HIGH THROUGHPUT DRILLING OF TITANIUM ALLOYS

The experiments of high throughput drilling of Ti-6Al-4V at 183 m/min cutting speed and 156 mm3/s material removal rate using a 4 mm diameter WC-Co spiral point drill are conducted. At this material removal rate, it took only 0.57 s to drill a hole in a 6.35 mm thick Ti plate. Supplying the cutting fluid via through-the-drill holes and the balance of cutting speed and feed have proven to be critical for drill life. An inverse heat transfer model is developed to predict the heat flux and the drill temperature distribution in drilling. A three-dimensional finite element modeling of drilling is con-ducted to predict the thrust force and torque. Experimental result demonstrates that, using proper machining process parameters, tool geometry, and fine-grained WC-Co tool material, the high throughput machining of Ti alloy is technically feasible.     

麻花钻的数学建模及钻削过程有限元分析

为预测麻花钻的几何参数及钻削用量对钻削力和钻削温度的影响,通过对标准麻花钻的几何造型及锥面磨法的研究,用UG做了3D实体模型,基于Deform3D建立了有限元模型,并对钻削过程的钻削力和钻削温度的分布做了仿真研究。结果表明,扭矩、轴向力和切削温度均随麻花钻的直径增加而增大,随进给量的减小而降低。     

Effect of modified drill point geometry on drilling quality characteristics of metal matrix composite (MMCs)

The abrasive reinforcement present in ‘Metal matrix composites’ (MMCs) is responsible for numerous machining challenges for the research fraternity. The increase in tool wear, burr formation, surface roughness, and increase in cutting forces are few of such machining challenges during the drilling of MMCs. The present research investigation explores the effect of change in drill point geometry on the drilling Quality characteristics (QCs) of the drilled hole wall. The drilling QCs under investigation are, Specific cutting pressure (SCP) and Surface roughness (SR) of the drilled hole wall. The levels of the input process parameters for optimum values of the output responses were established by Taguchi’s methodology. SEM images and contour plots of drilled hole wall have been used to qualitatively explain the drilling behavior of MMCs. The chip formation mechanism observed during drilling establishes the cutting behavior of the different cutting edges of the modified drill point geometry. It has been observed that the single conical chips were produced by primary cutting edge and single ring type chips were produced by secondary cutting edge. The step diameter is the main factor which influences the SCP followed by the feed and point angle. The surface roughness of the drilled hole wall has been governed by the cutting speed, feed and step diameter. Burnishing and honing effect were observed on the drilled hole wall surface because of entrapped free SiC particles using SEM.

     

基于DEFORM-3D的深孔枪钻切屑成形机理分析

切屑形态对枪钻深孔加工中孔成型精度影响较大,利用DEFORM-3D有限元仿真软件模拟深孔加工中切屑的形成过程、形态和断屑方式,准确复现切屑的形成过程及形态,并计算切屑的曲率与厚度。模拟分析与记录轴向力、扭矩和切削过程温度等参数,揭示出力与扭矩的全过程变化规律,分析得出切削刃温度最高区域、相邻区域的温度分布规律,为切削过程工艺参数的控制提供理论依据。试验与仿真数据对比分析表明,采用有限元分析方法可为枪钻深孔切削过程工艺参数选取和优化提供基本可信的依据,并有效缩减切削试验次数。     

高速小钻头温度与热应力场特性研究

基于传热学和金属切削理论,建立了某型高速钻头温度场模型.利用有限元法,模拟该钻头在典型工况的温度场分布及变化规律,研究了切削速度等参数对温度场的影响,得到了钻头在温度载荷下的应力和变形,计算结果表明,高速钻削最高温度出现在钻头尖部,沿轴向逐渐降低,对于小直径钻头心部与表面温差不显著;最高温度随着转速升高而升高,达到一定值后上升趋势逐渐变缓进而下降;刀具热变形较小,但热变形量可能会影响加工精度,应调整刀具材料或加强冷却;切削温度基本不影响其强度.     

