Temperature Dependence of Ultrasonic Longitudinal Guided Wave Propagation in Long Range Steel Strands

Ultrasonic guided wave inspection is an effective non-destructive testing method which can be used for stress level evaluation in steel strands.Unfortunately the propagation velocity of ultrasonic guided waves changes due to temperature shift making the prestress measurement of steel strands inaccurate and even sometimes impossible.In the course of solving the problem,this paper reports on quantitative research on the temperature dependence of ultrasonic longitudinal guided wave propagation in long range steel strands.In order to achieve the generation and reception of a chosen longitudinal mode in a steel strand with a helical shaped surface,a new type of magnetostrictive transducer was developed,characterized by a group of thin clips and three identical permanent magnets.Excitation and reception of ultrasonic guided waves in a steel strand were performed experimentally.Experimental results shows that in the temperature range from-4 ℃ to 34 ℃,the propagation velocity of the L(0,1) mode at 160 kHz linearly decreased with increasing temperature and its temperature dependent coefficient was 0.90(m·s-1 ·(℃)-1) which is very close to the theoretical prediction.The effect of dimension deviation between the helical and center wires and the effect of the thermal expansion of the steel strand on ultrasonic longitudinal guided wave propagation were also analyzed.It was found that these effects could be ignored compared with the change in the material mechanical properties of the steel strands due to temperature shift.It was also observed that the longitudinal guided wave mode was somewhat more sensitive to temperature changes compared with conventional ultrasonic waves theoretically.Therefore,it is considered that the temperature effect on ultrasonic longitudinal guided wave propagation in order to improve the accuracy of stress measurement in prestressed steel strands.Quantitative research on the temperature dependence of ultrasonic guided wave propagation in steel strands provides an important basis for the compensation of temperature effects in stress measurement in steel strands by using ultrasonic guided wave inspection.     

Research on three-dimensional trajectory parameter measurement of industrial products

Three-dimensional trajectory parameter measurement of industrial products is the key technical criteria that drives the product qualification.It has recently become one of the hotspots in the measurement field.This paper presents a method for measuring the eyeglass frame parameters using the inner trajectory as measurement object.The three-dimensional parameters can be measured and calculated from top view and front view.The preprocessing is performed to ensure the reliability of data acquisition.The necessary derivation and explanation for formulas of important parameters are provided.A standard square board is used as the template and is measured multi-times to verify the measurement method.The experimental data are processed and the type A uncertainty is calculated,which concludes that the measurement results are convincible and comply with the product standard,and the proposed method is correct and the design requirements are met.     

Prediction of Excess Air Factor in Automatic Feed Coal Burners by Processing of Flame Images

In this study, the relationship between the visual information gathered from the flame images and the excess air factor k in coal burners is investigated. In conventional coal burners the excess air factor k. can be obtained using very expensive air measurement instruments. The proposed method to predict k for a specific time in the coal burners consists of three distinct and consecutive stages; a) online flame images acquisition using a CCD camera, b) extraction meaningful information(flame intensity and brightness)from flame images, and c) learning these information(image features) with ANNs and estimate k. Six different feature extraction methods have been used: CDF of Blue Channel, Co-Occurrence Matrix, L_∞-Frobenius Norms,Radiant Energy Signal(RES), PCA and Wavelet. When compared prediction results, it has seen that the use of cooccurrence matrix with ANNs has the best performance(RMSE = 0.07) in terms of accuracy. The results show that the proposed predicting system using flame images can be preferred instead of using expensive devices to measure excess air factor in during combustion.     

GUlDELESS SPATIAL COORDINATE MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY BASED ON CODING POLE

A new method of guideless spatial coordinate measurement technology based on coding pole and vision measurement is proposed. Unequal spacing of bar code is adopted to pole, so that the code combination of pole image in measuring field is unique. Holographic characteristics of numeric coding pole are adopted to obtain pole pose and pole probe position by any section of bar code on the pole. Spatial coordinates of measuring points can be obtained by coordinate transform. The contradiction between high resolution and large visual field of image sensor is resolved, thereby providing a new concept for surface shape measurement of large objects with high precision. The measurement principles of the system are expounded and mathematic model is established. The measurement equation is evaluated by simulation experiments and the measurement precision is analyzed. Theoretical analysis and simulation experiments prove that this system is characterized by simple structure and wide measurement range. Therefore it can be used in the 3-dimentional coordinate measurement of large objects.     

