Finite Element Modeling of the Technology of Multiple Laser Shock Processing of Materials Using the Eigenstrain Method

The laser shock processing (LSP) of material is an efficient modern technology of processing of metal materials, during which significant compressive residual stresses contributing to an increase in their strength and tribological and operational characteristics are generated in the subsurface area. The finite element modeling of the technology of multiple laser shock processing is carried out using the eigenstrain method. The level of the compressive residual stresses arising under LSP is determined. It is shown that the residual stresses on the surface of the VT-6 alloy grow from 510 to 830MPa with an increase in the number of pulses from 1 to 4, and the depth of the zone of the compressive residual stresses increases respectively from 1.26 mm after the first pulse to 1.60 mm after the fourth pulse.     

Numerical modeling and experimental study of thermally induced residual stress in the direct diode laser heat treatment of dual-phase 980 steel

The direct diode laser application has been found useful in the localized heat treatment of metal parts because of its wider beam and more uniform energy distribution with respect to other lasers with Gaussian-like energy distribution. In this study, an uncoupled thermomechanical finite element model is developed to study the temperature field and thermally induced stress evolution in high-strength dual phase (DP) 980 steel during its direct diode laser heat treatment. Thermal analysis results are experimentally validated through thermocouples and then input into a mechanical model as transient temperature loading in order to acquire the thermally induced stresses and strains. The effect of martensite phase transformation on residual stress distribution in heat-treated DP980 steel is considered. An X-ray diffraction technique is used to measure the residual stress distribution at the top surface of the heat-treated coupons of DP980 steel. The numerical results show that compressive stresses are located at the laser–material interaction zone. After heat treatment, tensile stresses are retained at the heat-treated DP980 steel coupons. There is qualitative agreement between the numerically predicted and experimentally measured residual stresses. The effect of the overlapping ratio on the residual stress and hardness of the heat-treated DP980 steel is also experimentally and numerically investigated.     

Residual stress behaviors induced by laser peening along the edge of curved models

Laser peening (LP) induces high-magnitude compressive residual stresses in a small region of a component. The compressive residual stresses cause plastic deformation that is resistant to fatigue fracture. Fatigue cracks are generally nucleated at critical areas, and LP is applied for those regions so as to delay the crack initiation. Many critical regions are located on the edge of the curved portion of structures because of stress concentration effects. Several investigations that are available for straight components may not give meaningful guidelines for peening curved components. Therefore, in this paper, we investigate residual stress behaviors induced by LP along the edge of curved models. Three curved models that have different curvatures are investigated for peening performance. Two types of peening configurations, which are simultaneous corner shot and sequential corner shots, are considered in order to obtain compressive residual stresses along an edge. LP simulations of multiple shots are performed to identify overlapping effects on the edge portion of a curved model. In addition, the uncertainty calculation of residual stress induced by LP considering laser pulse duration is performed.     

Effects of micro-stresses from machining and shot-peening processes on fatigue life

An investigation of the effects of tensile machining and compressive shot-peening residual stresses on fatigue life is presented. The paper is focused on fatigue life modelling using the finite element method (FEM). A representative broached notched specimen under three-point bending is modelled as a 2D plane stress geometry using the FEM. Inconel 718 mechanical and fatigue material properties at 600°C are used. Machining and shot-peening residual stresses are mapped to the macro FE models using mathematical algorithms around the notched area of the specimen and their influence on the fatigue life experiencing high cycle fatigue (HCF) and low cycle fatigue (LCF) is investigated. The results show that the compressive shot-peening residual stresses significantly increase the life at HCF compared to the LCF.     

