内压圆筒中表面裂纹蠕变扩展的数值分析

金属蠕变的研究逐渐趋向对含缺陷材料与结构进行探讨,但针对金属构件表面裂纹蠕变扩展特性的研究仍然有限。基于三维有限元方法,对高温内压下含轴向表面裂纹的低合金Cr-Mo钢圆筒进行研究。有限元计算得到的应力强度因子K和蠕变裂纹驱动力参量C*积分与前人的研究进行比较,提出一种基于软件ABAQUS的步步分析方法来描述蠕变裂纹的扩展行为。最后,通过对若干不同初始形状裂纹的研究,得到四种不同初始形状的表面裂纹的形貌变化特性,以及裂纹深度、裂纹长度、C*积分和剩余寿命的变化规律。     

高温构件蠕变损伤与裂纹扩展预测研究新进展

精准的寿命预测是高温构件设计制造与运行维护的关键,但多轴应力和裂纹等缺陷的存在使得寿命预测的难度大大增加。综述了笔者近年来在高温蠕变损伤模型和蠕变裂纹扩展仿真方面的研究工作,主要包括:讨论了应力水平和应力状态对蠕变断裂应变的影响规律;基于幂律蠕变控制孔洞长大理论,提出了新的多轴蠕变延性模型;采用基于应变的损伤力学模型,预测了多种含缺陷结构中蠕变裂纹的扩展行为,并分析了蠕变条件下多个表面裂纹干涉、扩展及合并的全过程;发展了基于晶界孔洞化损伤机制的裂纹扩展分析方法,实现了蠕变疲劳裂纹扩展仿真和蠕变疲劳氧化裂纹扩展仿真。这些工作为建立考虑多轴应力影响的含缺陷高温构件寿命预测方法提供了有力支持。     

国产P92钢的蠕变裂纹扩展行为研究

对国产P92钢开展了600℃蠕变试验，得到了蠕变变形曲线、蠕变指数和蠕变延性等，再在600℃进行蠕变裂纹扩展行为试验研究，得到了蠕变裂纹萌生时间和蠕变裂纹扩展速率与蠕变断裂力学参量C^*的关系，将国产P92钢的性能与BS 7910数据进行比较，评估NSW模型的预测效果，计算得到材料的蠕变断裂韧性。结果表明，蠕变裂纹萌生时间和蠕变裂纹扩展速率与蠕变断裂力学参量C^*之间有较好的双对数线性相关性。国产P92钢的蠕变裂纹扩展性能优于BS 7910中9%Cr钢的平均性能，NSW模型的平面应力预测结果与试验数据接近，材料的蠕变断裂韧性随着服役时间的增大逐渐降低。该研究结果可以用于评估长期服役高温结构的安全性。     

高温蠕变条件下表面裂纹扩展行为分析

裂纹的存在及其扩展严重限制着高温承压部件的使用寿命，而目前对结构三维蠕变裂纹扩展行为的认识及其预测仍比较有限。以典型耐热钢P91为例，在650℃下对其开展了不同应力和不同初始裂纹尺寸的表面裂纹蠕变扩展试验，通过断面观察获得了蠕变裂纹扩展形貌演化，并采用基于多轴蠕变损伤模型的有限元法、基于蠕变裂纹尖端参量C^*的有限元法以及英国标准BS7910推荐的简化计算方法进行表面裂纹蠕变扩展分析。结果表明，基于多轴蠕变损伤模型的有限元法能够合理地描述裂纹最终轮廓并准确地预测裂纹扩展时间。相比之下，基于C^*的有限元法和BS7910简化计算方法计算的裂纹形貌预测有明显偏差，并且较依赖于紧凑拉伸试样的蠕变裂纹扩展试验数据及其拟合的参数C和q，易导致过于保守的裂纹扩展时间预测。评估了不同计算方法对于表面裂纹蠕变扩展行为的预测能力。     

