge is that the forming limit is no longer defined by a curve but requires the definition of a surface in strain or stress space, and therefore it is no longer appropriate to view these limits with the convenience of two-dimensional diagrams. Furthermore, recent developments in the characterization of sheet forming limits under non-proportional loading suggest that is advantageous to view forming limit behavior in terms of stresses rather than strains, a view that is adopted in this paper. A solution to the challenge of assessing formability for an anisotropic material is proposed that rescales the stresses by a factor so that the scaled stresses have the same relationship to a single forming limit curve in a 2D plot in stress-space, as the actual stresses have to the true anisotropic forming limit in 3D space. The rescaling enables engineers to accurately view the formability of all the elements at the same time for a given finite element analysis of an application. This paper also discusses other challenges of using stresses in the assessment of formability, focusing on an analysis of the 2-Stage Forming Benchmark highlighted in the Numisheet ’99 Conference. Stresses are found in this application to unload to non-critical values after reaching critical levels earlier in a forming process, which suggests that a full integration of the stress-based forming limit criterion with FE simulation is required to detect critical states that may temporarily occur during the forming process.     

Ultrastructural alterations in liver of mice exposed chronically and transgenerationally to aqueous extract of betel nut: Implications in betel nut‐induced carcinogenesis

The aqueous extract of betel nut (AEBN) induces the formation of preneoplastic nodules in the liver of Swiss Albino mice and leads to increased predisposition to cancer when administered transgenerationally. The aim of this investigation was to elucidate the alterations in ultrastructure of subcellular organelles in the liver nodules using transmission electron microscopy and to determine whether these alterations have implications in AEBN‐induced carcinogenesis. Male and female Swiss Albino mice were exposed to AEBN chronically and transgenerationally at a dose of 2 mg/mL in drinking water for 24 weeks. Extensive polymorphism was noted in nuclear shape and heterochromatin organization. Heterochromatin aggregation and marginalization were observed in the nuclei of chronically exposed mice, whereas transgenerationally exposed mice exhibited dispersion or loss of heterochromatin. The nuclear envelope was disrupted, and the nucleoli were enlarged in chronically exposed mice, whereas in transgenerationally exposed mice the nucleoli were reduced in size or totally absent. The cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum were dilated and disrupted, and a large number of autophagic vesicles were observed in both chronically and transgenerationally exposed mice. Atypical mitochondria that underwent extensive cristolysis and progressively declined in size and number from the chronically exposed mice to the different generations of transgenerationally exposed mice were also observed. Thus, exposure to AEBN resulted in severe loss of ultrastructural integrity of cells in the liver nodules, and the progressive loss of mitochondrial function appeared to play a significant role in increasing the predisposition to cancer of mice exposed transgenerationally to AEBN. Microsc. Res. Tech. 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Design and implementation of an ultrasonic sensor for rapid monitoring of industrial malolactic fermentation of wines

Ultrasound is an emerging technology that can be applied to monitor food processes. However, ultrasonic techniques are usually limited to research activities within a laboratory environment and they are not extensively used in industrial processes. The aim of this paper is to describe a novel ultrasonic sensor designed to monitor physical–chemical changes that occur in wines stored in industrial tanks. Essentially, the sensor consists of an ultrasonic transducer in contact with a buffer rod, mounted inside a stainless steel tube section. This structure allows the ultrasonic sensor to be directly installed in stainless steel tanks of an industrial plant. The operating principle of this design is based on the measurement of ultrasonic velocity of propagation. To test its proper operation, the sensor has been used to measure changes of concentration in aqueous samples and to monitor the progress of a malolactic fermentation of red wines in various commercial wineries. Results show the feasibility of using this sensor for monitoring malolactic fermentations in red wines placed in industrial tanks.