概率循环应力─应变曲线及其估计方法

试验揭示了核工程材料１Ｃｒ１８Ｎｉ９Ｔｉ不锈钢管道焊缝金属的循环应力─应变响应存在很大分散性。意味着任何外载，即使恒幅条件，将产生随机应变加载史。为保证设计分析的安全性，引入了称为“概率循环应力─应变曲线”的表征方法。应用线性回归技术和极大似然法原理，给出了概率曲线及其置信限的估计方法。以经过验证的良好假设分布──正态分布模拟循环应力幅的随机性。概率曲线表征为均值和均方差循环应力─应变幅曲线的形式。任意可靠度下的分析可方便地根据正态分布函数完成。材料低周疲劳试验结果分析说明了方法的有效性。     

应变疲劳可靠性理论与方法的新进展

介绍概率应变疲劳试验法、评价模型和损伤随机演化机制方面的新进展。突破经典极大似然法在参考试验载荷之外的单试样限制，提出新的广义极大似然疲劳试验法。新发现随机循环应力—应变响应现象并建立其概率模型。新发展概率疲劳应变一寿命模型。概率模型参数由称为广义极大似然法的方法确定，在整体数据层面综合考虑数据分散性规律与样本量对概率评价的影响。考虑随机应力—应变关系反映“随机应变载荷”、随机应变—寿命关系揭示材料的“应变强度”，提出随机应变载荷—强度干涉恒幅可靠性模型，与Keciguliu的递推法结合可进行变幅和应变载荷谱下的可靠性分析，形成了应变疲劳可靠性理论和方法的新体系。进一步根据有效短裂纹准则，揭示疲劳性能随机及演化性的本质原因源于主导有效短裂纹萌生区域及其裂尖区域微观结构扩展条件的差异及演化性；随机疲劳裂纹扩展、应变—寿命和应力—应变关系是3个关联的随机疲劳关系；疲劳损伤是一个由初始混沌状态，到独立无关的随机状态，然后到史相关随机状态的演化过程。     

基于应变的疲劳可靠性分析新方法

应用随机循环应变载荷－强度干涉模型，建立了基于应变的疲劳可靠性分析新方法。新考虑了材料循环应力－应变响应的分散性。与现有方法不同，材料常数视为非独立随机变量，来自于试验数据的回归结果。随机循环应力－应变行为和循环应变－寿命关系分别采用概率曲线来描述。循环应变载荷和强度的概率密度函数可显式分别由这些曲线求得。方法可方便拓展到如现有方法确定性循环应力－应变模型情形。核工程材料？１Ｃｒ１８Ｎｉ９Ｔｉ不锈钢管道焊缝金属的试验结果分析说明了方法的有效性。     

概率循环应变—寿命曲线及其估计方法

引入了概率循环应变—寿命曲线描述低周疲劳循环应变—寿命试验数据的分散性。应用线性回归方法和极大似然法原理 ,发展了曲线及其置信限的估计方法。方法采用经验证的良好假设分布即对数正态分布模拟疲劳寿命的分散性。基于Coffin Manson律 ,将曲线近似表征均值和均方差循环应变—寿命曲线的形式。任意可靠度下的疲劳分析可方便地根据正态分布进行。与现有独立随机变量观点不同 ,材料常数视为关联随机变量。1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢管道焊接头试验数据分析验证了方法的有效性。     

概率循环应变－寿命曲线及其估计方法

引入了概率循环应变－寿命曲线描述低周疲劳循环应变－寿命试验数据的分散性。应用线性回归方法和极大似然法原理,发展了曲线及其置信限的估计方法。方法采用经验证的良好假设分布即对数正态分布模拟疲劳寿命的分散性。基于Ｃｏｆｆｉｎ－Ｍａｎｓｏｎ律,将曲线近似表征均值和均方差循环应变－寿命曲线的形式。任意可靠度下的疲劳分析可方便地根据正态分布进行。与现有独立随机变量观点不同,材料常数视为关键随机变量。１Ｇｒ１８Ｎｉ９Ｔｉ不锈钢管道焊接头试验数据分析验证了方法的有效性。     

低周循环应力-应变关系和损伤

引入硬化状态变量表征微结构变化对材料循环变形行为的影响，提出应变控制下材料的循环应力一应变关系，由此导出的疲劳损伤演变方程与材料的损伤和硬化状态有关，考虑加载历史的影响。其结果可以为分析多级疲劳加载时，损伤演变过程和剩余寿命估算提供新的思路。     