钎焊接头的蠕变损伤与寿命预测

钎焊连接技术被广泛应用于航空航天、核电等领域的高效紧凑换热器制造中.高温高压工作条件下,蠕变及蠕变损伤引起的裂纹扩展是换热器中钎焊接头的主要失效方式之一.以高效紧凑换热器中常用的Incone1625/BNi-2及C276/BNi-2钎焊接头为研究对象,对其蠕变及蠕变裂纹扩展扩展行为进行了研究,获得钎焊接头的蠕变变形及裂纹扩展规律,澄清其蠕变及蠕变裂纹扩展失效机理.同时结合蠕变损伤本构模型和试验,对钎焊接头的蠕变损伤与寿命预测进行研究与综述,讨论钎焊工艺、扩散区性能及尺寸对钎焊接头蠕变裂纹扩展行为的影响规律,建立钎焊接头蠕变拘束参数,实现钎焊接头蠕变裂纹扩展行为尺寸效应的统一拘束表征,进而为基于材料-组件-装备一体化的寿命预测方法提供理论基础.     

温度和蠕变损伤对HK40钢蠕变裂纹扩展的影响

通过在1103～1163°K下测量HK40钢时辰变裂纹扩展速率,分析了温度对蠕变裂纹扩展速率的影响,求出的裂纹扩展激活能接近蠕变激活能,这表明裂纹扩展由蠕变的某种机制控制。在1144°K下,研究了铸态（NL）,运行21000小时（YB2）和运行50000小时（DB1）三种材料的蠕变裂纹扩展行为。指出,铸态材料和蠕变损伤的材料的蠕变损伤的材料的蠕变裂纹扩展行为是不同的,DB 1蠕变空洞数量多是其裂纹扩展速率高于YB2的主要原因,细小二次碳化物使裂纹扩展速率增高。     

电站中超期服役10CrMo910钢的高温蠕变行为

对某热电厂机组中运行2×10⁵ h以上的主蒸汽管道用10CrMo910钢进行不同温度（535,560,580℃）的高温蠕变试验,研究该钢的高温蠕变行为及组织演变过程。结果表明：不同温度高温蠕变后,超期服役10CrMo910钢的晶粒发生了明显变形,贝氏体和铁素体基体中都发生了再结晶,析出相粗化,蠕变孔洞变大变深,蠕变损伤加重;随着蠕变温度的升高,蠕变断裂时间从4 633 h降低到2 314 h,高温蠕变断裂强度从87.7 MPa降低到58.3 MPa, 10CrMo910钢的高温蠕变性能降低;蠕变断口为韧窝状,无明显的剪切撕裂区,可见明显的二次裂纹和析出相,断裂方式均为准解理断裂。     

金属材料高温蠕变—疲劳损伤研究进展

用于汽轮机转子或涡轮叶片的金属材料长时间在高温环境下受到交变载荷的作用,会发生严重的高温蠕变—疲劳损伤,从而降低了转子及叶片的使用寿命。文中分析了加载条件因素、环境因素、材料特性及热处理工艺等对汽轮机转子钢蠕变—疲劳裂纹形成及扩展的影响,从疲劳裂纹萌生原因、蠕变阶段材料的组织变化及疲劳—蠕变的交互作用综述了汽轮机转子钢疲劳蠕变的损伤机理;并指出以材料的蠕变疲劳损伤机理为基础,建立材料的本构关系及损伤演化方程,将是高温疲劳—蠕变损伤研究的重点。     

两种MCrAlY复合涂层在熔融Na2SO4+NaCl中的热腐蚀行为

采用电弧离子镀(AIP)及电镀工艺,在镍基单晶高温合金基体上,制备了普通涂层、不含及含Cr基扩散阻挡层的MCrAlY复合涂层,研究了涂层在900℃下,在熔融Na2SO4+NaCl中的热腐蚀行为。结果表明:两种复合涂层在退火后,具有外部富Al、内部富Cr的梯度结构,在热腐蚀过程中,表现出较好的抗高温热腐蚀性能。     

双送粉激光熔覆CoCrAlSiY/YSZ梯度涂层微观组织及热振性能

采用双送粉方式,利用激光熔覆技术在TC4基体上制备CoCrAlSiY/Y2O3-ZrO2（YSZ）梯度涂层。对CoCrAlSiY/YSZ梯度涂层的微观组织、元素分布、显微硬度及热振性能进行了分析与研究,结果表明：梯度涂层与基体结合紧密,各梯度亚层之间不存在明显的界面,梯度涂层无明显裂纹,形成了良好的冶金结合;随着YSZ含量的提高,梯度涂层显微硬度呈梯度变化。在750 ℃下进行了不同循环周期的热振试验,试验结果表明CoCrAlSiY/YSZ梯度涂层具有一定的抗热振性。     

