旋流泵内颗粒分布特性及对泵性能的影响

基于Eulerian多相流模型和RNG κ-ε两方程湍流模型对旋流泵内的液固两相流场进行了数值模拟,获得了不同粒径、浓度时泵内的颗粒分布特性及对泵性能的影响。研究结果表明:固体颗粒进入泵内后主要集中于无叶腔内,无叶腔中的颗粒分布以泵轴为中心呈现一定的轴对称分布,随着粒径的增大,颗粒在无叶腔内壁面聚集的更加明显,随着浓度的增大,颗粒在无叶腔内的分布规律几乎没有变化,随着流量的增大,无叶腔中心部分颗粒浓度几乎不变的区域扩大;在叶轮内,叶片工作面附近的颗粒浓度要大于叶片背面的;随着粒径及浓度的增大旋流泵的效率会降低,随着粒径的增大泵的扬程会降低。     

Development of a tomographic PTV

A new tomographic PTV (Tomo-PTV) was proposed, and then its performance was compared with that of tomographic PIV (Tomo-PIV). To construct the new tomographic PTV for calculation of vector fields, an affine transformation was introduced. The vectors obtained by match probability method were used as the initial data for the final vectors. Four camera-based tomographic PTV and PIV systems were constructed. By introducing a new factor called degree of reality, the real particles were easily separated from the ghost particle groups. Two flow fields, a ring vortex and an impinging jet, were measured by the constructed tomographic PTV and the conventional tomographic PIV. Eight image frames (two consecutive image frames for each camera) were used for the construction of threedimensional voxel images. The construction method used for the voxel images was MLOS-MART.     

Optimization in PIV algorithm for visualizing vortices in bubble wake

The PIV (Particle image velocimetry) is the most commonly used method for flow field observation because of its high efficiency and non-interference to the flow field. This study aims to clarify the optimal parameter conditions used in the cross-correlation algorithm of PIV for flow fields with vortices. The influence factors on the error of the cross-correlation algorithm are analyzed and discussed using a synthetic flow field, including the seeding conditions, the velocity gradient and vortex size. It is confirmed that the minimum particle number density per interrogation window is about 10, which generally limits the minimum size of the window. For a vortex, when the vortex size is fixed, the velocity gradient corresponding to the characteristic velocity both controls the lower and upper limitation of window size. For a relatively small vortex, generally a window not larger than the vortex size is asked. Then, a strategy to improve the observation based on the existing equipment is discussed and applied to visualize a rising bubble wake based on LIF (Laser-induced fluorescence) images.     

旋流泵内液固两相流场的CFD-PBM耦合计算

为获得旋流泵内更为符合物理真实的液固两相流动特征,在传统欧拉(Euler)双流体模型基础上加载群体平衡模型(PBM),以考虑实际存在的颗粒聚并、破碎等动力学行为,与CFD耦合计算了不同流量、颗粒粒径及浓度下的液固两相流场,分析了颗粒存在对泵外特性的影响规律。计算结果表明:从进口到出口,叶片背面附近颗粒粒径明显增大;在叶轮出口位置,同一半径上,从叶片工作面到背面附近存在粒径梯度;在外缘部,沿轴向形成粒径梯度。与Euler模型计算结果对比发现:加载PBM模型后,颗粒总体浓度分布特征存在差异;同一轴截面上,颗粒浓度在中心部的分布基本相同,而在中间和外缘部位置出现差异。PBM模型计算得到的泵扬程、效率曲线更接近于实验值,证明基于CFD-PBM耦合计算的预测精度更符合实际。     

Phase discrimination and a high accuracy algorithm for PIV image processing of particle–fluid two-phase flow inside high-speed rotating centrifugal slurry pump

PIV technology is an efficient and powerful measurement method to investigate the characteristics of fluid flow field. But for PIV particle image post-processing, some problems still exit in two-phase particles discrimination and velocity field algorithm, especially for high-speed rotating centrifugal slurry pump. In this study, through summarization and comparison of the various phase discrimination methods, we proposed a two-phase identification method based on statistics of gray-scale level and particle size. The assessment of performance through experimental PIV images shows that a satisfying effect for particle identification. For high speed rotation of the impeller, a combination of adaptive cross-correlation window deformation algorithm and multistage grid subdivision is presented. The algorithm is applied to experimental PIV images of solid–liquid two-phase flow in a centrifugal slurry pump, the results show that the algorithm in the present study has less pseudo vector number and more matching particle pairs than those of fixed window and window translation methods, having the ability to remove pseudo vector efficiently. It confirmed that the algorithm proposed in the present study has good performance and reliability for PIV image processing of particle–fluid two-phase flow inside high-speed rotating centrifugal slurry pump.     