可转位浅孔钻的实体建模及网格划分

可转位浅孔钻内外刀片的径向非对称分布,导致钻削时将会产生径向合力,从而影响被加工孔的质量。为最大限度的减小加工时的径向合力,有效研究浅孔钻钻削过程,需借助有限元软件对其进行三维斜角切削分析。由于浅孔钻结构复杂,为创建有限元分析所需要的几何模型,采用Solid-Works软件建立可转位浅孔钻三维模型,并详细介绍了其建模过程;同时在有限元分析软件ANSYS里对其进行网格划分,为后续浅孔钻的应力、应变等分析做好充分准备工作。     

Finite element and experimental investigation of temperature changes on a twist drill in sequential dry drilling

The drilling process is highly non-linear. Coupled with a thermo-mechanical machining, localized heating and temperature increases in the workpiece are caused by the rapid plastic deformation of the workpiece and by the friction along the drill-chip interface. The cutting temperature at the tool-chip interface is an important factor which directly affects workpiece surface integrity, tool wear, and hole diameter and cylindricity in the drilling process. In this study, the effects of sequential dry drilling operations on the drill bit temperature were investigated both experimentally and numerically. Drill temperatures were measured by inserting standard thermocouples into the coolant (oil) hole of TiN/TiAlN-coated carbide drills. Experimental studies were conducted using two different workpiece materials, AISI 1040 steel and Al 7075-T651. The drill bit temperature was predicted using a numerical computation with Third Wave AdvantEdge finite element method (FEM) software, which is based on Lagrangian explicit. The results obtained from the experimental study and finite element analyses (FEA) were compared. Reasonable agreement between the measured and calculated drill bit temperature results were found for sequential dry drilling.     

ENERGETICAL APPROACH FOR SEMI-ANALYTICAL DRILLING MODELLING

Drilling modelling is a complex task and has been extensively studied from an experimental viewpoint. However, only few studies have been done on the analytical modelling of this machining operation. The geometry of a drill and the kinematics of drilling are such that tool angles as well as the cutting conditions undergo great variations along the cutting edges. The calculation of the forces in drilling thus requires a cutting model covering the whole range of these variations. Moreover, on the chisel area, the cutting speed and the angles are such that the phenomena cannot be regarded as cutting. In this case, the material is plastically deformed when passing by tool edge, just as in indentation. In this study, we propose a semi-analytical model that allows determining forces on the tool, as well as heat fluxes and temperatures along the edges of the drill. In this model, the main cutting edge and the chisel edge are considered. It also takes into account the elastic relaxation on the clearance face with edge acuity, as well as a proper modelling of the phenomena occurring at chisel edge in relation with its geometry and the kinetics of a drilling operation.     

UNDERSTANDING OF FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS RESULTS UNDER THE FRAMEWORK OF OXLEY'S MACHINING MODEL

ABSTRACT

We introduce an accurate coupled thermo-mechanical finite element analysis (FEA) of machining using the Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) analysis capability of ABAQUS/Explicit. This analysis provides detailed information about the cutting forces, chip thickness, contact length, the extent of the primary and secondary shear zones as well as the distribution of strain, strain rate and temperature in the deformation zones. This information has to be viewed under the framework of an analytical model for it to lead to better understanding of the physics of machining. We use the best available analytical model, namely, Oxley's machining model, for this purpose and the FEA results are compared with the assumptions and predictions of Oxley's analysis. The strain rate in the primary shear zone, the hydrostatic pressure variation along the shear plane, the distribution of normal and shear stresses along the tool-chip interface and the shape of the secondary shear zone are the quantities compared. Due to the key role of temperature in the prediction of tool wear, the fraction of heat conducted away into the workpiece, the maximum temperature along the tool-chip interface and the maximum temperature along the flank face are also compared. The comparison reveals that Oxley's model captures the physics of machining quite well. However, some details such as the heat partition module and the assumptions on stress and temperature distribution at the tool-chip interface need to be revisited.     

