管件弯曲工艺参数对截面质量影响有限元模拟

大口径船用管件多采用冷弯成形工艺,为掌握管件弯曲工艺参数对截面质量的影响规律,采用ABAQUS对管件弯曲过程进行模拟。模拟结果显示:随着芯棒与管件单侧间隙的增加,壁厚减薄率相应减小,单侧间隙合适范围为0.5mm~1mm;随着芯棒伸出量增加,弯管截面圆度值增大,芯棒伸出量合适范围为25mm~30mm。     

简易成形弯管模

我厂加工弯管部件(图1),原用灌砂热煨法。后来设计了简易成形弯管模(图2),效果良好。现介绍如下。工作原理将管件沿导向轮插入两模之间,开动压力机,由递送芯棒把管件徐徐压入圆形曲槽,管件全部进入槽内后,提起压力机头,芯棒退出。安放第二根管件,连续操作,前面的管件被后而的管件顶出模外,自动脱落,得到180°弯管。注意事项 1.因管件弯曲半径小、管壁薄,弯曲成形后回弹力较大,故成形模曲率半径应适当缩小6～8毫米,以克服回弹。     

大口径中频加热液压弯管机的液压技术研究

大口径中频加热液压弯管机是一种新型管件弯曲自动化加工成套设备,适合从Φ10至Φ1524mm的大口径的不同弯曲半径、弯曲角度的弯管的加工.液压技术为管坯弯曲变形以及腰鼓轮夹持机构、装管升降机构提供的动力源的.尤其采用单缸推弯驱动形式实现了结构简单紧凑,超低速运行平稳可靠,避免了薄壁弯管弯管过程出现的颤动及弯弧起皱现象,确保了弯管质量的高水平.     

有芯弯管模具设计

1.有芯弯管原理 有芯弯管是在弯管机上利用芯棒使管材沿弯曲模绕弯的工艺方法（见图1）。弯管胎膜固定在机床主轴上并随主轴一起旋转。管子在镶块1与夹紧块2的作用下压紧于弯曲模胎上。为了保证弯管质量,避免折皱和断面畸变,弯曲模胎、芯棒及防皱板都必须具有与管坯外表面吻合的型槽,以利于将管坯外壁卡紧,同时芯棒从管坯内部支撑管壁。     

间隙对薄壁矩形管绕弯成形截面畸变影响的研究

基于ABAQUS/Explicit,建立了铝合金薄壁矩形管绕弯成形过程三维有限元模型,并对其可靠性进行了验证.模拟分析了芯棒与管坯间隙、压块与管坯间隙、防皱块与管坯间隙及弯曲模与管坯间隙对管坯截面畸变的影响规律.研究结果表明:减小芯棒与管坯间的间隙及弯曲模与管坯间的间隙都可减小管坯截面畸变的程度;而压块与管坯间隙及防皱块与管坯间隙的改变对管坯截面畸变率影响不大.     

采用小弯曲半径弯头反向推直与正向推弯的管坯设计方法

采用数值模拟技术对小弯曲半径弯头（1D）进行反向推直以获得弯头推弯成形时管坯的近似尺寸,并进行优化;在此基础上,采用正向成形法对优化管坯进行推弯模拟与试验验证,最终得到较为精确的管坯尺寸。以管径为32mm×1mm的LF2M铝合金管材进行小弯曲半径弯头成形为例,首先对弯头产品尺寸进行反向推直模拟,获得推直管坯尺寸后,进行优化与正向推弯模拟验证,最终对优化的精确管坯进行推弯成形试验,结果显示：通过反向推直与正向推弯模拟相结合获得小弯曲半径弯头推弯成形管坯尺寸的方法具有较高的可靠性,并得到了管径为32mm×1mm的LF2M铝合金管材进行高难推弯成形时的管坯尺寸与成形零件。     