Experimental Research on Salt-out Particle Motion and Concentration Distribution in a Vortex Pump Volute

The vortex pump is suitable for salt solution transportation. But the salt-out flow mechanism in the pump has not been understood fully. Salt-out layer formation and growth rate are closely related to crystal particle motion and concentration distribution. Study on the particle hydrodynamic characteristics in the pump volute becomes a key problem, because the crystal particles are mainly distributing in this zone after they enter the pump. Phase Doppler particle analyzer(PDPA) is used to measure the two-phase flow field in a model pump volute to get more understanding about the salt-out phenomenon. The crystal particle velocities are obtained in all three peripheral, radial and axial directions. Particle size and particle number density(PND) measurements are also performed in the experiment. Results are presented and discussed along the radial direction under different pump operating conditions, as well as various axial measurement positions. It is found that particle velocity gradient of peripheral component varies with the pump discharge. There is a turning point of relation between peripheral velocity component and discharge. Radial flow velocity curves look like a saddle shape and velocity magnitudes are changing greatly with the discharge. The non-equilibrium velocity feature between liquid and solid phase on this direction is also remarkable. Particles flow into the impeller at radial position R1, and the axial velocity component increases in this region. The particle size curve shows an open-up parabola distribution. The largest particles are distributing near the casing peripheral wall. As flow rate increases, accordingly PND increases. It also grows up in the axial-outward direction towards the suction cover. Crystal particle aggregation phenomenon can be revealed from the analysis of particle size and PND distribution, and the aggregation region is determined as well. Research results are helpful for optimal design of this kind of pump preventing salt-out.     

3D Particle image velocimetry test of inner flow in a double blade pump impeller

The double blade pump is widely used in sewage treatment industry,however,the research on the internal flow characteristics of the double blade pump with particle image velocimetry(PIV) technology is very little at present.To reveal inner flow characteristics in double blade pump impeller under off-design and design conditions,inner flows in a double blade pump impeller,whose specific speed is 111,are measured under the five off-design conditions and design condition by using 3D PIV test technology.In order to ensure the accuracy of the 3D PIV test,the external trigger synchronization system which makes use of fiber optic and equivalent calibration method are applied.The 3D PIV relative velocity synthesis procedure is compiled by using Visual C++ 2005.Then absolute velocity distribution and relative velocity distribution in the double blade pump impeller are obtained.Test results show that vortex exists in each condition,but the location,size and velocity of vortex core are different.Average absolute velocity value of impeller outlet increases at first,then decreases,and then increases again with increase of flow rate.Again average relative velocity values under 0.4,0.8,and 1.2 design condition are higher than that under 1.0 design condition,while under 0.6 and 1.4 design condition it is lower.Under low flow rate conditions,radial vectors of absolute velocities at impeller outlet and blade inlet near the pump shaft decrease with increase of flow rate,while that of relative velocities at the suction side near the pump shaft decreases.Radial vectors of absolute velocities and relative velocities change slightly under the two large flow rate conditions.The research results can be applied to instruct the hydraulic optimization design of double blade pumps.     

Improvements to time-series TR-PIV algorithms using historical displacement and displacement variation information

Improvements to two widely used particle-image velocimetry (PIV) algorithms, e.g., multi-grid and iterative image deformation cross-correlations, are proposed here to reduce the computational costs associated with time-resolved PIV (TR-PIV) data-processing. TR-PIV typically involves capturing significant time-series particle-image datasets across to allow statistically meaningful temporal and spectral analyses; hence considerable computational cost-savings can be realised. The improvements involve using the historical particle displacement field and its variation to determine the required window offsets and image deformations in the above-mentioned algorithms, respectively. In this case, cross-correlation based on the smallest interrogation window size can be used directly instead of multi-pass cross-correlations based on decreasing interrogation window sizes. To evaluate their efficacy, the proposed improvements were implemented and evaluated using synthetic PIV images of a Rankine vortex flow, numerical solutions for a square cylinder wake flow, as well as actual experimental time-series TR-PIV measurements. Comparisons show that the proposed improvements save up to 50% computational time while maintaining relatively similar measurement accuracy levels as conventional algorithms. In particular, the new algorithms successfully resolve unsteady flow fields where particle displacements vary by more than 20% between successive particle-images, where error propagations associated with large displacement variations are mitigated by employing suitable recalculation thresholds.     