可转位浅孔钻几何角度分析

采用向量矩阵法建立了可转位浅孔钻静态几何角度的数学模型 ,使用该模型可计算出钻头切削刃各点的刃倾角、法前角、法后角及主偏角 ,为进一步研究可转位浅孔钻的钻削力、钻削温度、刀片磨损等提供必要的基础数据。     

麻花钻钻削钼圆材料过程有限元分析

通过对标准麻花钻数学模型的研究,用Deform 3D建立了麻花钻钻削钼材料的有限元模型,并对钻削过程的应力应变、钻削温度和钻削轴向力的情况做了仿真研究。结果表明切削温度和轴向力都随麻花钻的转速及进给量的增加而增大,而选择合适的转速和进给量能使得材料的应变变小,切削形状良好。为钼材料的钻孔加工,工艺参数的选择提供了相关的理论依据。     

Investigation of the feasibility and effectiveness in using heat pipe-embedded drills by finite element analysis

Drilling is a sufficiently severe machining process coupled with thermomechanical effect, in which mechanical work is converted to heat through the plastic deformation involved in chip formation and friction between tool and workpiece. The elevated temperature at the tool–chip interface has deleterious effects on the dimensional accuracy of the workpiece and shortens the service life of the tool. In this paper, the feasibility and effectiveness of heat pipe cooling in drilling operations are investigated numerically. A new embedded heat pipe technology was utilized to remove the heat generated at the tool interface in the foregoing cutting process. Numerical studies involved four different cooling conditions, i.e., dry drilling, fluid cooling, heat pipe cooling, and heat pipe cooling with cutting fluid supplied. The thermal, structural static, and dynamic characteristics of the drill were investigated using a numerical calculation with fast finite element plus solvers based on explicit finite element analysis software COSMOS\works. The results demonstrate that the heat pipe drill is most feasible and effective in the actual drilling processes.     

EFFECTS OF ROTATIONAL SPEED,FEED RATE AND TOOL TYPE ON TEMPERATURES AND CUTTING FORCES WHEN DRILLING BOVINE CORTICAL BONE

Surgical procedures that affect the human body's bone structure, often entail cutting, drilling or screwing operations of bone. The post-operative success of these procedures is largely dependent on the degree of damage introduced by the process. In this article, the influence of the rotational velocity, feed per tooth and two drill bit type on workpiece temperatures and cutting forces when drilling bovine cortical bone has been studied. The purpose is to find the optimum cutting conditions that will generate the lower temperatures and cutting forces. The measurement of temperatures has been carried out with an infrared thermography camera, and a piezoelectric dynamometer has been employed to obtain forces. A model has been developed from which heat flow into the drilled bone can be estimated from specific cutting force and the fraction of total heat generated that flows into the bone. This fraction has been shown to depend on the Peclet number for the process, proportional to the drill rotation speed, the feed per cutting edge and the diameter of the drill. By means of the model, some contradictions in the literature as to the effect on bone heating of increasing rotation speeds and feeds per cutting edge have been resolved.     

钛合金旋转超声辅助钻削的钻削力和切屑研究

针对难加工材料钛合金在采用普通麻花钻传统钻削过程中存在钻削力和扭矩较大使得钻孔困难,刀具使用寿命低,连续长切屑易缠绕刀具、划伤孔加工表面、增大刀具-切屑-工件孔壁之间的摩擦以及排屑差引起堵屑和卡刀具的问题,引入一种新刃型刀具（即八面钻）,并结合超声振动钻削技术,进行了钛合金旋转超声辅助钻削试验。分析了旋转超声辅助钻削和普通钻削中切屑形成原理,采用文中所设计的旋转超声振动钻削主轴结合BV100立式加工中心平台、测力系统和非接触激光测量系统进行了无冷却条件下基于八面钻的钛合金旋转超声辅助钻削和普通钻削试验以及钻削力、扭矩和切屑形态的研究。试验结果表明：相比于普通钻削,超声钻削明显降低钻削力和扭矩分别为19.07%~20.09%和31.66%~34.3%,明显增强了钻头横刃和主切削刃的切削能力,获得了良好的断屑和排屑效果,提高了切削过程的稳定性,能够极大改善钛合金钻孔过程钻削困难、刀具使用寿命低和孔加工质量差的问题。     

A sustainability comparison between drilling and milling for hole-enlargement in machining of hardened steels