Measurements of Non-reacting and Reacting Flow Fields of a Liquid Swirl Flame Burner

The understanding of the liquid fuel spray and flow field characteristics inside a combustor is crucial for designing a fuel efficient and low emission device.Characterisation of the flow field of a model gas turbine liquid swirl burner is performed by using a2-D particle imaging velocimetry(PIV)system.The flow field pattern of an axial flow burner with a fixed swirl intensity is compared under confined and unconfined conditions,i.e.,with and without the combustor wall.The effect of temperature on the main swirling air flow is investigated under open and non-reacting conditions.The result shows that axial and radial velocities increase as a result of decreased flow density and increased flow volume.The flow field of the main swirling flow with liquid fuel spray injection is compared to non-spray swirling flow.Introduction of liquid fuel spray changes the swirl air flow field at the burner outlet,where the radial velocity components increase for both open and confined environment.Under reacting condition,the enclosure generates a corner recirculation zone that intensifies the strength of radial velocity.The reverse flow and corner recirculation zone assists in stabilizing the flame by preheating the reactants.The flow field data can be used as validation target for swirl combustion modelling.     

BUNDLE ADJUSTMENTS CCD CAMERA CALIBRATION BASED ON COLLI NEARITY EQUATION

The solid template CCD camera calibration method of bundle adjustments based on collinearity equation is presented considering the characteristics of space large-dimension on-line measurement. In the method, a more comprehensive camera model is adopted which is based on the pinhole model extended with distortions corrections. In the process of calibration, calibration precision is improved by imaging at different locations in the whole measurement space, multi-imaging at the same location and bundle adjustments optimization. The calibration experiment proves that the calibration method is able to fulfill calibration requirement of CCD camera applied to vision measurement.     

Laminar flow in the gap between two rotating parallel frictional plates in hydro-viscous drive

The velocity,pressure and temperature distributions of the flow in the gap between hydro-viscous drive friction disks are the key parameters in the design of hydro-viscous drive and angular velocity controller.In the previous works dealing with the flow in the gap between disks in hydro-viscous drive,few authors considered the effect of Coriolis force on the flow.The object of this work is to investigate the flow with consideration of the effects of centrifugal force,Coriolis force and variable viscosity.A simplified mathematical model based on steady and laminar flow is presented.An approximate solution to the simplified mathematical model is obtained by using the iteration method assuming that the fluid viscosity remains constant.Then the model considering the effect of variable viscosity is solved by means of computational fluid dynamics code FLUENT.Numerical results of the flow are obtained.It is found that radial velocity profile diverges from the ideal parabolic curve due to inertial forces and tangential velocity profile is nonlinear due to Coriolis force,and pressure has two possible solution branches.In addition,it is found that variable viscosity plays an important role on pressure profiles which are significantly different from those of fluid with constant viscosity.The experimental device designed for this work consists of two disks,and one of them is fixed.Experimental pressure and temperature of the flow within test rig are obtained.It is shown that the trend of numerical results is in agreement with that of experimental ones.The research provides a theoretical foundation for hydro-viscous drive design.     

Erosion thermocouple temperature acquisition system

Aiming at high requirements of temperature measurement system in high temperature,high pressure,highly corrosive and other special environments,a temperature acquisition system based on field-programmable gate array(FPGA) which is the controller of the system is designed.Also a Flash memory is used as the memory and an erosion thermocouple is used as sensor of the system.Compared with the traditional system using complex programmable logic device(CPLD)and microcontroller unit(MCU)as the main body,this system has some advantages,such as short response time,small volume,no loss of data once power is off,high precision,stability and reliability.And the sensor of the system can be reused.In this paper,boiling water experiment is used to verify accuracy of the system.The millisecond level signal from firecrackers is for verifying the stability and fast response characteristics of the system.The results of experiment indicate that the temperature measurement system is more suitable for the field of explosion and other environments which have high requirements for the system.     