Particle image velocimetry of a flow at a vaulted wall

The assessment of flow along a vaulted wall (with two main finite radii of curvature) is of general interest; in biofluid mechanics, it is of special interest. Unlike the geometry of flows in engineering, flow geometry in nature is often determined by vaulted walls. Specifically the flow adjacent to the wall of blood vessels is particularly interesting since this is where either thrombi are formed or atherosclerosis develops. Current measurement methods have problems assessing the flow along vaulted walls. In contrast with conventional particle image velocimetry (PIV), this new method, called wall PIV, allows the investigation of a flow adjacent to transparent flexible surfaces with two finite radii of curvature. Using an optical method which allows the observation of particles up to a predefined depth enables the visualization solely of the boundary layer flow. This is accomplished by adding a specific dye to the fluid which absorbs the monochromatic light used to illuminate the region of observation. The obtained images can be analysed with the methods of conventional PIV and result in a vector field of the velocities along the wall. With wall PIV, the steady flow adjacent to the vaulted wall of a blood pump was investigated and the resulting velocity field as well as the velocity fluctuations were assessed.     

A modified cross-correlation algorithm for PIV image processing of particle-fluid two-phase flow

PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) technique for flow field measurement has achieved popular self-identify through over ten years development, and its application range is becoming wider and wider. PIV post-processing techniques have a great influence on the success of particle-fluid two-phase flow field measurement and thus become a hot and difficult topic. In the present study, a Phase Respective Identification Algorithm (PRIA) is introduced to separate low-density solid particles or bubbles and high-density tracer particles from the PIV image of particle-fluid two-phase flow. PTV (Particle Tracking Velocimetry) technique is employed to calculate the velocity fields of low-density solid particles or bubbles. For the velocity fields of high-density solid particles or bubble phase and continuous phase traced by high-density smaller particles, based on the thought of wavelet transform and multi-resolution analysis and the theory of cross-correlation of image, a delaminated processing algorithm (MCCWM) is presented to conquer the limitation of conventional Fourier transform. The algorithm is firstly testified on synthetic two-phase flows, such as uniform steady flow, shearing flow and rotating flow, and the computational results from the simulated particle images are in reasonable agreement with the given simulated data. The algorithm is then applied to images of actual bubble-liquid two-phase flow and jet flow, and the results also confirmed that the algorithm proposed in the present study has good performance and reliability for post-processing PIV images of particle-fluid two-phase flow.     

Finite Element Numerical Simulation and PIV Measurement of Flow Field inside Metering-in Spool Valve

The finite element method (FEM) and particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique are utilized to get the flow field along the inlet passage, the chamber, the metering port and the outlet passage of spool valve at three different valve openings. For FEM numerical simulation, the stream function ψ -vorticity ω forms of continuity and Navier-Stokes equations are employed and FEM is applied to discrete the equations. Homemade simulation codes are executed to compute the values of stream function and vorticity at each node in the flow domain, then according to the correlation between stream function and velocity components, the velocity vectors of the whole field are calculated. For PIV experiment, pulse Nd: YAG laser is exploited to generate laser beam, cylindrical and spherical lenses are combined each other to produce 1.0 mm thickness laser sheet to illuminate the object plane, Polystyrene spherical particle with diameter of 30-50 μm is seeded in the fluid as a tracing particles, Kodak ES1.0 CCD camera is employed to capture the images of interested, the images are processed with fast Fourier transform (FFT) cross-correlation algorithm and the processing results is displayed. Both results of numerical simulation and PIV experimental show that there are three main areas in the spool valve where vortex is formed.Numerical results also indicate that the valve opening have some effects on the flow structure of the valve. The investigation is helpful for qualitatively analyzing the energy loss, noise generating, steady state flow forces and even designing the geometry structure and flow passage.     