喷丸强化残余应力对疲劳性能和变形控制影响研究进展

作为机械表面强化技术之一,喷丸强化使工件表层发生形变硬化,引入较高的残余压应力,减少了疲劳应力作用下微裂纹的萌生并抑制其扩展,从而显著提高零件的抗疲劳断裂和抗应力腐蚀开裂的能力。基于喷丸残余应力解析计算模型,从余弦函数模型、接触应力模型和球腔膨胀模型三个方面介绍喷丸强化残余应力的产生,进而对喷丸残余应力的仿真预测及影响规律进行论述。为了提高试件疲劳强度而引入的残余压应力会带来影响形位精度的变形,基于此阐述了喷丸残余应力对疲劳性能的影响及其在疲劳过程中的演化,同时论述了喷丸残余应力变形预测及控制的研究现状,最后对喷丸残余应力未来的研究内容与发展方向进行展望。     

Features of Finite Element Modeling of Residual Stresses Arising in Material under Laser Shock-Wave Processing Using the Intrinsic Deformations Method

Laser shock-wave processing of materials is a modern technology for effective processing of metallic materials. In the near-surface region, the processing produces significant compressive residual stresses that contribute to increasing material strength and improving their tribological and operational characteristics. In this work, we performed finite element modeling of the laser shock-wave technology using the intrinsic deformation method. Specifically, using the intrinsic deformation method, we first solved the dynamic problem on the impact of a shock load and determined the distribution of stabilized plastic deformations (so-called “intrinsic deformations”) and then solved the static problem on the elastic response of the system to the intrinsic deformations induced into it. The level of the resulting compressive residual stresses arising upon laser shock-wave processing is determined. The obtained results correlated well with the known experimental data.     

Theoretical Investigation of the Influence of Combined Machining Modes on the Value and Character of Residual Stresses in the Surface Layer of Cylindrical Friction Pairs

In this paper, analysis of influence of residual stresses in the surface layer of cylindrical friction pairs on the operational wear resistance index is carried out. Stresses of the first kind after application of combined machining are investigated. Combined machining is consecutive electromechanical machining and diamond burnishing. A formula for calculation of residual stresses originating in the surface layer after the combined machining is obtained. For computational convenience, a computer program calculating the residual stress parameter is written in Visual studio 2017 C#. The combined machining method creates a potential for improving performance indices due to creation of compressive residual stresses.     

轴承套圈强化研磨表面残余应力试验研究

结合疲劳裂纹扩展原理,分析残余压应力对材料表面的疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响。采用电磁无心夹具对轴承套圈进行定位,利用新型轴承强化研磨机对轴承套圈表面进行加工,基于X射线衍射法测定轴承套圈加工后的表面残余应力。试验结果表明,强化研磨加工使轴承套圈表面的残余压应力增大,提高工件服役可靠性。     

Wear and friction of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy treated by laser shock processing

Laser shock processing (LSP) is becoming an important surface treatment to induce a compressive residual stress field, which improves fatigue and fracture properties of components. In this work, we examine the effect of laser shock processing on the wear and friction behavior of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy. Wear rate and friction coefficient evolution are investigated for different process parameters of LSP. Roll-on-flat tribometer is used with different loading conditions. Hardness and residual stresses are assessed as well. It is observed that wear rate decreases as pulse density increases; this is explained in light of residual stress distribution.     

激光熔覆工艺参数对铁基双层涂层组织和残余应力的影响

针对激光熔覆过程中剧烈的温度场变化伴随着应力、应变演化,进而导致零件具有高裂纹敏感性的问题,对不同激光扫描路径及工艺参数下残余应力演变规律进行研究。采用激光熔覆在Q345钢上制备了Fe基双层多道涂层,并以X射线衍射法结合电化学腐蚀剥层法测量沿涂层深度方向的残余应力分布,探究激光扫描路径、功率以及扫描速度对涂层显微组织和应力分布的影响。结果表明：涂层表面和内部为残余压应力,在涂层基体熔合线处残余应力发生突变,热影响区表现为残余拉应力;激光熔覆工艺对涂层残余应力的大小和分布规律有显著影响,当激光扫描路径为轮廓偏置式、激光功率为1.8 kW、扫描速度为0.02 m/s时,涂层具有最优的残余应力分布和成形质量;残余应力的产生主要与激光束对熔池的冲击作用以及熔覆层的非平衡凝固特性有关。     

The role of stacking fault energy and induced residual stresses on the sliding wear of aluminum bronze

An analysis was made of the residual stresses induced during sliding contact of a series of Cu-Al alloys of various stacking fault energies (SFEs) using the conventional two-exposure X-ray technique. Compressive residual stresses were found in all alloys which increased with decreasing SFE in a manner analogous to the strain-hardening behavior. The macroscopic wear rate was found to be linearly related to the compressive stresses induced during the wear process. The increase in wear rate associated with increasing hardness and residual compressive stresses is attributed to the presence of a residual tensile stress normal to the surface.     