小弯曲半径弯管的对挤成形

锅炉的弯管大都在弯管机上采用冷弯或热弯成形。管件的弯曲半径越小，其变形程度越大。在管件弯曲变形的同时，还会伴随着截面畸变。由于弯头的极限变形程度和截面畸变的限制，弯头最小弯曲半径必须大于某一极限数值，一般相对弯曲半径大于25。即使采用热弯，并辅以各种防止截面畸变措施，其最小相对弯曲半径一般也不能小于1．5。要想获得更小的弯曲半径的弯头，采用单纯弯曲是不可能实现的。近年来，随着锅炉制造工艺的发展，研究开发了一种小弯曲半径弯头成形新工艺——小弯曲半径弯头对挤成形。一、对挤成形工艺小弯曲半径弯头对挤工艺为…     

芯棒形式对铜管绕弯成形质量影响的仿真研究

利用仿真技术对薄壁铜管绕弯成形中圆头、关节、曲面3种形式的芯棒对弯管质量的影响进行了研究。建立了基于显示算法的铜管弯管有限元仿真模型,并对模型进行了试验验证。验证结果表明,动力显式算法仿真模型可以较好地对铜管绕弯成形过程进行模拟。利用该模型,对空调铜管弯曲成形常用的圆头芯棒、曲面芯棒和关节芯棒进行了仿真对比,分析了芯棒形式对成形关键参数——厚度减薄和截面畸变的影响。仿真分析结果表明:圆头芯棒最有利于减轻厚度减薄的情况;关节芯棒最有利于保持铜管截面形状;曲面芯棒有利于得到综合性能更好的弯管。研究结果为工程应用中芯棒形式的选择提供了理论依据。     

大弯曲半径管材推弯回弹有限元分析

大弯曲半径管材是在推弯机的推弯过程中成形的,因在推弯过程中,模具与管坯间各参数的相互影响导致管坯在推弯成形后,不可避免的产生回弹角,因而影响了管坯在后期应用中的精度和准确率。因此采用动态有限元平台ABAQUS/Explicit软件对大弯曲半径管材的推弯成形建立符合实际推弯参数的有限元模型,并通过有限元数值模拟对推弯过程中影响回弹角的主要因素:相对弯曲半径R/D、相对壁厚D/t、摩擦系数、以及材料的硬化指数和强度系数进行有限元分析,并得出这些参数对回弹角影响的规律曲线。     

矩形截面直角弯管内高压成形过程的数值模拟

内高压成形技术是以轻量化和一体化为特征的一种空心变截面轻体构件的先进制造技术。在汽车工业领域，运用该技术能够生产出质量轻而且具有很高的强度和刚度的零件。矩形截面直角弯管是一类特殊零件，具有典型的直角弯曲特征．常规弯曲工艺无法加工。采用内高压成形技术，可避免常规弯曲方法的不足，实现该类零件的成形。对采用管材内高压成形技术加工矩形截面工件成形过程进行了有限元模拟，对整个管件的成形规律进行了总结分析，对于应用内高压成形技术生产该类零件具有重要指导意义。     

Forming characteristics analysis of the cross-section of axially inner grooved copper tube

The simulation of the cross-section forming of axially inner grooved copper tube (AIGCT) is conducted using finite element (FE) software MSC.Marc. The stress–strain distribution, metal flow rule, and contact force are analyzed based on the simulation and experimental results. The results show that gaps in the groove walls are caused not only by the diametric clearance between the inner wall of the copper tube and the mandrel but also the bending deformation of the copper tube. The cross-sectional geometry and surface characteristics of grooves are determined by the multi-tooth mandrel. Smooth transition of the mandrel teeth addendum improves the metal flow and makes contact force vary slightly, which is good for preventing mandrel from failure. Improving the mandrel surface finish can also improve the inner surface quality of AIGCT. The results help to optimize the forming process parameters and improve the forming quality.     