Dynamic characteristics of an eccentric crack in a functionally graded piezoelectric ceramic strip

The dynamic response of an eccentric Griffith crack in functionally graded piezoelectric ceramic strip under anti-plane shear impact loading is analysed using integral transform method. Laplace transform and Fourier transform are used to reduce the problem to two pairs of dual integral equations, which are then expressed to Fredholm integral equations of the second kind. We assume that the properties of the functionally graded piezoelectric material vary continuously along the thickness. The impermeable crack boundary condition is adopted. Numerical values on the dynamic stress intensity factors are presented for the functionally graded piezoelectric material to show the dependence of the gradient of material properties and electric loadings.     

Dynamic propagation of a finite eccentric crack in a functionally graded piezoelectric ceramic strip

The dynamic propagation of an eccentric Griffith crack in a functionally graded piezoelectric ceramic strip under anti-plane shear is analyzed using the integral transform method. A constant velocity Yoffe-type moving crack is considered. Fourier transform is used to reduce the problem to a pair of dual integral equations, which is then expressed in a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind. We assume that the properties of the functionally graded piezoelectric material vary continuously along the thickness. The impermeable crack boundary condition is adopted. Numerical values on the dynamic stress intensity factors are presented for the functionally graded piezoelectric material to show the dependence of the gradient of material properties, crack moving velocity, and eccentricity. The dynamic stress intensity factors of a moving crack in functionally graded piezoelectric material increases when the crack moving velocity, eccentricity of crack location, material property gradient, and crack length increase. This paper was recommended for publication in revised form by Associate Editor Hyeon Gyu Beom Jeong Woo Shin received a B.S. and M.S. degree in Mechanical Engineering from Yonsei University in Seoul, Korea in 1998 and 2000, respectively. A major field of Mr. Shin is fracture mechanics. He is currently working on the KARI (Korea Aerospace Research Institute) as a senior researcher. He conducted load analysis of fixed wing aircraft and full scale airframe static test at the KARI. He is now developing landing gear in the KHP (Korea Helicopter Program) as a performance engineer.     

Interface crack of two dissimilar bonded functionally graded strips with arbitrary distributed properties under plane deformations

In this paper the plane elasticity problem of two bonded dissimilar functionally graded strips containing an interface crack with material properties varying arbitrarily is studied. The governing equation in terms of Airy stress function is formulated and exact solutions are obtained for several special variations of material properties in Fourier transformation domain. A multi-layered model is employed to model arbitrary variations of material properties based on two linear-distributed material compliance parameters. The mixed boundary problem is reduced to a system of singular integral equations that are solved numerically. Some numerical examples are given to demonstrate the accuracy, efficiency and versatility of the model. Numerical results show that fracture behavior of materials can be greatly affected by graded variation of elastic modulus and the influence of the specific form of elastic modulus on the fracture behavior of FGM is limited.     

Analysis of a moving crack in a functionally graded strip between two homogeneous layers

In this paper a finite crack with constant length (Yoffe-type crack) propagating in a functionally graded strip with spatially varying elastic properties between two dissimilar homogeneous layers under in-plane loading was studied. By utilizing the Fourier transformation technique, the mixed boundary problem is reduced to a system of singular integral equations that are solved numerically. The influences of the geometric parameters, the graded parameter, the crack length and speed on the stress intensity factors are investigated. The numerical results show that the graded parameters, the thicknesses of the functionally graded strip and the two homogeneous layers, the crack size and speed have significant effects on the dynamic fracture behavior.     