An electromagnetic-acoustic method for studying stress-strain states of rails

Experimental results of measuring mechanical stresses in R65 rails with the use of the acoustic elasticity effect and an electromagnetic-acoustic method for the input-reception of shear waves are presented. Results of modeling compressive stresses in a rail segment are provided. The experimental results are compared with theoretical estimates for stresses that are induced in a restrained rail by the temperature action. The results of monitoring residual stresses in rails are described for a segment of continuous welded rails.     

Evolution of residual stresses in micro-arc oxidation ceramic coatings on 6061 Al alloy

Most researches on micro-arc oxidation mainly focus on the application rather than discovering the evolution of residual stresses. However, residual stresses in the surface coatings of structural components have adverse effects on their properties, such as fatigue life, dimensional stability and corrosion resistance, etc. The micro-arc oxidation ceramic coatings are produced on the surfaces of 6061 aluminum alloy by a homemade asymmetric AC type of micro-arc oxidation equipment of 20 kW. A constant current density of 4.4___0.1 A/dm2 and a self-regulated composite electrolyte are used. The micro-arc oxidation treatment period ranges from 10 min to 40 min, and the thickness of the ceramic coatings is more than 20 Bin. Residual stresses attributed to 7-A1203 constituent in the coatings at different micro-arc oxidation periods are analyzed by an X-ray diffractometer using the sin2~u method. The analysis results show that the residual stress in the ceramic coatings is compressive in nature, and it increases first and then decreases with micro-arc oxidation time increase. The maximum stress value is 1 667_＋20 MPa for period of 20 min. Through analyzing the coating thickness, surface morphology and phase composition, it is found that the residual stress in the ceramic coatings is linked closely with the coating growth, the phase composition and the micro cracks formed. It is also found that both the heat treatment and the ultrasonic action release remarkably the residual compressive stress. The heat treatment makes the residual compressive stress value decrease 1 378 MPa. The ultrasonic action even alters the nature of the residual stress, making the residual compressive stress change into a residual tensile stress.     

Prediction of surface characteristics obtained by burnishing

To reduce the irregularities of machined surface, burnishing is used as a finishing process by plastic deformation. This process does not only improve surface finish but also generates compressive residual stresses throughout the surface. In this work, an analytical study and a finite element modelling were performed to provide a fundamental understanding of the burnishing on an AISI 1042 workpiece. The analytical results were concentrated on the surface roughness and on some burnishing parameter effects. The simulations were devoted to the study of the surface profile, the residual stresses and the influence of burnishing parameters (penetration depth, feed rates, diameter of the ball of burnishing tool and initial surface quality) on surface roughness and the residual stress distribution. It has been noted that burnishing improves surface quality and introduces compressive residual stresses. These results were successfully compared to experimental data obtained in previous works.     

发动机缸盖残余应力的测量及分析

采用盲孔法测量3组发动机铝合金缸盖裂纹附近和敏感部位的残余应力情况,分析缸盖内的残余应力对其裂纹产生的具体影响。考虑到缸盖的复杂结构特点和选择的测点位置,测试选用钻铣床钻盲孔和铣断通油管及其侧板,并在钻盲孔释放残余应力和铣削过程中通过30通道应变仪DRA-30A记录测点的应变时域曲线。对测试结果的分析和研究表明:通油管部分的残余应力以压应力为主,下缸体的上表面以拉应力为主,这种上压下拉的残余应力分布情况是缸盖内产生裂纹的主要原因;测点4处产生裂纹的可能性较大,测点7处通油管对下缸体的局部拉伸作用最为明显;B90组结构设计和加工工艺在3组试样中最为合理。据此测试结果和研究结论改进产品的结构和工艺后,该种缸盖满足设计要求。     

Residual stresses in TiN, DLC and MoS2 coated surfaces with regard to their tribological fracture behaviour