Improved Soft Abrasive Flow Finishing Method Based on Turbulent Kinetic Energy Enhancing

Soft abrasive flow(SAF) finishing can process the irregular geometric surfaces, but with the matter of low processing efficiency. To address the issue, an improved SAF finishing method based on turbulent kinetic energy enhancing is proposed. A constrained flow passage with serration cross-section is constructed to increase the turbulence intensity. Taking the constrained flow passage as the objective, a two-phase fluid dynamic model is set up by using particle trajectory model and standard k-ε turbulence model, and the flow field characteristics of the flow passage are acquired. The numerical results show that the serration flow passage can enhance the turbulence intensity, uniform the particles distribution, and increase the particle concentration near the bottom wall. The observation results by particle image velocimetry(PIV) show that the internal vortex structures are formed in flow passage, and the abrasive flow takes on turbulence concentrating phenomenon in near-wall region. The finishing experiments prove that the proposed method can obtain better surface uniformity, and the processing efficiency can be improved more 35%. This research provides an abrasive flow modeling method to reveal the particle motion regulars, and can offer references to the technical optimization of fluid-based precision processing.     

Measurement of the surrounding liquid motion of a single rising bubble using a Dual-Camera PIV system

A new type of Particle Image Velocimetry technique, called “Dual-Camera PIV System”, was developed in order to achieve higher-accuracy measurement at a high time resolution. It is very difficult to measure precisely a complex flow field such as a gas–liquid two phase flow using PIV, because of the existence of a strong turbulence. In the conventional dynamic PIV, a time interval of two images required for analysis depends basically on a camera frame rate. A time interval of a set of PIV images affects the measurement accuracy significantly. Therefore, it is necessary to shorten the time interval of a set of PIV images as well as to achieve high frame rates. For this specific purpose, we developed a measurement system composed of two high speed cameras. The interval of two images obtained from each camera was controlled arbitrarily. Furthermore, a recursive cross-correlation method was adopted as PIV algorithm in order to achieve high spatial resolution. The interrogation areas were determined from the number density of PIV particles. The developed system was evaluated by cross-correlation coefficient and signal–noise (S/N) ratio. As the demonstration, the surrounding liquid motion in the vicinity of a single rising bubble was measured via this measurement system.     

PIV-based estimation of viscosity and pressure fields for a steady pseudoplastic flow

Targeting a pseudoplastic fluid, we propose a method to simultaneously estimate viscosity and pressure fields from the velocity field data of particle image velocimetry (PIV). As a two-dimensional case study, we chose a steady two-dimensional wake structure behind a circular cylinder where local viscosity and pressure are dynamically coupled. The method involves PIV, momentum conservation equation of non-Newtonian fluids and rheological constitutive equations. The CMC (Carboxy Methyl Cellulose) aqueous solution of weight concentration of 0.1% is used as a test case of pseudoplastic fluid. Viscosity distribution is obtained through power law model and Carreau-Yasuda model as the constitutive equation. Pressure distribution is then calculated by substituting the viscosity into the momentum conservation equation. Applied results show pressure-lowering at the vortex cores and viscosity-lowering at their perimeters, stabilizing vortex attachment to the cylinder in the pseudoplastic fluid. We also analyze error propagation characteristics to conclude the feasibility of the present method and highlight the difference in error propagation characteristics during pressure estimation between Newtonian and pseudoplastic fluid flows.     

Simultaneous measurement of particle and fluid velocities in particle-laden flows

For the velocity measurement in a particle-laden fluid flow, the fluid velocity and the inherently dispersed particle velocity can be analyzed by using PIV and PTV, respectively. Since the PIV result statistically represents the average displacement of all the particles in a PIV image, it is inevitable that the PIV result includes the influence of the dispersed particles’ displacement if a single CCD camera is used to simultaneously measure the fluid velocity and the dispersed particle velocity. The influence of dispersed particles should be excluded before the PIV analysis in order to evaluate the fluid velocity accurately. In this study, the optimum replacement brightness of dispersed particles to minimize the false influence of dispersed particles on the PIV analysis was theoretically derived. Simulation results show that the modification of dispersed particle brightness can significantly reduce the PIV error caused by the dispersed particles. This modification method was also verified in the analysis of an actual experimental case of the particle-laden fluid flow in a triangular grooved channel.     