含裂纹核级管道三维有限元分析与 LBB 评定

三维裂纹仿真分析和防断裂设计问题一直是断裂理论和工程应用研究的主要课题。管道系统是核动力工程中的关键部件。运用三维有限元分析软件 ANSYS 和裂纹分析专用程序 Franc3D,针对中国实验快堆（CEFR）一段余热排放系统中的含裂纹管道进行了三维裂纹仿真模拟分析和LBB（Leak －Before －Break）评定。快堆管道工作时处于高温状态,因此,采用适用于高温环境下的材料和法国结构安全设计规范 RCC －MR．A16标准文件。研究的管道材料为9Cr1Mo 钢的改良型———T91／P91管材,分析模型为含裂纹的三维结构,且包括管道高温工况和蠕变效应。仿真计算结果表明,针对所研究的工况,蠕变较疲劳对三维裂纹扩展的影响更大。采用 T91钢的管路系统能够满足相关规范中的 LBB 设计准则。该研究为快堆管道选材、含缺陷管道安全评估和高温完整性评定提供设计参考。     

Ti添加方式对表面无立方相层梯度硬质合金的影响

表面无立方相层梯度硬质合金是一种非常好的涂层刀具基体材料,近年来越来越受到重视.本文主要研究了Ti添加方式对于表面无立方相层梯度硬质合金的影响.研究发现,相对于添加TiN、TiC,添加TiCN得到的表面无立方相层梯度硬质合金综合性能更好.     

Drilling performance of functionally graded composite: Comparison with glass and carbon/epoxy composites

Functionally graded composite (FGC) materials are categorized as advanced materials that display different thermal and mechanical responses compared with well-known composites, such as carbon fiber or glass fiber-reinforced composites. This paper presents the experimental results for the drilling of three materials, namely glass/epoxy, carbon/epoxy, and FGC material. FGC was compared with carbon and glass/epoxy composites in terms of thrust force, delamination factor, diameter of hole, and roundness during drilling. This study illustrated that the drilling performance of FGC is considerably more complicated than that of more common composite materials, such as glass/epoxy and carbon/epoxy. Delamination factor at the exit of hole during drilling of FGC was mainly affected by the material placed at the exit of the hole. The proposed cutting parameters and drill geometries to minimize the occurrence of delamination during drilling of carbon/epoxy and glass/epoxy apparently does not meet the expectation in drilling FGC.     

功能梯度形状记忆合金梁纯弯曲的理论分析

功能梯度形状记忆合金(Functionally graded shape memory alloy, FG-SMA)是一种兼备功能梯度材料(Functionally graded material, FGM)和形状记忆合金(Shape memory alloy, SMA)特性的新型功能材料。根据复合材料力学和已有的SMA本构关系,通过充分考虑组分材料的应力应变关系,建立一个描述FG-SMA力学性能的宏观本构模型。应用该模型,对由弹性材料A和SMA组成的FG-SMA梁在纯弯曲载荷下的力学行为进行研究,详细讨论加载过程的弹性阶段和相变阶段,并给出相应的解析解。通过算例,对截面的应力分布、中性轴的位置和弯矩与曲率的关系进行详细讨论。结果表明,与普通FGM相比,FG-SMA可显著减小载荷作用下的最大应力,避免材料由于应力过大而导致的破坏。研究结果可为FG-SMA材料的设计和进一步研究提供一定的依据。     

羟基磷灰石功能梯度材料的激光涂层及材料性能研究

针对将羟基磷灰石涂覆在钛合金基底表面的问题,将三层具有不同配比的羟基磷灰石和纯钛混合物预敷在钛合金表面,利用激光覆熔法依次对预敷层进行扫描,形成了具有梯度结构的羟基磷灰石复合材料.通过实验分析了复合材料的微观材料结构、机械性能及生物兼容性,并分析了激光工艺参数对复合涂层材料性能的影响.研究结果表明,羟基磷灰石功能梯度材...     

功能梯度Al2O3涂层残余热应力分析

Al2O3/316L功能梯度材料是一种聚变反应堆第一壁的候选材料。为避免制备过程中因材料之间热物理性能差别产生的热应力过大造成材料的失效,须对梯度材料进行合理的热应力缓和设计。运用有限元软件,分析成分分布指数、梯度涂层厚度和梯度层数目等参数对Al2O3/316L功能梯度材料残余热应力的影响。分析结果表明：体积分布指数p=1.0时所受热应力最小,涂层承受压应力作用;梯度层数为9时热应力缓和效果最好;梯度层厚度不宜过大;将非功能梯度材料与优化后的功能梯度材料的残余热应力进行比,结果显示：功能梯度材料缓和热应力效果十分显著。最后利用等离子喷涂方法制备了梯度涂层测试涂层残余应力,并与有限元结果进行对比,以验证模拟的准确性。