Evaluation method of multiaxial low cycle fatigue life for cubic single crystal material

The coupling effect of normal stress and shear stress on orthotropic materials happens when applied loading deflects from the directions of the principal axes of the material coordinate system. By taking account of the coupling effects, formulas of equivalent stress and strain for cubic single crystal materials are cited. Using the equivalent strain and equivalent stress for such material and a variable k, which is introduced to express the effect of asymmetrical cyclic loading on fatigue life, a low cycle fatigue (LCF) life prediction model for such material in multiaxial stress starts is proposed. On the basis of the yield criterion and constitutive model of cubic single crystal materials, a subroutine to calculate the thermo elastic-plastic stress-strain of the material on an ANSYS platform was developed. The cyclic stress-strain of DD3 notched specimens under asymmetrical loading at 680°C was analyzed. Low cycle fatigue test data of the single crystal nickel-based superalloy are used to fit the different parameters of the power law with multiple linear regression analysis. The equivalent stress and strain for a cubic single crystal material as failure parameters have the largest correlation coefficient. A power law exists between k and the failure cycle. The model was validated with LCF test data of CMSX-2 and DD3 single crystal nickel-based superalloys. All the test data fall into the factor of 2.5 for CMSX-2 hollow cylinder specimens and 2.0 scatter band for DD3 notched specimens, respectively.     

缺口件两轴循环弹塑性有限元分析及寿命预测

利用弹塑性有限元模拟,对高温两轴比例与非比例拉扭应变循环加载下的光滑薄壁管件与缺口轴类件进行研究.材料弹塑性特性用Von Mises屈服准则、多线性运动硬化准则和高温单轴循环加载的应力应变数据来描述.采用柱坐标系下在试样一端加轴向和周向位移来实现拉扭应变加载.对光滑薄壁管件的后处理结果与试验结果比较,证实了这种方法的正确性和可用性,进而应用到缺口件,得到缺口根部局部的循环应力应变响应.基于有限元数据,采用Kandil-Brown-Miller法和Smith-Watson-Topper法预测了缺口件疲劳裂纹萌生寿命.     

FATIGUE DAMAGE CALCULATED BY RATIO-METHOD TO METALLIC MATERIALS WITH SMALL CRACK UNDER UNSYMMETRIC CYCLIC LOADING

Based on the standpoint to take for the crack size also to be a damage variable like the damage variable, by means of the two-directions coordinate system, several new calculation equations on the small crack growth rate are suggested for describing the elastic-plastic behavior of some metallic materials. And the estimation formulas of life are also suggested relative to varied small crack size at each loading history, which is unsymmetric cyclic loading. In the calculation method, as a loaded stress-strain parameter to adopt the ratio with plastic strain range to elastic strain range, and as the material constants using the typical material parameters in damage calculation expression, a new concept of the compositive material constant, which has functional relation with the typical material constants, average stress, average strain, critical loading time is given out. In addition, the fatigue damage of a part of car is put up to calculate as an example, its calculation results are accordant with the Landgraf's equation, and calculation precision is more rigorous, so could avoid unnecessary fatigue tests and will be of practical significance on saving times, manpower and capitals, as well as the convenience for engineering applications.     

An Engineering Model for Three-Dimensional Elastic-Plastic Rolling Contact Analyses

Fatigue life of heavily loaded rolling bearings is strongly dependent on elastic-plastic material properties. For bearing steels these elastic-plastic properties can be accurately obtained by performing monotonic or half-compressive tests. A three-dimensional strain deformation analysis based on the incremental theory of plasticity and the use of Prandtl-Reuss relations in conjunction with the von Mises yield criterion was developed in order to evaluate the permanent deformation in dry contacts loaded above the elastic limit in case of normal loading. The Ramberg-Osgood stress-strain relation for two martensitically hardened variants of SAE 52100 bearing steel considered the nonlinear kinematic and/or isotropic material behavior. Parameters describing the influence of retained austenite are modeled by using a nonlinear isotropic law. Pressure distribution and contact surface displacements during incremental loading are evaluated by using a conjugate gradient method and the internal stress field is derived by using the superposition principle. Further, a fast analysis of smooth surfaces in elastic-plastic static and rolling contact is developed based on analytical relations for the internal stress field. Cyclic evaluation of plastic strains and residual stresses is carried out until shakedown. In order to verify the theoretical model, rolling contact tests under high normal load were performed. Residual stresses and residual profiles measurements show excellent agreement between numerical and measured cyclic values.