Estimation of spray flow characteristics using ensemble Kalman filter

Spray flows are widely used in several industrial applications, such as combustion engines. Accurate measurement of spray flow characteristics requires sophisticated equipment and techniques. In recent years, the discrete droplet method (DDM), which analyses droplet scattering, has become a mature technique and has been applied to various analyses. We propose an estimation system based on particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements and an ensemble Kalman filter, together with DDM, to efficiently investigate spray flow characteristics. The proposed method performs data assimilation on the velocity distribution in a two-dimensional cross-section obtained by PIV to estimate the characteristics of the spray flow in three dimensions. In this study, the system was constructed so that droplet particle is ensembled during data assimilation to estimate the droplet diameter distribution indirectly. The proposed method can be used to estimate the spray velocity and droplet size distribution. The numerical solution obtained using DDM was used as a criterion for assimilation and validated by conducting twin experiments. The results showed that, in terms of spray velocity, the estimation error for the velocity component parallel to the main flow was 2% and that for the velocity component perpendicular to the main flow was around 10%. Finally, the velocity and particle size distributions of the spray stream and the three-dimensional droplet distribution were estimated by assimilating the velocity distributions measured by PIV. This technique predicts the spray angle and droplet size distribution from the two-dimensional velocity field of the PIV only and is expected to contribute to the development of injectors and atomizers.     

Deep particle image velocimetry supervised learning under light conditions

Particle image velocimetry (PIV) is an important fluid visualization technology which extracts the velocity field from two successive particle images. Recently, some researchers have begun to use convolutional neural network (CNN) to tackle the PIV problem successfully. Some supervised learning methods make use of the PIV dataset with ground truth for network training. However, the existing dataset is composed of pairs of particle images under ideal light conditions and does not take into account the changes in actual experimental conditions. In this paper, we firstly generated a new and more challenging dataset called Light-PIV which fully simulates the change of the brightness of particle images in the real PIV experiment. Secondly, we present here a novel approach for fluid motion estimation which is based on an optical flow network LiteFlowNet. The proposed approach is verified by the application to a diversity of synthetic and experimental PIV images. We not only improve the structure, but also combine the traditional prior assumptions knowledge with the loss function to better guide the network training. The proposed approach is verified by the application to a diversity of synthetic and experimental PIV images. The experimental results show that our proposed method has advantages of high accuracy, obtaining detailed information and strong robustness in our PIV dataset compared with classical PIV methods such as HS optical flow and WIDIM, and even outperforms these existing approaches in some flow cases.     

Characteristics of flow past a circular cylinder with a rectangular groove

In the present study, features of the flow past a circular cylinder with single longitudinal groove pattern placed on its surface were investigated. Six different rectangular groove sizes were tested for angular position of the groove from the forward stagnation point of the circular cylinder within 0°≤θ≤150°. The particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique were employed to measure flow field downstream of the cylinder immersed in a uniform flow field with the Reynolds number, Re=5000. Time-averaged flow data such as vorticity, 〈ω〉 streamline, 〈Ψ〉, streamwise, 〈u′u′〉 and transverse, 〈v′v′〉 Reynolds normal stresses, turbulent kinetic energy, TKE and RMS of streamwise, u_rms and transverse, v_rms velocity components were obtained from PIV data to demonstrate flow features. Moreover, frequency of Karman vortex shedding was explored using single point spectral analysis. It is concluded that presence of the groove on a cylinder surface significantly affects the near wake flow structure and turbulence statistics. Karman vortex shedding frequency, f_k strongly depends on the groove size. Moreover, the shear layer instability is induced on the grooved side with additional frequencies.     

基于MATLAB的PIV软件(MPIV)的开发与应用

研究一种基于MATLAB的PIV软件MPIV，可处理各种粒子密度的PIV图像。选用两种有代表性的算法，分别是对应于高粒子密度图像的基于快速傅立叶变换的互相关法，以及对应于低粒子密度图像的二值化图像相关法，以旋转流场为例，通过计算机模拟粒子图像，检验软件的可行性。     

Measurement of particle/bubble motion and turbulence around it by hybrid PIV

Characteristics of bubble flow are influenced by bubble motion, liquid flow and interactions between bubbles, and between a bubble and liquid phase. Thus because behavior of a single bubble and liquid around it is regarded as one of the basic elements characterizing bubble flow, the single bubble motion in stagnant water was investigated experimentally by using flow visualization and image processing methods. The bubble motion is influenced by several factors, that is, bubble size, density difference between gas and liquid, bubble shape and deformation in motion. In order to separate the effect of each factor, some solid particles with different size, shape and/or density were also measured and the characteristic of each factor was discussed. Two-dimensional water velocity field and the motion of a rising particle/bubble in the water were simultaneously measured by PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) and PTV (Particle Tracking Velocimetry), respectively (Hybrid PIV). The experimental results showed that the large density difference between a particle and water caused high relative velocity and induced zigzag motion of the particle. Furthermore, the turbulence intensity of a bubble was about twice in the case of the spherical solid particle of similar diameter.