Abstract

Hole-making is one of the most important processes of metal shaping domain. Although, drilling is a commonly used approach to cut holes in metallic parts, the process cannot be completed with the cutting action of one drill bit if the work material is hard and diameter of the hole is large. Usually, a drill having diameter equal to the required diameter of the hole is utilized to enlarge a predrilled hole of a smaller diameter. In this work, we have investigated sustainability of using another method of enlarging a pre-drilled hole, namely side and end milling and compared it with the drilling-based approach. The work material used in the study is a high carbon steel, which is heat-treated to two distinct levels of surface hardness. Besides process type and work material hardness, the other two parameters tested in the investigation are cutting speed and depth of hole. A total of 16 experiments were performed to generate data regarding the sustainability measures, namely hole surface roughness, specific cutting energy and tool wear. Process choice (drilling or milling) for hole-enlargement was found to possess a significant effect on all the measured responses. Analyses carried out on the experimental data revealed that although the drilling-based option led to an immensely better surface finish, the milling-based option performed better with respect to the other measures of economic and environmental sustainability.     

Cutting characteristics of twist drill having cutting edges for drilling and reaming

In this study, the cutting characteristics of a drill reamer, which has conventional twist drill cutting edges appended for reaming, were investigated. A drill reamer has three types of cutting edges, whose roles are drilling, semi-finishing, and finishing. The cutting characteristics of a conventional twist drill were compared to those of the drill reamer. The cutting characteristics were evaluated using the thrust force, cutting torque, surface roughness, wear behavior of the cutting edges, and cutting edge temperature. The study used a workpiece made of carbon steel. The temperature of the cutting edge for reaming reached a maximum value of approximately 420°C, even though the depth of the cut was very small. The inner surface roughness with the drill reamer was superior to that with the conventional drill, even under dry and low-speed cutting conditions. The abrasive wear observed on the margin face of the cutting edge used for reaming.     

基于径向力的可转位浅孔钻加工孔径误差研究

为研究可转位浅孔钻在切削过程中的钻孔孔径误差,基于可转位浅孔钻的理论几何模型,并利用经典斜切理论得到浅孔钻的径向力、力矩关于刀片几何参数和切削参数的计算公式。选取常用切削参数组合,将计算得的径向合力及力矩作为边界条件,通过ANSYS有限元分析刀体挠度,得出相关钻孔孔径误差的理论值。利用统计学回归方法建立相应数学模型,并通过切削试验验证数学模型的精确性。基于建立的数学模型,通过调节切削参数,可预测并控制孔径误差值,实现浅孔钻在半精加工中对孔径余量的精确控制,有效拓展可转位浅孔钻的应用范围。     

高速钢麻花钻的磨损试验研究

麻花钻是实现孔加工的重要工具,然而切削刃口的快速磨损是制约钻孔质量和钻头寿命的重要因素.基于产品抽样钻孔试验与正交试验,本文对高速钢麻花钻的磨损、破损等失效形式进行了综合分析,探讨了以钻孔直径为评价指标时的孔加工数量与孔径的关系,并对麻花钻磨损的关键影响因素进行了正交试验研究.结果表明,麻花钻磨损与破损形式主要有主切削...     

Tool life evaluation of CFRP drilling with three kinds of drill

Serious tool wear in CFRP drilling is one of the key problems to be solved urgently. Firstly, a suitable indirect evaluation index of tool life is selected according to the literature. The critical delamination force was obtained by blind hole pushing experiment. Then, tool wear experiments were carried out with double point angle drill, stepped drill and reverse edge compound drill to analyze the variation rules of the thrust force, exit burr, exit delamination and tear with tool wear. Threshold values of exit delamination, tearing and critical thrust force were compared with each evaluation index one by one to study the causes of drills failure. The results indicated that the maximum tool wear position was the outer corner. Among the three types drills, the thrust force, delamination factor and burr angle of the reverse edge compound drill are smaller. The double point angle drill fails due to the excessive thrust force, while the stepped drill and the reverse edge compound drill fail due to the hole exit delamination exceeding the threshold. The number of drilled holes of the reverse edge compound drill is 100 % and 25 % higher than that of the double point angle drill and the stepped drill, respectively. Therefore, the reverse edge compound drill is suitable for drilling CFRP.

     

弧面上非径向孔加工钻头的研究

本文在对弧面上非径向孔的加工方法及其切削模型综合分析的基础上，提出了一种合理钻削模型，并叙述了相应专用钻头的结构设计、主要几何参数的选择及切削用量推荐值