Thin hard coatings on components and tools are used increasingly due to the rapid development in deposition techniques, tribological performance and application skills. The residual stresses in a coated surface are crucial for its tribological performance. Compressive residual stresses in PVD deposited TiN and DLC coatings were measured to be in the range of 0.03-4 GPa on steel substrate and 0.1-1.3 GPa on silicon. MoS₂ coatings had tensional stresses in the range of 0.8-1.3 on steel and 0.16 GPa compressive stresses on silicon. The fracture pattern of coatings deposited on steel substrate were analysed both in bend testing and scratch testing. A micro-scale finite element method (FEM) modelling and stress simulation of a 2 μm TiN-coated steel surface was carried out and showed a reduction of the generated tensile buckling stresses in front of the sliding tip when compressive residual stresses of 1 GPa were included in the model. However, this reduction is not similarly observed in the scratch groove behind the tip, possibly due to sliding contact-induced stress relaxation. Scratch and bending tests allowed calculation of the fracture toughness of the three coated surfaces, based on both empirical crack pattern observations and FEM stress calculation, which resulted in highest values for TiN coating followed by MoS₂ and DLC coatings, being K_C = 4-11, about 2, and 1-2 MPa m^1/2, respectively. Higher compressive residual stresses in the coating and higher elastic modulus of the coating correlated to increased fracture toughness of the coated surface.     

The use of ultrasonic cavitation peening to improve micro-burr-free surfaces

Advances in machining technology, particularly in the field of micro-machining, have led to the design and creation of miniature components suitable for use in the precision engineering industry. However, the need to contain ubiquitous burrs still exists and has to be addressed. Previous studies on deburring have mostly focused on the parametric investigations of orientation, temperature, type of liquid media and abrasives, frequency, deburring time and power. It is hypothesized that by inducing compressive residual stresses on a pre-machined workpiece surface, the resulting burrs caused by machining can be minimized or even eliminated. The paper presents the findings of an investigative study into the possibility of inducing compressive residual stresses on machined surfaces by the use of ultrasonic cavitation, with the aim of reducing or eliminating burr formation. The paper also briefly reviews the development of ultrasonic cavitation and covers published work on deburring by ultrasonic cavitation. Experimental results are presented on the performance of ultrasonic cavitation peening on the residual stress in Stavax stainless steels and on micro-burr formation.     

钢和铸铁激光相变硬化层的残余应力研究

对钢和铸铁中激光相变硬化引起的残余应力现象进行了研究。结果表明，激光相变硬化层中的残余压应力是普遍存在的现象。激光能量密度Ｐ／Ｄ_ｂ~ｖ对残余应力的大小有很大影响，且对具有不同原始组织的材料，影响的规律也不同。推导了激光相变硬化层的残余应力公式，并对实验结果进行了分析讨论。     

刀刃半径对不锈钢切削表面残余应力影响的模拟

建立了平面应变有限元模型，采用更新的Lagrange方法模拟了奥氏体不锈钢AISI316L的正交切削过程；研究了刀刃圆弧半径对已加工表面残余应力的影响，发现随着半径的增大，残余拉应力和压应力的数值都增大，压应力层厚度也增大，但是拉应力层厚度不变。将模拟结果与实验结果进行对比，发现二者是吻合的，从而验证了有限元模拟的可用性。     

Three-dimensional finite element analysis of cold expansion of adjacent holes

Three-dimensional elasto-plastic finite element analysis was conducted to evaluate the development and growth of the plastic zone and unloading residual stresses resulting from the cold expansion of two adjacent holes. The contact between the mandrel and the hole was modelled using special contact elements. The work examined the effect of the geometry of two adjacent cold-expanded holes upon the resulting three-dimensional residual stress field. Both simultaneous and sequential expansion of the two holes was considered. It was shown that the compressive residual stress varies across the thickness of the specimen and that two-dimensional finite element models are incapable of accurately predicting the residual stresses resulting from the cold expansion process. It was further shown that sequential expansion reduces dramatically the compressive residual stresses. The validity of the developed finite element model was verified with existing experimental results.