工艺参数对三维非轴对称管件缩径旋压成形的影响

以6061T1(挤压态及退火态)铝合金为研究对象,探讨工艺参数对三维非轴对称管件缩径旋压成形的影响。结果表明,当材料状态及其他工艺参数相同时,与轴对称零件相比,偏心及倾斜类零件的极限名义缩径量要小得多;轴对称件所能采取的进给比下限最低,而倾斜件的进给比下限最高;当旋转圆角半径过小时,会使工件表面粗糙度值变大,甚至出现破裂现象;旋轮直径对极限名义缩径量的影响不大。当工艺参数选择不合理时,工件口部或起旋点附近易产生破裂现象,为危险截面所在位置。     

Hydroforming of aluminum extrusion tubes for automotive applications. Part I: buckling, wrinkling and bursting analyses of aluminum tubes

Three possible failure modes have been identified in tube hydroforming: buckling, wrinkling and bursting. A general theoretical framework is proposed for analyzing these failure modes as an elastoplastic bifurcation problem. This framework enables advanced yield criteria and various strain-hardening laws to be readily incorporated into the analysis. The effect of plastic deformation on the geometric instability in tube hydroforming, such as global buckling, axisymmetric wrinkling and asymmetric wrinkling, is precisely treated by using the exact plane stress moduli tensor. A mathematical formulation for predicting the localized condition for bursting failure is established herein. Furthermore, the critical conditions governing the onset of buckling, axisymmetric wrinkling and asymmetric wrinkling are derived in closed-form expressions for the critical axial compressive stresses. Closed-form solutions for the critical stress are developed based on Neale–Hutchinson's constitutive equation and an assumed deformation theory of plasticity. It is demonstrated that the onset of asymmetric wrinkling always requires a higher critical axial compressive stress than the axisymmetric one under the context of tube hydroforming with applied internal pressure and hence the asymmetric wrinkling mode can be excluded in the analysis of tube hydroforming. Parametric studies show that buckling and axisymmetric wrinkling are strongly dependent on geometric parameters such as t₀/r₀ and r₀/ℓ₀, and that axisymmetric wrinkling is the predominant mode for short tubes while global buckling occurs for long slender tubes.     

管材屈曲和起皱分析

研究了薄壁管在高压成形过程中的屈曲、起皱失稳现象,通过对所建立的弹塑性屈曲（全局屈曲）和起皱（局部屈曲）模型的分析计算,获得了管子屈曲、起皱的初始条件、临界载荷和临界应力计算公式。研究表明,屈曲和起皱的产生取决于几何参数,如相对半径r0/l0和相对厚度d0/r0等,且对长管而言,屈曲是主要的失稳形式,但对于短管,起皱则是主要的失稳形式,薄壁管内压对薄壁管起皱、屈曲没有影响。     

A closed-loop type algorithm for determination of variable blank holder force trajectory and its application to square cup deep drawing

In deep drawing, a low blank holder force (BHF) can cause wrinkling, while a high BHF can lead to tearing. Thus, it is important to determine the appropriate BHF to be utilized in the forming process. In this study, a variable blank holder force (VBHF) approach to deep drawing is employed, and a simple closed-loop type algorithm is developed to obtain the VBHF trajectory. The proposed algorithm is divided into two phases. The objective of the first phase is to check wrinkling and tearing. In this phase, a low BHF, which is the cause of wrinkling, is used as the initial BHF; it is then increased to prevent wrinkling. The algorithm is terminated when tearing occurs. In a numerical simulation, the distance between the die and the blank holder is used to measure wrinkling. On the other hand, the thickness of the blank is used to determine the tearing. Next, in the second phase, the deviations in thickness are examined. Wrinkles are also checked in the second phase. By iterating the above two phases, the VBHF trajectory can be obtained. One of the advantages of the VBHF is that it reduces the forming energy. The validity of the proposed algorithm is examined through both a numerical simulation and experiment.     

Inelastic wrinkling and collapse of tubes under combined bending and internal pressure

The problem of inelastic bending and collapse of tubes in the presence of internal pressure is investigated using experiments and analyses. The experiments involve 1.5-inch diameter, D/t=52 stainless steel tubes bent to failure at fixed values of pressure. The moment-curvature response is governed by the inelastic characteristics of the material. Bending induces some ovalization to the tube cross section while, simultaneously, the internal pressure causes the circumference to grow. Following some inelastic deformation, small amplitude axial wrinkles appear on the compressed side of the tube, and their amplitude grows stably as bending progresses. Eventually, wrinkling localizes, causing catastrophic failure usually in the form of an outward bulge. Internal pressure stabilizes the structure, it increases the wavelength of the wrinkles and can increase significantly the curvature at collapse. The onset of wrinkling is established by a custom bifurcation buckling formulation. The evolution of wrinkling and its eventual localization are simulated successfully using a FE shell model. The material is represented as an anisotropic elastic-plastic solid using the flow theory, while the models are assigned initial geometric imperfections with the wavelength of the wrinkling bifurcation mode. It is demonstrated that successful prediction of collapse requires very accurate representation of the material inelastic properties including yield anisotropies, and that as expected, the collapse curvature is sensitive to the imperfection amplitude and wavelength imposed.     