ADAPTIVE FUSION ALGORITHMS BASED ON WEIGHTED LEAST SQUARE METHOD

Weighted fusion algorithms, which can be applied in the area of multi-sensor data fusion, are advanced based on weighted least square method. A weighted fusion algorithm, in which the relationship between weight coefficients and measurement noise is established, is proposed by giving attention to the correlation of measurement noise. Then a simplified weighted fusion algorithm is deduced on the assumption that measurement noise is uncorrelated. In addition, an algorithm, which can adjust the weight coefficients in the simplified algorithm by making estimations of measurement noise from measurements, is presented. It is proved by emulation and experiment that the precision performance of the multi-sensor system based on these algorithms is better than that of the multi-sensor system based on other algorithms.     

IBM在上海建立有机芯片生产基地(英文)

IBM (China) Co., Ltd. announced recently that it willinvest US $300 million to build a large organic chip packagingand production base to support the development of its risingsemiconductor basiness. It is IBM's largest investment in China and is an importantpart of the company's US $5 billion global investment plan. The establishment of a new chip packaging base in Shanghai means a new stage for IBM's business in China saidIBM's Chairman of the Board of Directors and CEO. The     

基于彩色CCD的比色测温校正方法

基于彩色CCD的比色测温技术是当前高温测量领域中的研究热点之一.被测物体的发射率随辐射波长变化以及CCD光谱响应特性非理想是该方法的主要误差来源.通过对比色测温原理和CCD成像原理的分析,提出了含有发射率校正系数和CCD响应带宽校正系数的比色测温公式,以减少CCD光谱响应特性非理想和被测辐射体发射率变化带来的测量误差.提出利用黑体炉实验标定CCD响应带宽校正系数a、b,利用现场实验标定发射率校正系数c.实验表明,本方法能有效地减小测温误差,具有较强的实用性.     

突扩燃烧室燃烧火焰深度二维温度场测量

针对电子耦合器件（CCD）辐射测温中因温度过高导致的辐射图像“发白”问题，提出了摄像机快门时间控制模型，该模型能有效地防止CCD光敏面输出过饱和电流。在此基础上，引入计算机断层图像检测理论，对燃烧火焰不同聚焦面的CCD成像过程进行研究，建立了用单一摄像机实现火焰深度方向聚焦面辐射图像与温度场分布关联模型，实现了火焰深度二维温度场的在线测量。实验室煤气燃烧实验表明：黑体炉标定后的关联模型实现了燃烧火焰内部温度场的在线测量与诊断，快门控制模型能有效解决辐射图像“发白”问题，扩大了CCD辐射测量的温度范围。     

A study on the measurement of temperature and soot in a constant-volume chamber and a visualized diesel engine using the two-color method

In this study, the measurements of soot and temperature were used to investigate the turbulent diesel diffusion flame in a constant-volume chamber and a visualized direct injection (D.I.) diesel engine using the two-color method and a high-speed camera. Through these experiments, we effectively acquired information on the temperature and soot by the two-color method in a turbulent diesel diffusion flame. In addition, this experiment revealed that the KL factor was high on the parts of the chamber where the temperature dropped. On the other hand, the KL factor was low where the temperature increased rapidly. Also, the highest temperatures of the flame in a constant-volume chamber and in a D.I. diesel engine were approximately 2300K and 2400K, respectively. This study suggests the measurement of not only the temperature but also the soot of a diffusion flame of the diesel engine through an optical methodology.     

Two-color optical charge-coupled-device-based pyrometer using a two-peak filter

A two-color optical charge-coupled-device (CCD)-based pyrometer was developed using a multipeak interference filter with a color CCD sensor to measure multicolor signals with specified wavelengths. The effective and simple method adjusts the fixed spectrum response characteristics of a color CCD to allow improved temperature measurements. This pyrometer system not only has the advantage of traditional two-color (two-wavelength) pyrometry, but also overcomes the restrictions of color CCDs that can only be applied in waveband measurements. The measurement performance of the system using a two-peak filter (λ(1)=643?nm,?λ(2)=564?nm) was evaluated by blackbody experiments. The results show that the low temperature detection limit is increased about 200 K with an increase in the sensitivity of the measured signals compared with the original system without two-peak filter [Fu, et al., Opt. Laser Technol. 42, 586 (2010)]. And the effective temperature range is also increased when T > 1233 K. The measured ratio C(R)/C(G) is monotonically relative to the temperature, which simplifies the measurements. The temperature sensitivity of 2.49 is larger and more uniform than the temperature sensitivity of 1.36 in the previous original system. Thus, the measurement performance of the new system is greatly improved. Finally, as an application, the surface temperature distribution of stainless steel sample in hot environments was determined by this new CCD-based pyrometer. The results agree well with the spectrometer-based results and further verify the applicability of the new system.     