薄壁管数控弯曲成形中芯轴参数的确定

在薄壁管数控弯曲成形中,诸多错综复杂且相互耦合的物理因素严重影响弯管成形质量,其中芯轴是一个极为重要的因素,选取芯轴伸出量和球头节个数是实际生产中关键,且是难题所在.基于薄壁管绕弯成形原理,提出芯轴球头节个数和芯轴伸出量的计算公式.建立精确有限元模型对薄壁管数控弯曲成形进行力学仿真,得出芯轴参数对壁厚变化率和椭圆畸变率的影响规律,验证了芯轴伸出量计算公式.     

Hydroforming of aluminum extrusion tubes for automotive applications. Part II: process window diagram

Based on the mathematical formulations for predicting forming limits induced by buckling, wrinkling and bursting of free-expansion tube hydroforming, a theoretical “Process Window Diagram” (PWD) is proposed and established in this paper. The theory developed in the first part of the present work was formulated within the context of free-expansion tube hydroforming with both combined internal pressure and end feeding. The PWD is designed to provide a quick assessment of part producibility for tube hydroforming. The predicted PWD is validated against experimental results conducted for 6260-T4 60×2×320 (mm) aluminum tubes. An optimal loading path is also proposed in the PWD with an attempt to define the ideal forming process for aluminum tube hydroforming. Parametric studies show that the PWD has a strong dependency on tube geometry, material property and process parameters. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first attempt that a PWD is being formulated theoretically. Such a concept can be advantageous in deriving design solutions and determining optimal process parameters for tube hydroforming processes.     

芯棒伸出量对薄壁矩形管弯曲失稳起皱影响的数值模拟

基于动态显式有限元平台ABAQUS/Explicit,建立了3A21铝合金薄壁矩形管绕弯成形过程的三维有限元模型,模拟分析了芯棒伸出量对薄壁矩形管绕弯成形过程中失稳起皱的影响规律。结果表明:随着芯棒伸出量的增大,起皱波纹高度逐渐减小,切向压应力极大值波动的峰值减小,等效应力逐渐减小,并且变化趋于平缓;当芯棒伸出量达到一定值后,随着芯棒伸出量的增大,起皱波纹高度极大值变化不明显。该研究对薄壁矩形管绕弯成形工艺参数的确定具有重要的参考价值。     

Fabrication of small size inner spiral ribbed copper tube by fluid mandrel drawing

This paper is concerned with the development of ultra-small inner spiral ribbed copper tubes with high-quality heat transfer. Since the demand for the ultra-small tubes in electrical appliances is currently high and will be greater in the future, the technology employed must enable the production of inner spiral ribbed fine tubes with various features, such as small size, high quality, high functionality, and low processing cost so as to meet the increasing demand. The conventional production method is suitable for large tubes with high drawability but is unsuitable for fabrication of long ultra-small tubes because of the difficulty to manufacture both an ultra-small spiral ribbed mandrel and a floating plug. This research paper has proposed four drawing methods as follows: tube sinking, water, oil, and wax as mandrels and presented the comparison of seven parameters, i.e., drawing stress ratio, wall thickness ratio, ribbed base width ratio, ribbed tip width ratio, ribbed height ratio, ribbed pitch ratio, and ribbed spiral angle ratio. It was found that tube sinking was unfit for making the ultra-small inner spiral ribbed copper tubes due to the resulting high ratio of wall thickness. The results of all the parameters were similar in the cases of oil and wax. Despite less impressive outcomes, water was easily removed from the inner spiral ribbed copper tube compared to oil and wax. Thus, the tube drawing using water as mandrel was most suitable for the production of the inner spiral ribbed copper tube.