铸坯表面温度场测量仪的研究

基于面阵CCD(charge coupled device)的测温系统可以有效克服氧化皮对铸坯表面温度测量的干扰,近年来成为高温测量领域研究的热点。但CCD的非线性关系导致动态测温范围窄、低温段测量精度低。基于窄带带通滤光片建立了单光谱辐射CCD测温模型,据此研制了由滤光片、CCD、CCD信号处理器及DSP构成的铸坯表面温度场测量仪。通过一点标定和自适应调整光积分时间,扩展了CCD测温范围,同时改善了低温段的测量精度,使各温度段测量结果趋于等精度分布;采用4级流水线机制及DSP、工控机(industrial personal computer,IPC)2级数据处理结构,提高了系统的实时性;该仪器还具有暗电流补偿和以太网传输功能。通过黑体炉标定和现场测量,结果表明研制的测温仪满足铸坯表面温度场测量要求。     

基于面阵CCD图像的温度场测量研究

推导出具有实物面的高温辐射体温度和CCD像素点亮度之间的关系。结合比色测温法，给出一种基于彩色CCD图像的温度场测量方法。用一套经黑体炉标定过的测温系统，分别在黑体炉和普通煤炉上进行测温试验，取得较好结果。通过比较计算温度值和热电偶测量值，分析了本测温方法的误差来源。     

基于彩色CCD的摩擦焊接温度场测量系统

根据彩色CCD三基色测温原理,设计了摩擦焊接的温度场测量系统.采用CCD摄像头对焊接界面进行高速、连续拍摄,得到温度场图像,DSP对图像进行预处理后,对温度进行计算,然后使用伪彩色增强方法,通过不同颜色来反映焊接界面各部分的动态温度分布状况.为提高测量的精度,通过黑体炉实验对计算公式中的参数进行标定,并根据实验数据进行了插值修正.TMS320DM647的高速运算能力和丰富的片上资源保证了测量的实时性,伪彩色处理后的温度场图像可以方便、直观地反映出温度场的分布.     

Application of a Prism Image Splitter for Pressure Distribution Measurements Using Two-Color Luminescent Sensors

A prism image splitter providing simultaneous recording of two spectrally separated images using a single CCD camera is described. The image distortions produced by the prism image splitter and methods for their correction are discussed. The application of the prism image splitter to the measurement of the pressure on the bodies of aircraft models in wind tunnels using two-color luminescent sensors is described.     

基于彩色相机的运动燃煤颗粒温度测量研究

基于McKenna燃烧器的平面火焰携带流燃烧器系统的燃烧环境,采用彩色相机测温系统对运动中的燃煤颗粒进行拍摄。彩色相机测温系统经过黑体炉进行温度测量标定后,利用其r、g波段的响应,采用双色法对燃煤颗粒的温度进行测量。测温系统的标定采用基于BP神经网络训练的方法进行,通过对蜡烛燃烧火焰的拍摄,将得到的颗粒温度与热电偶数据进行对比,验证了测温系统的可靠性。实验研究了燃烧器出口不同距离处燃煤颗粒的温度信息,结果表明,燃煤颗粒温度随颗粒到喷嘴出口距离的变化整体呈先上升后下降趋势。该结果为研究煤粉燃烧过程及着火机理提供了参考。     

电子束焊接温度场实时监测系统设计

焊接温度场是影响焊接质量和生产效率的主要因素,因此对焊接过程中的温度场分布进行监测就显得极为重要。利用普通彩色CCD构成了焊接温度场实时测量系统;基于工件热辐射随温度变化单调上升特性建立了温度场测量模型;采用最小二乘法对实测的温度数据进行分析,得到了温度场测量模型的最佳参数。试验结果表明了该监测系统的可行性。